Verbs provides the one of the most important concept on English Grammar and Spoken English. It is necessary to understand the content provided in the post. Here we have provided the English Language knowledge content in Hindi and English.
इन वाक्यों कों देखें –
Ram is weeping.
He had a car.
The boys laugh.
She has two sons.
He was beaten.
Mohan is ill.
इन वाक्यों में आए शब्द is weeping, laugh, was beaten, had, has और is पर विचार करें | इनमें से प्रथम तीन से कार्य-व्यापार का बोध होता है | had/has से अधिकार/ संबध तथा is से अवस्था का बोध होता है | ऐसे शब्दों को हम Grammar की भाषा में Verbs कहते है | वाक्य-निर्माण में इनका विशेष महत्व है |
Definition: Verbs वह शब्द है, जिससे किसी के कार्य-व्यापार, अधिकार, संबध या अवस्था का बोध होता है |
* A verb is word which used to tell or assert something about some person or thing.
कुछ और Sentences लें और उनमें के प्रयोग को देखें –
Action:
Children play. (play-verb)
The man was walking. (was walking-verb)
The clock strikes. (strikes-verb)
I was taught. (was taught-verb)
He will come. (will come-verb)
Relation/Possession:
I have a car. (have-verb)
The cow has two eyes. (has-verb)
A king had three queens. (had-verb)
The poor man has no money. (has-verb)
State of Being:
Sita is tall. (is-verb)
They are happy. (are-verb)
He was a poor man. (was-verb)
KINDS OF THE VERB
वाक्यों में मोटे अक्षरों पर Verbs को दो वर्गो में बाँटा गया है –
1. Main Verb (प्रधान क्रिया )
2. Helping Verb (सहायक क्रिया )
1. Main Verb: जो क्रिया किसी वाक्य में अकेले या सहायक क्रिया के साथ आती है, वह Main Verb कहलाती है |
* The verbs used alone or together with helping verbs are called main verbs.
इन वाक्यों में मोटे अक्षरों में छपे शब्द Main Verbs है –
(a) I am a boy.
(b) I am reading.
(c) I love her.
(d) He will do it.
2. Helping Verb: जो क्रिया tense, voice, mood इत्यादि के निर्माण में प्रधान क्रिया की सहायता करती है, वह Helping Verb कहलाती है |
* A helping verb is one which helps the main verb to form a tense, voice, mood, etc.
इन वाक्यों में मोटे अक्षरों में छुपे शब्द Helping verbs के रुप में होता हैं-
(a) I am reading.
(b) My brother has come.
(c) He will go.
(d) You should do this.
निम्नलिखित Auxiliary हैं इनका प्रयोग Helping verb के रुप में होता है –
am, is, are, was, were, do, does, did, have, has, had, shall, will, can, could, may, must, ought, should, would, need, dare, used to.
इन Auxiliary Verbs में सें am, is, are, was, were, have, has, had, do, does, did, need और dare ऐसे Verbs हैं जो कभी Main Verb की तरह प्रयुक्त होते हैं तो कभी Helping Verb की तरह, जैसे –
(a) He is ready. (is-main verb)
(b) He is going. (is-helping verb)
(c) Did he come? (did-helping verb)
(d) He did this. (did-main verb)
Note 1. यदि किसी वाक्य में एक ही क्रिया हो, तो वह क्रिया Main Verb कहलाएगी जैसे –
(a) I have a dog. (have-main verb)
(b) He is a boy. (is-main verb)
Note 2. यदि किसी वाक्य में दो या दो से अधिक एक साथ प्रयुक्त हों, तो सबसे अंत में आनेवाला कहलाएगा और अन्य कहलाएँगे | जैसे –
(a) I have been reading. (have-helping verb, been-helping verb, reading-main verb)
(b) I have been a teacher. (have-helping verb, been-main verb)
Direction: Pick out the verbs in these sentences and say whether they are main or verbs or helping verbs-
Examples:
(a) I am a boy. (am-main verb)
(b) I am reading. (am-helping verb, reading-main verb)
(c) Did he go? (did-helping verb, go-main verb)
(d) Who did it? (did-main verb)
(e) We shall have been working for ten days. (shall-helping verb, have -helping verb, working-main verb)
1. He reads.
2. He is reading.
3. He is a student.
4. Are you a doctor?
5. Are you coming today?
6. He can do.
7. You should help me.
8. What could be done?
9. May I come in?
10. He does not know.
11. She had been sleeping.
12. She had been a dancer.
13. She had no money.
14. They must be working there.
15. They must be thieves.
16. I shall have been playing.
17. I shall have been a teacher.
18. I shall have no work.
19. We shall be leaders.
20. They do not do any work.
Answers:
1. He reads.
reads – main verb
2. He is reading.
is – helping verb
reading – main verb
3. He is a student.
is – main verb
4. Are you a doctor?
are – main verb
5. Are you coming today?
are – helping verb
coming – main verb
6. He can do.
can – helping verb
do – main verb
7. You should help me.
should – helping verb
help – main verb
8. What could be done?
could – helping verb
be done – main verb (passive voice)
9. May I come in?
may – helping verb
come – main verb
10. He does not know.
does – helping verb
know – main verb
11. She had been sleeping.
had – helping verb
been – helping verb
sleeping – main verb
12. She had been a dancer.
had – helping verb
been – main verb
13. She had no money.
had – main verb
14. They must be working there.
must – helping verb
be – helping verb
working – main verb
15. They must be thieves.
must – helping verb
be – main verb
16. I shall have been playing.
shall – helping verb
have – helping verb
been – helping verb
playing – main verb
17. I shall have been a teacher.
shall – helping verb
have – helping verb
been – main verb
18. I shall have no work.
shall – helping verb
have – main verb
19. We shall be leaders.
shall – helping verb
be – main verb
20. They do not do any work.
do – helping verb (first “do”)
do – main verb (second “do”)
OBJECT OF THE VERB
कर्ता के अतिरिक्त क्रिया का फल जिस शब्द -समूह पर पड़ता है, उसे हम क्रिया का Object कहते हैं | Object प्राय: क्रिया के तुरंत बाद आता है और यह कोई Noun/Pronoun/Noun Phrase/Noun Clause होता है | Verb के साथ What/Whom लगाकर प्रश्न करने पर जो उत्तर मिलता है वही उस Verb का Object होता है | अगर कोई उत्तर नहीं मिले तो समझें कि अभीष्ट Verb का कोई Object नहीं है | अब इन वाक्यों को ध्यान से देखें –
(a) Ram eats rice.
eats what?- rice.
क्या खाता है? – चावल (rice)
(अत: वाक्य में क्रिया eats का object rice है |)
(b) I like these beautiful flowers.
like what – these beautiful flowers.
क्या पसंद करता हुँ? – ये सुंदर फुल
(अत: इस वाक्य में किया like का object these beautiful flower है |)
(c) My father loved me very much.
loved whom? – me
किसे प्यार करते थे? – मुझे (me)
अत: इस वाक्य में क्रिया loved का object me है |
(d) He is playing in the field.
playing what? No reply
क्या खेल रहा है ? कोई जवाब नहीं
किसे खेल रहा है? कोई जवाब नहीं
अत: इस वाक्य में क्रिया is playing का कोई Object नहीं है |
Note: एक ही Verb के दो विभिन्न Objects हो सकते हैं, जैसे –
He gave me money.
gave what? – money (क्या दिया? – money_
gave whom? -me (किसको दिया ? – me)
स्पष्टत: यहाँ me और money दो Objects हैं |
Exercise
Direction: Pick out the objects of the verbs in these sentences –
Examples:
(a) He is reading a book. (Ans. – a book)
(b) The teacher taught English. (Ans. – English)
(c) I love my father and mother. (Ans.-my father and mother)
(d) Why did he beat you? (Ans. – you )
(e) He was singing a song in the room. (Ans. – a song)
(f) Birds sing in the trees. (Ans. – no object)
(g) The teacher taught us English. (Ans. – us, English)
1. My mother loves me.
2. I love my mother.
3. Do you know English?
4. I shall solve the problem.
5. My father bought me a pen.
6. He did the work.
7. Kindly give me the pen.
8. He gave Ram a book.
9. The dog can run fast.
10. Birds fly in the sky.
11. He reads in this school.
12. The children are flying kites.
13. He reads English and Hindi.
14. They play cricket in the field.
15. The boy cut his hand with a knife.
16. I don’t like that naughty boy.
17. I love the students of this school.
18. Bring a glass of water.
19. They are cutting the old trees.
20. They make these types of furniture.
Answers:
1. My mother loves me.
me (object)
2. I love my mother.
my mother (object)
3. Do you know English?
English (object)
4. I shall solve the problem.
the problem (object)
5. My father bought me a pen.
me, a pen (objects)
6. He did the work.
the work (object)
7. Kindly give me the pen.
me, the pen (objects)
8. He gave Ram a book.
Ram, a book (objects)
9. The dog can run fast.
no object
10. Birds fly in the sky.
no object
11. He reads in this school.
no object
12. The children are flying kites.
kites (object)
13. He reads English and Hindi.
English and Hindi (objects)
14. They play cricket in the field.
cricket (object)
15. The boy cut his hand with a knife.
his hand (object)
16. I don’t like that naughty boy.
that naughty boy (object)
17. I love the students of this school.
the students of this school (object)
18. Bring a glass of water.
a glass of water (object)
19. They are cutting the old trees.
the old trees (object)
20. They make these types of furniture.
these types of furniture (object)
TRANSITIVE & INTRANSITIVE VERBS
Main Verb को दो भागों में बाँटा गया है –
1. Transitive Verb (सकर्मक क्रिया )
2. Intransitive Verb (अकर्मक क्रिया )
1. Transitive Verb : जिस क्रिया के बाद कर्म (object) का प्रयोग हुआ हो, उस क्रिया को Transitive Verb कहेगें |
* The verb used with an object is called a transitive verb.
इन वााक्यों को देखें –
1. Ram eats rice.
2. I love you.
3. He has helped my brother.
4. I know this.
5. My brother has read the book.
6. I like these beautiful flowers.
इन वाक्यों में rice, you, my, brother, this, the, the book और these beautiful flowers Objects (कर्म) हैं | अत: इनके पहले प्रयुक्त Verbs eats, love, helped, know, read और like Transitive Verbs कहलाएँगे |
2. Intransitive Verbs: जिस क्रिया के बाद कर्म (object) का प्रयोग नहीं हुआ हो, उस क्रिया को Intransitive Verbs कहेगें |
* The verb used without an object is called an intransitive verb.
इन वाक्यों को देखें –
1. I eat.
2. I go to school.
3. Ram walks in the fields.
4. I sleep.
5. He gets up at five o’clock.
6. He run fast.
इन वाक्यों में कोई (object) नहीं है अत: प्रयुक्त Verbs eat, go, walks, sleep, gets up और ran Intransitive Verbs कहलाएँगे |
SOME SPECIAL NOTES
1. कुछ ऐसे Verbs हैं जिनके बाद Objects कभी नहीं आते और वे हमेशा Intransitive Verb के रूप में प्रयुक्त होते हैं जैसे – go, come, sit, sleep, die, etc.
2. अधिकांश Verbs प्रयोग दोंनो ही प्रकार से हो सकता है | जब इनके बाद Object रहता है, तब ये Transitive Verbs कहलाते हैं और जब इनके बाद Object नहीं रहता, तब ये Intransitive Verbs कहलाते हैं | बहुत – से लोग यह समझते हैं कि eat, beat, read, इत्यादि क्रियाओं का प्रयोग हमेशा Transitive Verb की तरह होता हैं | परंतु बात ऐसी नहीं है | जब तक क्रिया के बाद कर्म का प्रयोग नहीं होगा, तब तक उस क्रिया को हम Transitive Verb नहीं कहेंगे | इन वाक्यों को ध्यान से पढे़ं और समझे –
Intransitive Verb
I eat.
she reads.
The bell rang loudly.
Birds fly in the sky.
The glass broke
Transitive Verbs
I eat a mango.
She reads a book.
The peon rang the bell.
He is flying a kite.
I speak the truth.
I sang a song.
My son broke the glass.
Exercise
Direction: Pick out the main verbs in these sentences and say whether they are transitive or Intransitive –
Examples:
(a) He eats. (eats-intransitive)
(b) He eats slowly. (eats-intransitive)
(c) He eats rice. (eats-transitive)
1. I go to school everyday.
2. They are coming soon.
3. He reads the book.
4. He reads.
5. He reads slowly and carefully.
6. He reads in the fifth class.
7. My father teaches me English.
8. My father teaches in the morning.
9. Do you walk in the morning.
10.Birds fly in the air.
11. They are flying kites.
12. We eat three times a day.
13. We eat bread and rice.
14. It cannot eat.
15. Do you know his name?
16. He knows everything.
17. He lives in a village.
18. What is he doing in the field.
19. I request you help me.
20. Please do not beat these poor beggars.
Answers:
1. go – intransitive
2. are coming – intransitive
3. reads – transitive
4. reads – intransitive
5. reads – intransitive
6. reads – intransitive
7. teaches – transitive
8. teaches – intransitive
9. walk – intransitive
10. fly – intransitive
11. are flying – transitive
12. eat – intransitive
13. eat – transitive
14. eat – intransitive
15. know – transitive
16. knows – transitive
17. lives – intransitive
18. is doing – intransitive
19. request – transitive, help – transitive
20. beat – transitive