Direct Speech: जब किसी वक्ता के कथन को उसी के शब्दों में व्यक्त किया जाता है, तब वह Direct Speech कहलाता है। में प्रायः किसी का कथन inverted commas के बीच में रहता है।
Indirect Speech: जब किसी वक्ता के कथन को उसी के शब्दों में न कहकर उसके आशय या सारांश को अपने शब्दों में व्यक्त किया जाता है, तब Indirect Speech वह कहलाता है। Indirect Speech को Inverted commas के भीतर नहीं रखा जाता है।
Direct Speech
He said, “I am ill”.
Ram said, “I am ready”.
Mohan said, “I saw her”.
He said to me, “Do you know?”
Indirect Speech
He said that he was ill.
Ram said that he was ready.
Mohan said that he had seen her.
He sked me if I knew.
कुछ पारिभाषिक शब्दों की व्याख्या
Direct Speech को Indirect Speech में परिर्वतन किया जा सकता है। इसके कुछ नियम हैं, जिन्हें समझने के पहले कुछ पारिभाषिक शब्दों को समझ लें।
1. Reporting Verb: Inverted Commas के बाहर एक वाक्य रहता है, जिसके Verb को Reporting Verb कहते हैं। He said, “I am ready.” यहाँ ‘said’ Reporting Verb हैं।
2. Reported Speech: Inverted Commas के भीतर जो वाक्य रहता है, उसे Reporting Speech कहते हैं । He said, “I am ready,” यहाँ ‘I am ready’ Reporting Speech Verb है।
3. Verb of the Reported Speech: Inverted Commas के भीतर जो वाक्य रहता है, उसे Reported Speech कहते हैं और उसमें प्रयुक्त Verb को Verb of the Reported speech कहते हैं। He said, “I am ready”. यहाँ ‘am’ Verb of the Reported Speech है।
Changing into Indirect Speech
Direct Speech को Indirect Speech में बदलने के लिए कुछ General Rules हैं और कुछ Special Rules. General Rules उन नियमों को कहते हैं जो प्रत्येक प्रकार के वाक्य के साथ लागू होते हैं, वही Special Rules विभिन्न प्रकार के वाक्यों के लिए भिन्न-भिन्न होते हैं। General Rules को हम तीन भागों में इस प्रकार बाँट सकते हैं –
1. Change of Person
2. Change of Tense
3. Change of other Parts of Speech
1. Change of Person
Direct Speech को Indirect Speech में बदलने के लिए Reported Speech में प्रयुक्त Pronouns को इस प्रकार परिवर्तित करते हैं-
1. First Person को Reporting Verb के Subject के अनुसार
2. Second Person को Reporting Verb के Object के अनुसार
3. Third Person को No change.
इसके लिए इस सूत्र को याद रखें –
| 1 2 3 |
| S O N |
1 का अर्थ है First Person (S का अर्थ है Subject )
2 का अर्थ है Second Person (O का अर्थ है Object )
3 का अर्थ है Third Person (N का अर्थ है No change )
अर्थात् First Person Object के अनुसार
Second Person Object के अनुसार
Third Person No change
Note: 1. जब Reporting Verb Present या Future Tense मे रहता है, तब Indirect Speech में कही भी Tense में कोई भी में कोई परिर्वतन नहीं होता है। हम यहाँ Reporting Verb को Present/Future Tense में रखेगें ताकि tense परिर्वतन की समस्या उत्पन्न न हो और Change of Person की प्रक्रिया सही ढ़ग से स्पष्ट हो सके।
2. जब Inverted Commas के भीतर Assertive Sentence रहता है, तब Indirect Speech में Inverted Commas के बदले that का प्रयोग होता है।
3. जब Reporting Verb say/says/said रहे और उसके बाद object रहे तो आप यहाँ इसे Indirect Speech में tell/tells/told में बदल दें। अगर Object न रहे तो Reporting Verb में परिर्वतन नहीं करें।
4. Person बदलते समय Number तथा Case पर विशेष ध्यान दें, क्योकि ये नहीं बदलते हैं। आपकी सुविधा के लिए Personal Pronouns के सभी Forms को आगे तालिका में दिया जा रहा है, जिन्हें हमेशा ध्यान में रखें।
5. इस Chapter में बहुत सारे solved examples दिए गए हैं। उन्हें आप अच्छी तरह पढ़ें और समझें। जब आप उन्हें अच्छी तरह समझ जाएँगे, तब आपको exercises बनाने में कठिनाई नहीं होगी। इसलिए इस chapter में दिए गए सभी solved examples को कम से कम दो बार अवश्य पढ़ें और लिखें।
| Person | Nominative Case | Possessive Case | Objective Case | |
| Possessive Adjectives | Possessive Pronoun | |||
| 1st Person | I We | My Our | Mine Ours | Me us |
| 2nd Person | You | Your | Yours | You |
| 3rd Person | He she it they | His Her Its Their | His Hers Theirs | Him Her It Them |
Solved Examples:
1. He says to me, “I am your friend.” (Subject) (object) (First Person) (Second Person)
He tells me that he is my friend.
2. He Says to me, ” You are my friend.”
(Subject) (object) (Second Person) (First Person)
He tells me that I am his Friend.
3. She says to me, ” I love you.”
(Subject) (object) (First Person) (Second Person)
She tells me that she loves me.
4. I say to her. “I love you.”
(Subject) (object) (First Person) (Second Person)
5. She says to me, “I am his sister.”
(Subject) (object) (First Person) (Second Person)
She tells me that she is his sister.
6. Ram says to me. “I am your friends.”
Ram tells me that he is my fiend.
7. Sita says to me, “I am your friend.”
Sita tells me that she is my friend.
8. Ram says to Sita, “I am your friend.”
Ram tell sita that he is her friend.
9. Sita says to Ram, “I am your friend.”
Sita tells Ram that she is his friend.
10. They say to me, “We help you.”
They tell me that they help me.
11. I say to them, “I help you.”
I tell them that I help them.
12. You always say to me, “I shall help you,”
you always tell me that you will help me.
13. The boys say to the teacher, “We need your help.”
The boys tell the teacher that they need your help.
14. We say to him, “We are your helpers.”
We tell him that we are his helpers.
15. The teacher says to the students, “I am ready to help you.”
The teacher tells the students he is ready to help them.
16. He says to Sita, “I love you and your do.”
He tells Sita that he loves her and her dog.
17. Geeta says to Ravi, “If you help me I shall help you.”
Geeta tells Ravi that if he helps her she will help him.
18. He says to her, “Yours is black but mine is white.”
He tells her that hers is black but his is white.
19. The boys say to the teacher, “We can’t do without your help.”
The boys tell the teacher that they can’t do without his help.
20. He says, “I should help myself.”
He says that he should hep himself.
21. Ram will say, “I am ready to do my duty.”
Ram will say that he should help himself.
22. Sita will say to me, “I am ready to do my duty.”
Sita will tell me that he is ready to do his duty.
23. The boys say to me, “We must help you and your father.”
The boys tell me that they must help me and she loves me.
24. I will say to her, “I love you and love me.”
I will tell her that I love her and she loves me.
25. He says to me, “I did not cheat you, so you should believe me.”
He tells me that he did not cheat me, so I should believe him.
EXERCISE
Direction: Change the following into indirect speech-
1. He says, “I am reading my book.”
2. She says, “I am reading my book.”
3. You say, “I reading my book.”
4. We say, “We are reading our books.”
5. I say, “We are reading our books.”
6. I say, “I am reading my book.”
7. Ram says to me, “I am your friend.”
8. Sita says to me, “I am your friend.”
9. He says to Sita, “I am your friend.”
10. Sita says to him, “I am your friend.”
11. I say to Ram, “I know you.”
12. I say to the boys, “I know you.”
13. The boy says to me, “I know you.”
14. The boys says to me, “We know you.”
15. They say to me, “We shall help you.”
16. I say to her, “I can teach you.”
17. The child says to his mother, “I love you.”
18. He says to me, “I am ready to help you.”
19. I say to Mohan, “You are my best friend.”
20. Mohan will say to Reeta, “I don’t need your help.”
21. She will say to me, “Your brother helps me.”
22. I say to your brother, “I am your friend.”
23. Monu says to Leela, “You should help me.”
24. Leela says to Monu, “I shall hep you.”
25. He says to me, “I love you and your dog.”
Answers:
1. He says, “I am reading my book.”
He says that he is reading his book.
2. She says, “I am reading my book.”
She says that she is reading her book.
3. You say, “I am reading my book.”
You say that you are reading your book.
4. We say, “We are reading our books.”
We say that we are reading our books.
5. I say, “We are reading our books.”
I say that we are reading our books.
6. I say, “I am reading my book.”
I say that I am reading my book.
7. Ram says to me, “I am your friend.”
Ram tells me that he is my friend.
8. Sita says to me, “I am your friend.”
Sita tells me that she is my friend.
9. He says to Sita, “I am your friend.”
He tells Sita that he is her friend.
10. Sita says to him, “I am your friend.”
Sita tells him that she is his friend.
11. I say to Ram, “I know you.”
I tell Ram that I know him.
12. I say to the boys, “I know you.”
I tell the boys that I know them.
13. The boy says to me, “I know you.”
The boy tells me that he knows me.
14. The boys say to me, “We know you.”
The boys tell me that they know me.
15. They say to me, “We shall help you.”
They tell me that they will help me.
16. I say to her, “I can teach you.”
I tell her that I can teach her.
17. The child says to his mother, “I love you.”
The child tells his mother that he loves her.
18. He says to me, “I am ready to help you.”
He tells me that he is ready to help me.
19. I say to Mohan, “You are my best friend.”
I tell Mohan that he is my best friend.
20. Mohan will say to Reeta, “I don’t need your help.”
Mohan will tell Reeta that he doesn’t need her help.
21. She will say to me, “Your brother helps me.”
She will tell me that my brother helps her.
22. I say to your brother, “I am your friend.”
I tell your brother that I am his friend.
23. Monu says to Leela, “You should help me.”
Monu tells Leela that she should help him.
24. Leela says to Monu, “I shall help you.”
Leela tells Monu that she will help him.
25. He says to me, “I love you and your dog.”
He tells me that he loves me and my dog.
EXERCISE
Direction: Change the following into indirect speech-
1. Amar says to Ratan, “I am your friend and you are my friend.”
2. She says to Ram, “If you help me I shall help you.”
3. They say to me, “We help you because you help us.”
4. She says to me, “I know you but you don’t know me,”
5. The students say to the teacher “We can’t do without your help.”
6. He says to my mother, “You should help me because I am your son’s friend.”
7. She will say to us, “I shall help you help me.”
8. She says to Ram, “I know you and your brother because you are my neighbours.
9. Ram says to her, ” I know you and your friends because you are they are my neighbours.
10. She says to me, ” I have given you my life, but you have given me only tears, and so I am not believe you,”
11. He says to me, “I was reading while you were playing with your friends.”
12. We will say to him, “Wee wanted to help you but we could not help you because we were absent.”
13. The farmers say to me, “We never quarrel with them.”
14. She says to me, “This is mine and that is yours.”
15. I say to you, “You can do me no harm because I am stronger that you.”
16. You say to me, “You can do me no harm because I am stronger than you.”
17. Sita says to Ravi, “You can do me no harm because I am stronger than you.”
18. Ravi says to Radha, “I have been helping you.”
19. Mohan says to Geeta, “You have been very kind to me, so I shall help you when you need my help.”
20. Geeta says to Mohan, “You have been very kind to me, so I shall help you when you need my help.”
Answers:
1. Amar says to Ratan, “I am your friend and you are my friend.”
Amar tells Ratan that he is his friend and that Ratan is his friend.
2. She says to Ram, “If you help me I shall help you.”
She tells Ram that if he helps her, she will help him.
3. They say to me, “We help you because you help us.”
They tell me that they help me because I help them.
4. She says to me, “I know you but you don’t know me.”
She tells me that she knows me, but I don’t know her.
5. The students say to the teacher, “We can’t do without your help.”
The students tell the teacher that they can’t do without his help.
6. He says to my mother, “You should help me because I am your son’s friend.”
He tells my mother that she should help him because he is her son’s friend.
7. She will say to us, “I shall help you if you help me.”
She will tell us that she will help us if we help her.
8. She says to Ram, “I know you and your brother because you are my neighbours.”
She tells Ram that she knows him and his brother because they are her neighbours.
9. Ram says to her, “I know you and your friends because they are my neighbours.”
Ram tells her that he knows her and her friends because they are his neighbours.
10. She says to me, “I have given you my life, but you have given me only tears, so I do not believe you.”
She tells me that she has given me her life, but I have given her only tears, so she does not believe me.
11. He says to me, “I was reading while you were playing with your friends.”
He tells me that he was reading while I was playing with my friends.
12. We will say to him, “We wanted to help you but we could not help you because we were absent.”
We will tell him that we wanted to help him, but we could not help him because we were absent.
13. The farmers say to me, “We never quarrel with them.”
The farmers tell me that they never quarrel with them.
14. She says to me, “This is mine and that is yours.”
She tells me that this is hers and that is mine.
15. I say to you, “You can do me no harm because I am stronger than you.”
I tell you that you can do me no harm because I am stronger than you.
16. You say to me, “You can do me no harm because I am stronger than you.”
You tell me that I can do you no harm because you are stronger than me.
17. a says to Ravi, “You can do me no harm because I am stronger than you.”
Sita tells Ravi that he can do her no harm because she is stronger than him.
18. Ravi says to Radha, “I have been helping you.”
Ravi tells Radha that he has been helping her.
19. Mohan says to Geeta, “You have been very kind to me, so I shall help you when you need my help.”
Mohan tells Geeta that she has been very kind to him, so he will help her when she needs his help.
20. Geeta says to Mohan, “You have been very kind to me, so I shall help you when you need my help.”
Geeta tells Mohan that he has been very kind to her, so she will help him when he needs her help.
2. Change of Tense
1. जब Reporting Verb Present/Future Tense में रहता है, तब Indirect Speech में कही भी Tense में कोई परिवर्तन नही होता है। अभी तक दिए गए उदाहरणों से यह पुर्णतः स्पष्ट है।
2. जब Reporting Verb Past Tense मे रहता है, तब Inverted Commas के भीतर प्रयुक्त Tense में परिवर्तन होता है। यह परिवर्तन इस प्रकार होता है-
| Direct | Indirect |
| Simple Present | Simple Past |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect |
| Present Perfect Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous |
| Simple Past | Past Perfect |
| Past Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous |
| Past Perfect | no change of tense |
| Past Perfect Continuous | no change of tense |
| shall/will | should/would |
| can | could |
| may | might |
| am/is/are | was/were |
| have/has | had |
| was/were | had been |
| had to + V1 | had had to + V1 |
| could/should/would/might | generally no change |
Solved Examples:
1. He said to me, “I am your friend.”
He told me that he was my friend.
2. She said to me, “I am to help you,”
She told me that she was help me.
3. Sita said to me, “I love you.”
Sita told me that She loved me.
4. My son said to me, “I am doing my lesson.”
My son told me that he was doing his lesson.
5. Geeta said to Ram, “I have always helped you.”
Geeta told Ram that She had always helped him.
6. Ram said to Sita, “I have been waiting for you.”
Ram told Sita that he had been waiting for her.
7. My father said to me, “I wanted to give me a bicycle.”
My father told me that he had wanted to give me a bicycle.
8. He said to the boys, “I was playing with you.”
He told the boys that he had been playing with them.
9. Radha said to Ram, “I had seen him.”
Radha told Ram that she had seen him.
10. He said, “I had been playing.”
He said that he had been playing.
11. He said to me, “I shall help you.”
He told me that he would help me.
12. He said to me, “I can help you.”
He told me that he would help me.
13. He said to me, “He may help me.”
He told me that he might help him.
14. He said, “I could kill the bird.”
He said that he could kill the bird.
15. He said, “I was absent.”
He said that he had been absent.
16. He said to her, “I was busy, so I did not help you.”
He told her that he had been busy, so he hadn’t helped her.
EXERCISE
Direction: Change the following into indirect speech-
1. He said to me, “I am your friend.”
2. She said to me, “I am to help you.”
3. They said to her, “We want to help you.”
4. She said to her sister, “I have sympathy for you.”
5. The boy said to mother, “I am going to my friend.”
6. He said to the girl, “I have always helped you.”
7. You said to the girl, “I have not beaten your dog.”
8. He said to me, “I have been waiting for you for two hours.”
9. He said to them, “I can help you.”
10. She said to me, “I should not vex you.”
11. Mohan said to Reeta, “I love you.”
12. I said to them, “I have love for you.”
13. He said to her, “I help you because you are a good girl.”
14. He said to me, “I can help you if you don’t harm me.”
15. He said, “I have everything that I need.”
16. She said to him, “I shall be your guide.”
17. I said to her, “If you help me I shall help you.”
18. He said to me, “Your brother playing with my brother.”
19. Ram said to his sister, “I have come to help you, so you should not be afraid of anything.”
20. He said to the farmer, “I have been serving you for years but you have never cared for me.”
Answers:
1. He said to me, “I am your friend.”
He told me that he was my friend.
2. She said to me, “I am to help you.”
She told me that she was to help me.
3. They said to her, “We want to help you.”
They told her that they wanted to help her.
4. She said to her sister, “I have sympathy for you.”
She told her sister that she had sympathy for her.
5. The boy said to mother, “I am going to my friend.”
The boy told his mother that he was going to his friend.
6. He said to the girl, “I have always helped you.”
He told the girl that he had always helped her.
7. You said to the girl, “I have not beaten your dog.”
You told the girl that you had not beaten her dog.
8. He said to me, “I have been waiting for you for two hours.”
He told me that he had been waiting for me for two hours.
9. He said to them, “I can help you.”
He told them that he could help them.
10. She said to me, “I should not vex you.”
She told me that she should not vex me.
11. Mohan said to Reeta, “I love you.”
Mohan told Reeta that he loved her.
12. I said to them, “I have love for you.”
I told them that I had love for them.
13. He said to her, “I help you because you are a good girl.”
He told her that he helped her because she was a good girl.
14. He said to me, “I can help you if you don’t harm me.”
He told me that he could help me if I didn’t harm him.
15. He said, “I have everything that I need.”
He said that he had everything that he needed.
16. She said to him, “I shall be your guide.”
She told him that she would be his guide.
17. I said to her, “If you help me I shall help you.”
I told her that if she helped me, I would help her.
18. He said to me, “Your brother is playing with my brother.”
He told me that my brother was playing with his brother.
19. Ram said to his sister, “I have come to help you, so you should not be afraid of anything.”
Ram told his sister that he had come to help her, so she should not be afraid of anything.
20. He said to the farmer, “I have been serving you for years but you have never cared for me.”
He told the farmer that he had been serving him for years, but the farmer had never cared for him.
EXERCISE
Direction: Change the following into indirect speech-
1. He said, “I ate two mangoes.”
2. She said to me, “You helped me.”
3. He said to her, “I wanted to help you.”
4. He said, “I was absent.”
5. Ram said to, “I was your friend.”
6. The boy said, “I was playing in the field.”
7. Gopal said to her, “I was going to you.”
8. The child said to her mother, “I was playing with my friends.”
9. They said to me, “We were your friends.”
10. He said, “I had finished the work.”
11. Ram said to me, ” I had informed you.”
12. He said to me, “I had been waiting for you.”
13. They said, “We had been doing for years.”
14. They said to the girls, “You danced well.”
15. My mother said to my brothers, “I was making tea for you.”
16. He said to me, “I was busy, so I did not help you,”
17. He said, “I could pass examination.”
18. She said, “It might be dangerous.
19. The boys said to me, “we did not understand the lesson.”
20. He said to me, “You should help me but I know that you will not help me because I never helped you.”
Answers:
1. He said that he had eaten two mangoes.
2. She told me that I had helped her.
3. He told her that he had wanted to help her.
4. He said that he had been absent.
5. Ram told me that he had been my friend.
6. The boy said that he had been playing in the field.
7. Gopal told her that he was going to her.
8. The child told her mother that he had been playing with his friends.
9. They told me that they had been my friends.
10. He said that he had finished the work.
11. Ram told me that he had informed me.
12. He told me that he had been waiting for me.
13. They said that they had been doing that for years.
14. They told the girls that they had danced well.
15. My mother told my brothers that she had been making tea for them.
16. He told me that he had been busy, so he had not helped me.
18. He said that he could pass the examination.
19. She said that it might be dangerous.
20. The boys told me that they had not understood the lesson.
यदि Inverted Commas के भीतर कोई कथन हो जिससे चिरंतन सत्य या सिध्दांत (Universal Truth) का बोध हो, तो Reporting Verb के Past Tense में रहने पर भी Reported Speech के Tense में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होगा। जैसे –
1. He said, “The earth is round.”
He said that the earth is round.
2. My father said to me, “Honesty is the best policy.”
My father told me that that honesty is best policy.
3. He said, “Work is worship.”
He said that work is worship.
4. The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.”
The teacher said that The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
5. He remarked, “A bad carpenter quarrels with his tools.”
He remarked that a bad carpenter quarrels with his tools.
6. He says, Two and two is four.”
He says that two and two is four.
EXERCISE
Direction: Change the following into indirect speech-
1. He said, “The earth moves round the sun.”
2. The priest said, “Man is mortal.”
3. He said, “I had won the prize.”
4. She said to me, “I had been playing with you.”
5. He said, “I get up early in the morning.”
6. My son said to me, “I have done my lesson, so I am playing.”
7. He said to me, “I did not love you at all.”
8. The teacher said, “Labour never goes in vain.”
9. The mother said, “My child is my love.”
10. He said, “sympathy is greater than gold.
11. My father said, “Work is worship.”
12. He says to me, “You never helped me, so I will not help you.”
13. He said to me, “Time and tide wait for no man.
14. She will say to me, “You have cheated me,”
15. She will say, “I could find her.”
16. He said to me, “I know what you did.”
17. I said, “Iron is more useful that gold.
18. They said, “We can’t live without water,”
19. He said to me, “I was teaching your son.”
20. He said to her, “I had been teaching your son.”
Answers:
1. He said that the earth moves round the sun.
2. The priest said that man is mortal.
3. He said that he had won the prize.
4. She said to me that she had been playing with me.
5. He said that he gets up early in the morning.
6. My son said to me that he had done his lesson, so he was playing.
7. He said to me that he had not loved me at all.
8. The teacher said that labour never goes in vain.
9. The mother said that her child is her love.
10. He said that sympathy is greater than gold.
11. My father said that work is worship.
12. He says to me that I never helped him, so he will not help me.
13. He said to me that time and tide wait for no man.
14. She will say to me that I have cheated her.
15. She will say that she could not find her.
16. He said to me that he knew what I did.
17. I said that iron is more useful than gold.
18. They said that they cannot live without water.
19. He said to me that he was teaching my son.
20. He said to her that he had been teaching her son.
Change of Other Parts of Speech
जब Reporting Verb Past Tense में रहता है, तब Reported Speech में जितने भी निकटता-सूचक शब्द रहतें है, वे सब-के -सब Indirect Speech में दूरी सूचक शब्दों में बदल जाते हैं। ऐसे आवश्यक परिवर्तन के लिए इस Chart को ध्यान में रखें –
| Direct | Indirect |
| this | that |
| these | those |
| here | there |
| hence | thence |
| now | then |
| thus | so |
| today | that day |
| yesterday | that day |
| the day before yesterday | the day before/the previous day |
| tomorrow | the next day/the following day |
| the day after tomorrow | in two day’s time |
| next week/year, etc | the the following week/year, etc |
| last week/year, etc | the previous week/year, etc |
| a year ago | a year before/the previous year |
Solved Examples:
1. He said, “I am busy that day.”
He said that he was busy that day.
2. She said, “I shall do it tomorrow.”
She said that she would do it the next day.
3. He said, “I don’t like this boy.”
He said he did not like that boy.
4. He said, “I am now speaking to this boy.”
He said that he was then speaking to this boy.”
5. They said, “We are starting the day after tomorrow.”
They said that they were starting in two day’s time.
6. He said, “She died a year ago.”
He said that she had died a year before.
Note: चुँकि घटना past time से संबंधित रहती है, इसलिए निकटता-सूचक शब्दों को दूरी-सूचक शब्दों में बदलना पड़ता है। यदि Reported Speech में प्रयुक्त वस्तु परिस्थिति वक्ता के साथ अभी भी मौजूद हो, तो उस हालात में निकटता-सूचक शब्दों को दूरी -सूचक शब्दों में नही बदला जाएगा। जैसे –
1. He said, “This is my table.”
अगर टेबुल Reporter के सामने बोलने के समय भी मोजूद हो, तो Indirect Speech में this को that में नहीं बदला जाएगा। जैसे-
He said that this was his table.
2. This morning Ram said to me, “I shall give you money today.”
This morning Ram told me that he would give me money today.
यहाँ this morning से यह स्पष्ट है कि दिन नहीं बदला है। अतः today का that day नही होगा।
EXERCISE
Direction: Change the following into indirect speech-
1. He said, “I am going to Patna today.”
2. She said to me, “I shall stay here with you.”
3. He said, “I shall do it tomorrow.”
4. She said, “My father came yesterday.”
5. They said to, “We shall see you tomorrow.
6. He said, “The sky is cloudy now.”
7. He said, “I did not break these plates.
8. My boss said to me, “You can take this away with you.”
9. He said, “I saw a book here.”
10. She said, “I am now opening this book,”
11. She said, “I will dance tomorrow.”
12. He said, “She arrived yesterday and will go tomorrow.”
13. She said, “I shall join the office next week.”
14. She said, “My husband died a year ago.”
15. He said, “I will come here again tomorrow.”
Answers:
1. He said that he was going to Patna that day.
2. She told me that she would stay there with me.
3. He said that he would do it the next day.
4. She said that her father had come the previous day.
5. They told me that they would see me the next day.
6. He said that the sky was cloudy then.
7. He said that he had not broken those plates.
8. My boss told me that I could take that away with me.
9. He said that he had seen a book there.
10. She said that she was opening that book then.
11. She said that she would dance the next day.
12. He said that she had arrived the previous day and would go the next day.
13. She said that she would join the office the following week.
14. She said that her husband had died a year ago.
15. He said that he would come there again the next day.
ध्यान देने योग्य कुछ आवश्यक बातें
1. कभी -कभी Reporting Verb के बाद Object नही रहता है और Reported Speech में प्रयुक्त Second Person के pronoun/adjectives को बदलने की आवश्यकता पड़ती है। वैसी परिस्थिति में आप अपने मन सो कोई भी उपयुक्त object के चुन लें और उसे Reporting Verb के बाद दे दें।
(a) He said, “I am waiting for you.”
He told me that he was waiting for me.
or, He told her that he was waiting for her.
(b) He said, “I do not wish to see any of you.
He told us that he did not wish to see any of us.
or He told them that he did not wish to see any of them.
इस प्रकार Object का चयन आपकी इच्छा पर निर्भर करता है। अगर किसी Passage को Indirect Speech में बदलना हो, तो पुरे Passage के भाव को समझते हुए उपयुक्त Object का चयन करें।
2. यदि Inverted Commas के भीतर संबोधन के रुप में कोई नाम आए, तो उस नाम को Reporting Verb का Object बना दें।
(a) He said, “Ram, I want to help you.”
He told Ram that he wanted to help him.
(b) Sita said, “I love you very much, Mohan.”
Sita told Mohan that she loved him very much.
3. यदि Inverted Commas के भीतर O, Well, Okay इत्यादि हों, तो Indirect Speech में इनका लोप कर दें। जैसे –
He said, “Well, Ram, you can take it.”
He told Ram that he could take it.
4. Reported Speech के वाक्य के शुरु में भी रह सकता है या Reporting Verb के बाद में या Reporting Verb की दोनों तरफ, परंतु Indirect Speech में वह पद पहले आएगा जो Inverted Commas के बाहर है जैसा कि आप करते आ रहे हैं। जैसे –
(a) “I have completed my job, “he said.
He said that he had completed his job.
(b) “I am always ready to help you, “she said to me, “because I was her neighbour.
EXERCISE
Direction: Change the following into indirect speech-
1. He says, “I am your friend and are my friend.”
2. She said, “I was waiting for you.”
3. The boys said, “We can’t do without your help.”
4. You said, “I will not given this pen to you.”
5. “You should help me, “said she.
6. “Okay, I will come tomorrow,” he said.
7. He said, “Rekha, I love you.”
8. She said, “You should help me, Mohan.”
9. “You can sit here, “Mohan, “the teacher said.
10. The boss said, “Well, you can take it now.”
11. “I wrote three letters yesterday,” said she.
12. He said, “Radha, You are my life.”
13. “Everything I have is yours,” she said.
14. “I had completed my job,” he said.
15. He said, “Well, I shall punish you today.”
16. “I shall help you,” she said to me, “If you help you.”
17. “Two and two is four,” said the teacher.
18. “I love you,” the man said to her, “because you have been kind to me,”
19. “You are a good boy,” said the teacher,” so I shall help you.”
20. “You can go now,” the master said to the servant, “because I don’t need you.”
Answers:
1. He says that he is my friend and I am his friend.
2. She said that she had been waiting for me.
3. The boys said that they couldn’t do without my help.
4. You said that you would not give that pen to me.
5. She said that I should help her.
6. He said that he would come the next day.
7. He said that Rekha was his love.
8. She said that I should help her, Mohan.
9. The teacher told Mohan that he could sit there.
10. The boss said that I could take it then.
11. She said that she had written three letters the previous day.
12. He said that Radha was his life.
13. She said that everything she had was mine.
14. He said that he had completed his job.
15. He said that he would punish me that day.
16. She said to me that she would help me if I helped her.
17. The teacher said that two and two is four.
18. The man said to her that he loved her because she had been kind to him.
19. The teacher said that I was a good boy and that he would help me.
20. The master told the servant that he could go because he didn’t need him.
SPECIAL RULES
General Rules जहाँ सभी प्रकार के वाक्यों के साथ लागू होते हैं, वहीं Special Rules विभिन्न प्रकार के लिए भिन्न-भिन्न होते हैं।
SPECIAL RULES: ASSERTIVE SENTNECES
Inverted Commas के अंदर प्रयुक्त Assertive Sentences को Indirect Speech में परिवर्तित करने के लिए जो भी नियम हैं उनसे आप परिचित हो चुके हैं, क्योंकि अभी तक आपने जिन वाक्यों को Indirect Speech में परिवर्तित किया जाता है वे सभी Assertive Sentences हैं।
SPECIAL RULES: INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
यदि Inverted Commas के भीतर Interrogative Sentences हो, तो उसे Indirect Speech में बदलने के लिए निम्नलिखित तरीके अपनाएँ-
(a) Reporting Verb को ask में बदल दें।
(b) Inverted Commas के बदले that का प्रयोग नहीं करें। अगर Sentence Question Word (When, what, why, where, who, how, which, how many, how much, etc) से शुरु हो, तो that का जगह पर प्रयुक्त Question words ही दें।
(c) यदि Interrogative Sentence किसी Anomalous Finite (am, is, are, was, were, have, has, do, does, did, can, could, shall, will, etc) से शुरू हो, तो Inverted Commas के बदले if/whether का प्रयोग करें।
(d) प्रयुक्त Interrogative Verb form को Assertive Verb Form में बदल दें और Indirect Speech के जो सामान्य नियम हैं, उन्हें apply कर पुरे वाक्य को Indirect Speech में बदल दें।
Note: Interrogative Verb Form को Assertive Verb Form में इस प्रकार बदलें-
1. Do you eat?
2. Do you not eat?
3. Does he know?
4. Does he not know?
5. Did they go?
6. Did he not go?
7. Are you ready?
8. Shall we be going?
9. Must he come?
10. Where do you live?
11. How does he live?
12. Why did he come?
13. Where are they going?
14. Who are you?
15. What is your name?
16. Who killed the tiger?
17. Who will come?
18. How much do you eat?
19. Who knows?
Answers:
1. You eat.
2. You do not eat.
3. He knows.
4. He does not know. .
5. They went.
6. He did not go.
7. You are ready.
8. We shall be going.
9. He must come.
10. Where you live.
11. How he lives.
12. Why he came.
13. Where they are going.
14. Who you are.
15. What your name is.
16. Who killed the tiger.
17. Who will come.
18. How much you eat.
19. Who knows.
Solved Example:
1. He says to me, “Are you ill?”
He asks me if I am ill.
2. He said to me, “Are you ill?”
He asked me if I was ill.
3. She said to me, “Will you help her?”
She asked me if I would help her.
4. They said, “Were you present there?”
They asked me if I had been present there.
5. He said to Sita, “Do you love me?”
He asked Sita if she loved him.
6. He says to Geeta, “:Does your brother help you?”
He asks Geeta if her brother helps her.
7. We said to her, “Did you know us?”
We asked her if she had known us.
8. He said to Sita, “Did you not vex me.”
He asked Sita if she had not vexed him.
9. She said to me, “Were you going to me?”
She asked me id I had been going to her.
EXERCISE
Direction: Change the following into indirect speech-
[A]
1. He says to me, “Are you ready?”
2. He said to me, “Are you ready?”
3. She says to Ram, “Have you time for me?”
4. She said to Ram, “Have you time for me?”
5. Ram says to Leela, “Is your sister coming today?”
6. Ram said to Leela, “IS your sister coming today?”
7. She says to him, “Am I dear to you?”
8. She says to him, “Am I dear to you?”
9. He says to me, “Have you stolen my pen?”
10. He said to me, “Have you stolen my pen?”
11. Mohan says to Sheela, “Were you not my friend?”
12. Mohan said to Sheela, “Were you not my friend?”
13. She says to me, “Was your brother going to market?”
14. She said to me, “Was your brother going to market?”
15. She says to her sister, “Had you done it?”
16. She said to her sister, “Had you done it?”
17. I said to him, “Will you help me?”
18. You said to Reeta, “Can you help me?”
19. She says to me, “Should you cheat me?”
20. He said to me, “Will you not help her?”
Answers:
[A]
1. He asks me if I am ready.
2. He asked me if I was ready.
3. She asks Ram if he has time for her.
4. She asked Ram if he had time for her.
5. Ram asks Leela if her sister is coming today.
6. Ram asked Leela if her sister was coming that day.
7. She asks him if she is dear to him.
8. She asked him if she was dear to him.
9. He asks me if I have stolen his pen.
10. He asked me if I had stolen his pen.
11. Mohan asks Sheela if she was not his friend.
12. Mohan asked Sheela if she had not been his friend.
13. She asks me if my brother was going to the market.
14. She asked me if my brother had been going to the market.
15. She asks her sister if she had done it.
16. She asked her sister if she had done it.
17. I asked him if he would help me.
18. You asked Reeta if she could help you.
19. She asks me if I should cheat her.
20. He asked me if I would not help her.
[B]
1. He says to me, “Do you love me?”
2. He said to me, “Do you love me?”
3. She says to him, “Do you know me?”
4. She said to him, “Do you know him?”
5. She says to him, “Does he not help you?”
6. She said to him, “Does he not help you?”
7. She says to me, “Did you teach my sister?”
8. She said to me, “Did you teach my sister?”
9. He says to Leela, “Did you not love me?”
10. He said to me, “Did you not love me?”
11. He says to her, “Do you not like my sister?”
12. He said to her, “Do you know my father?”
13. He said to her, “Did you not like my father?”
14. He said to her, “Do you think it may rain today?”
15. She asked me, “Are you sorry for what you did?”
16. He said me, “Does your mother love me?”
17. He says to her, “Did you not give me your pen?”
18. He said to her, “Did you not give me your pen?”
19. He says to Sita, “Do you think I do not cheat you?”
20. He said to Sita, “Do you think I did not cheat you?”
Answers:
[B]
1. He asks me if I love him.
2. He asked me if I loved him.
3. She asks him if he knows her.
4. She asked him if he knew him.
5. She asks him if he does not help him.
6. She asked him if he did not help him.
7. She asks me if I taught her sister.
8. She asked me if I had taught her sister.
9. He asks Leela if she did not love him.
10. He asked me if I had not loved him.
11. He asks her if she does not like his sister.
12. He asked her if she knew his father.
13. He asked her if she had not liked his father.
14. He asked her if she thought it might rain that day.
15. She asked me if I was sorry for what I had done.
16. He asked me if my mother loved him.
17. He asks her if she did not give him her pen.
18. He asked her if she had not given him her pen.
19. He asks Sita if she thinks he does not cheat her.
20. He asked Sita if she thought he had not cheated her.
Solved Examples:
1. He says to me, “Where do you live?”
He asks me where I live.
2. He said to me, “Where do you live?”
He asked me where I lived.
3. He said to me, “Why did you abuse me?”
He asked me why I had abuse him.
4. He said to Sita, “Why have you done this?”
He asked Sita why she had done that.
5. She says to me, “Who are you?”
She asks me who I am.
6. She said to me, “Who are you?”
She asked me Who I as.
7. He said to me, “Who went to you?”
He asked me who had gone to me.
8. He said to me, “What is your name?”
He asked me what my name was.
9. He said, “What was falling?”
He asked what had been falling.
10. He said to me, What will you do for me?”
He asked me what I would do for him.
EXERCISE
Direction: Put the following into indirect speech-
[A]
1. He says to me, “What do you eat?”
2. He said to me, “What do you eat?”
3. She says to Ram, “Why you do not help me?”
4. She said to Ram, “Why do not help me?”
5. He says to Gita, “When did you help me?”
6. He said to Gita, “When did you help me?”
7. Mohan says to beggar, “Why are you sad?’
8. Mohan said to beggar, “Why are you sad?”
9. My mother says to me, “When will you go?”
10. My mother said to me, “When will you go?”
11. The son said to his father, “When will you buy me a bicycle?”
12. He said to me, “Why were you absent?”
13. She said to me, “Where have you been working?”
14. He said to, “Why are you disturbing me?”
15. She said to the king, “What can I do for you?”
16. He said to the boy, “Why have you caught my hen?”
17. Ramu said to his mistress, “Why were you beating me for nothing?”
18. He said to me, “Why had he not completed the job?”
19. She said to the teacher, “How shall I repay you?”
20. I said to the queen, “What have you for me?”
[B]
1. He says to me, “What is your name?”
2. She said to me, “What is your name?”
3. He says, “Who can do this?”
4. He said, “Who can do this?”
5. She said, “How much do you eat?”
6. She said, “Who will help me?”
7. He said to me, “Who has beaten you?”
8. He said to me, “Who wanted to kill you?”
9. She said, “What is this?”
10. He asked, “which team won the match?”
11. He said, “What happened?”
12. I said to my father, “Who was with you?”
13. He said to me, “Who can defeat me?”
14. She said to me, “What should I do for you?”
15. Ramu said, “Who was calling me?”
16. The farmer said, “How long will it rain?”
17. She said to me, “How many pens have you?”
18. They said to me, “Who is helping you?”
19. She said to him, “What is the problem with you?”
20. The man said to the little girl, “Who are you and what do you want?”
[C]
1. “Where are the students? asked the teacher.
2. “Do you want to go without me?” the father said to his son?”
3. “Who killed your dog?” the man said to me.
4. They said, “Who will save us?”
5. The man said, “Have you written the letter?”
6. The servant said, “The lawyer has come to see you?”
7. He said to me, “Where is your bicycle?”
8. I said to my father, “When did you give me money?”
9. “Why was he going to you?” I said to him.
10. He said, “God is everyone.”
11. I said, “Mohan what are you doing today?”
12. He said, “I shall go as soon as it is possible?”
13. “What is this?” said Oberon to Puck?”
14. She said to her husband, “What is it that makes you so sad?”
15. He said, “Ravi, when is the nest train?”
16. I said to her, “He likes you but I don’t like you?”
17. My father said to me, “I shall buy you a bicycle if you do your homework in time?”
18. He said to her, “Do you know who was teaching me and my brothers?”
19. They said to me, “Where were our books?”
20. He said, “God is kind to all of us.”
Answers:
[A]
1. He asks me what I eat.
2. He asked me what I ate.
3. She asks Ram why he does not help her.
4. She asked Ram why he did not help her.
5. He asks Gita when she helped him.
6. He asked Gita when she had helped him.
7. Mohan asks the beggar why he is sad.
8. Mohan asked the beggar why he was sad.
9. My mother asks me when I will go.
10. My mother asked me when I would go.
11. The son asked his father when he would buy him a bicycle.
12. He asked me why I was absent.
13. She asked me where I had been working.
14. He asked me why I was disturbing him.
15. She asked the king what she could do for him.
16. He asked the boy why he had caught his hen.
17. Ramu asked his mistress why she had been beating him for nothing.
18. He asked me why he had not completed the job.
19. She asked the teacher how she should repay him.
20. I asked the queen what she had for me.
[B]
1. He asks me what my name is.
2. She asked me what my name was.
3. He asks who can do this.
4. He asked who could do this.
5. She asked how much I eat.
6. She asked who would help her.
7. He asked me who had beaten me.
8. He asked me who had wanted to kill me.
9. She asked what that was.
10. He asked which team had won the match.
11. He asked what had happened.
12. I asked my father who had been with him.
13. He asked me who could defeat him.
14. She asked me what she should do for me.
15. Ramu asked who had been calling him.
16. The farmer asked how long it would rain.
17. She asked me how many pens I had.
18. They asked me who was helping me.
19. She asked him what the problem with him was.
20. The man asked the little girl who she was and what she wanted.
[C]
1. The teacher asked where the students were.
2. The father asked his son if he wanted to go without him.
3. The man asked me who had killed my dog.
4. They asked who would save them.
5. The man asked if I had written the letter.
6. The servant said that the lawyer had come to see me.
7. He asked me where my bicycle was.
8. I asked my father when he had given me money.
9. I asked him why he had been going to me.
10. He said that God is everyone.
11. I asked Mohan what he was doing that day.
12. He said that he would go as soon as it was possible.
13. Oberon asked Puck what that was.
14. She asked her husband what it was that made him so sad.
15. He asked Ravi when the next train was.
16. I told her that he liked her but I didn’t like her.
17. My father told me that he would buy me a bicycle if I did my homework on time.
18. He asked her if she knew who had been teaching him and his brothers.
19. They asked me where their books were.
20. He said that God is kind to all of us.
IMPERATIVE SENTENCES: INDIRECT SPEECH
Imperative Sentence से प्रायः order, command, advice या का बोध होता है। इसे में बदलने के लिए निम्नलिखितकी सहायता लें –
(a) Reporting Verb को अर्थ के अनुसार tell/ask/order/command/request/suggest/advise में बदल दें।
(b) Direct Speech में Reporting Verb के बाद Object रहे या न रहे, Indirect Speech में Reporting Verb के बाद Object अवश्य दें।
(c) Reported Speech में प्रयुक्त Please, Kindly आदि शब्दों का लोप कर दें।
(d) Inverted Commas को to/not to में बदल दें और उसके बाद अभीष्ट Verb का V1 दें। फिर अन्य पदों को General Rules of Narration के अनुसार दें। अब आप संपूर्ण प्रक्रिया को नीचे दिए गए उदाहरणों से समझें।
1. He said to me, “Bring a glass water.”
He ordered me to bring a glass of water.
2. The doctor said to me, “Walk in the morning,”
The doctor advised me to walk in morning.
3. My son said to me, “Please buy me a coat.”
My son requested me to buy him a coat.
4. He said, “Run”
He ordered to me run.
5. She said, “”Ram, do as I say.”
She told/asked/ordered Ram to do as she said
6. The teacher said, “Show me that work that you have done.”
The teacher told/asked/ordered the student to show him the work that he (the student) had done.
EXERCISE
Direction: Put the following into indirect speech-
1. She said to me, “Bring a glass of water.”
2. She said to me, “Bring me a glass of water.”
3. He said to me, “Go there.”
4. The old man said to his servant,” Close the door.”
5. He said, “Stand up on the bench.”
6. My mother said to me, ” Switch off the T.V.”
7. My son said to me, “Please give me some money.”
8. He said to his wife, “Prepare a cup of tea.”
9. The doctor said to me, “Take the medicine in time.”
10. Mother said to me, “Go to market.”
11. The beggar said to me, “Kindly give me some food.”
12. The teacher said, “Get up early.”
13. The doctor said to me, “Take care of your health.”
14. She said to me, “Have a cup of tea.”
15. The saint said to me, “Believe in God.”
16. He said to her, “Wait for me till I God.”
17. He said to her, “Please remember what I told you.”
18. Mohan said to his brother, “Depend on what I say.”
19. The teacher said, “Work hard if you want to get success.”
20. She said to us, “Do whatever you like.”
Answers:
1. She told me to bring a glass of water.
2. She told me to bring her a glass of water.
3. He told me to go there.
4. The old man told his servant to close the door.
5. He told me to stand up on the bench.
6. My mother told me to switch off the T.V.
7. My son requested me to give him some money.
8. He told his wife to prepare a cup of tea.
9. The doctor told me to take the medicine in time.
10. Mother told me to go to the market.
11. The beggar requested me to give him some food.
12. The teacher told me to get up early.
13. The doctor told me to take care of my health.
14. She told me to have a cup of tea.
15. The saint told me to believe in God.
16. He told her to wait for him till he came.
17. He told her to remember what he had told her.
18. Mohan told his brother to depend on what he said.
19. The teacher told me to work hard if I wanted to get success.
20. She told us to do whatever we liked.
NEGATIVE IMPERATIVES
यदि Imperatives Sentence Don’t से शुरु हो, तो Indirect Speech में to के बदले ‘not to’ दें या Reporting Verb को forbid में बदलें, जैसा कि इन उदाहरणों से स्पष्ट है-
1. He told me, “Don’t shout in the class.”
He asked me not to shout in the class.
or, He forbade me to shout in the class.
2. He said, “Don’t make too much noise, children.”
He asked the children not to make too much noise.
or He forbade the children to make too muchnoise.
3. “Don’t drive too fast, “she said
She told me not to drive too fast.
She forbade me to drive too fast.
Note: ध्यान दें कि forbade के बाद not to का प्रयोग नहीं होकर सिर्फ ‘to’ का प्रयोग हुआ है।
EXERCISE
Direction: Put the following into indirect speech-
1. My father said to me, “Don’t walk in the sun.”
2. Ram said to his servant, “Do not do this.”
3. He said, “My son, don’t kill the bird.”
4. He said, “Don’t sleep late.”
5. The teacher told us, “don’t talk in the class.”
6. The doctor said to her, “Don’t drink.”
7. He said, “Don’t ask many questions.”
8. The beggar said, “Don’t bear me,”
9. The thief said to the judge, “Don’t send me to jail.”
10. He said, “Don’t touch this wire, John”
11. “Don’t stay here,” she said.
12. The student said to the teacher, “Please do not order me to go out of the class.”
13. Ranjan said to his friend, “Do not spoil your health.”
14. She said to me, “Don’t go today.”
15. I said, “Don’t be misguided.”
16. The doctor said to me, “Don’t smoke if you want to improve your health.”
17. The teacher, “Don’t make a noise when I am in the class.
18. I said, “Don’t drive fast when the road is busy.”
19. She said o him, “Do not go there if you want to stay here.”
20. I said to my friend, “Don’t be afraid when you are with me.”
Answers: +
1. My father told me not to walk in the sun.
2. Ram told his servant not to do that.
3. He advised his son not to kill the bird.
4. He advised not to sleep late.
5. The teacher told us not to talk in the class.
6. The doctor advised her not to drink.
7. He advised not to ask many questions.
8. The beggar pleaded not to beat him.
9. The thief begged the judge not to send him to jail.
10. He warned John not to touch that wire.
11. She advised not to stay there.
12. The student requested the teacher not to order him to go out of the class.
13. Ranjan advised his friend not to spoil his health.
14. She advised me not to go that day.
15. I advised not to be misguided.
16. The doctor advised me not to smoke if I wanted to improve my health.
17. The teacher instructed not to make noise when he/she was in the class.
18. I advised not to drive fast when the road was busy.
19. She advised him not to go there if he wanted to stay here.
20. I told my friend not to be afraid when he was with me.
EXERCISE
Direction: Put the following into indirect speech –
1. “Don’t believe everything you hear, “he warned me.
2. “Look before you leap,” he said to her.
3. He said, “Follow her if she leaves the house.”
4. “Who put salt in my coffee?” she said.
5. He said, I had to help you.”
6. He said to me, “I can’t tell you how grateful I am.”
7. She said, “Do you know who is coming?”
8. Amit said to me, “Where did you go yesterday?”
9. She said to her servant, “Do as I tell you.”
10. She said, “The sun never rises in the west.”
11. “What makes you cry?” asked his sister.
12. She said to the maid, “Go and send off this letter.”
13. My mother said, “Do not go against your father.”
14. “Don’t be afraid, my children,” said the host.
15. The gentleman said, “I am free to do what I like with my walking stick.”
16. He said, “Oil and water do not mix,”
17. He asked, “Where is the doctor and what is he doing?”
18. He said, “God is everywhere.”
19. She said, “Work is worship.”
20. He said to me, “Please give me your bicycle for a day.”
Answers:
1. He warned me not to believe everything I heard.
2. He advised her to look before she leaped.
3. He told me to follow her if she left the house.
4. She asked who had put salt in her coffee.
5. He said that he had to help me.
6. He told me that he couldn’t express how grateful he was.
7. She asked if I knew who was coming.
8. Amit asked me where I had gone the previous day.
9. She instructed her servant to do as she told.
10. She stated that the sun never rises in the west.
11. His sister asked what made him cry.
12. She instructed the maid to go and send off that letter.
13. My mother advised me not to go against my father.
14. The host told his children not to be afraid.
15. The gentleman said that he was free to do what he liked with his walking stick.
16. He stated that oil and water do not mix.
17. He asked where the doctor was and what he was doing.
18. He said that God is everywhere.
19. She said that work is worship.
20. He requested me to give him my bicycle for a day.
OPTATIVE SENTENCE: INDIRECT SPEECH
Optative Sentence के अभिशाप, आशीर्वाद, प्रार्थना या इच्छा का बोध होता है। इसे Indirect Speech बदला जा सकता है।इसके लिए पुर्व बताए गए General Rules के अलावा निम्नलिखित Special Rules का सहायता लें-
(a) Reporting Verb को वाक्य के अनुसार curse/bless/pray/wish में बदल दें।
(b) Inverted Commas के बदले that दें।
(c) Optative Sentence को Assertive Sentence में बदल दें। अर्थात् Subject के बाद Verb दें। फिर तथा अन्य पद का परिवर्तन सामान्य नियम के अनुसार करें।
(d) अंत में full stop दें।
अब आप सम्पुर्ण प्रक्रिया को नीचे दिए गए उदाहरणों से समझें –
1. He said to me, “May you live long!”
He blessed me that I might live long.
2. My father said to me, “May you get success!”
My father wished me that I might get success!”
3. They said, “May God save the king!”
They wished/prayed that God might save the king.
4. He said to her, “May you die!”
He cursed her that she might die.
Note: (a) ऐसे वाक्यों में wish/pray के बाद object म दें।
(b) यदि Optative Sentence में May का प्रयोग नहीं हो, तो उसे वाक्य में जोड़ दें और तब वाक्य को Indirect Speech में बदलें।
5. They said, “Long live our friendship!”
They wished that their friendship might live long.
6. The saint said, “God bless you!”
The saint prayed that God might bless me.
EXERCISE
Direction: Turn the following into indirect speech-
1. He said to me, “May you get success!”
2. The mother said to her son, “May God bless you!”
3. The woman said, “May you die of cholera!”
4. The priest said to me, “May you be happy!”
5. He said, “May God pardon this sinner!”
6. She said, “May you die!”
7. My father said to me, “May God help you!”
8. The hermit said, “May you be blessed with a son!”
9. We said, “May the soul Gandhiji get peace in the Heaven!”
10. He said, “May the Prime Minister live long!”
11. He said to me, “May you live long!”
12. He said, “God save the king!”
13. They said, “Long live our friendship!”
14. The people said, “Long live the king!”
15. The woman said to me, “May you die soon!”
16. My friend said, “May you succeed in the your examination!”
17. He said, “God save the President!”
18. The workers said, “Long live our unity!”
19. “May God bless the good boy!” said the old lady.
20. The Principal said, “May you get a first class!”
Answers:
1. He wished me success.
2. The mother prayed that God would bless her son.
3. The woman cursed that I might die of cholera.
4. The priest wished me happiness.
5. He prayed that God would pardon the sinner.
6. She cursed that I might die.
7. My father prayed that God would help me.
8. The hermit blessed me that I might be blessed with a son.
9. We prayed that Gandhiji’s soul might get peace in Heaven.
10. He prayed that the Prime Minister might live long.
11. He wished that I might live long.
12. He prayed that God might save the king.
13. They prayed for the long life of their friendship.
14. The people prayed that the king might live long.
15. The woman cursed that I might die soon.
16. My friend wished that I might succeed in my examination.
17. He prayed that God might save the President.
18. The workers prayed for the long life of their unity.
19. The old lady prayed that God might bless the good boy.
20. The Principal wished that I might get a first class.
EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES: INDIRECT SPEECH
Exclamatory Sentences से प्रायः हर्ष, विषाद, क्रोध, घृणा, आश्चर्य या प्रशंषा का भाव व्यक्त होता है। इन्हें Indirect Speech में बदला जा सकता है। इसके लिए पुर्व बताए गए General Rules के अलावा निम्नलिखित Special Rules का सहायता लें –
(a) Reporting Verb exclaim with joy/sorrow/surprise/anger/contempt/regret/applause में बदल दें।
हर्ष / खुशी / उल्लास के लिए (exclaim with joy)
दुख / शोक के लिए (exclaim with sorrow )
आश्चर्य / विस्मय के लिए (exclaim with surprise)
क्रोध के लिए (exclaim with anger)
तिस्कार / घृणा के लिए exclaim with contempt
प्रशंसा के लिए (exclaim with applause)
पश्चाताप / अफसोस के लिए (exclaim with regret )
(b) Inverted Commas के बदले that दें।
(c) Ah! Oh! Alas! इत्यादि शब्दों का लोप कर दें।
(d) Exclamatory Sentences को Assertive में बदल दें। अगर Inverted Commas के भीतर अधुरे वाक्य हों, तो उनमें Verb तथा अन्य पद अपनी ओर से जोड़ दें ताकि उनमें निहित भाव सहजता से प्रकट हो सके।
Note: पहले आप Exclamatory Sentences को Assertive Sentences में बदलना सीखें। इसके लिए कुछ common examples दिए जा रहे हैं, जिन्हें समझें-
1. What a beautiful girl she is!
She is a very beautiful girl.
2. What a place it is!
It is a very fine place.
3. What a fool I was!
I was big fool.
4. How fast the baby runs!
The baby runs very fast.
5. What a place! / What a place is it.
It is a very fine/strange/lonely place.
6. What a fool! /What a fool he is!
He is a great fool.
7. What a fall!
It is a big fall.
8. How dark the night is!
The night is very dark.
9. Nonsense!
It is nonsense.
10. Oh! Enough!
It is enough.
Some Solved Examples:
1. He said, “Alas! I am ruined.”
He exclaimed with sorrow that he was ruined.
2. The boy said, “Alas! My cat is dead.”
The boy exclaimed with sorrow that his cat was dead.
3. The boys said, “Hurrah! We have won the match.”
The boys exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
4. The Headmaster said, “Alas! Mrs Indira Gandhi is no more!”
The Headmaster exclaimed with sorrow that Mrs Indira Gandhi is no more!”
5. He said, “What a Beautiful girl she is!”
He exclaimed with joy that she was a very beautiful girl.
6. She said, “How fast my baby runs!
She exclaimed with joy that her baby ran very fast.
7. He said, “What a fool I am!”
He exclaimed with sorrow/regret that he was a big fool.
8. He said, “What a place!”
He exclaimed with joy that it was a very fine place.
or, He exclaimed with surprise that it was a very strange place.
9. He said, “What a fall!”
He exclaimed with sorrow that it was a big fall!”
10. Ram said, “What an idea!”
Ram exclaimed with joy that it was an extraordinary idea.
11. I said, “Oh! Enough!”
I exclaimed with disgust that it was enough.
EXERCISE
Direction: Put the following into indirect speech-
1. She said, “Alas! I am ruined.”
2. The girl said, “Alas! My dog is dead.”
3. He said, “Oh! I have cut my finger.”
4. The players said, “Hurrah! We have won the match.”
5. She said, “Bravo! You have done well.”
6. He said. “Hurrah! I have got a prize.”
7. He said, “Ah! I am happy now.”
.8. He said, “What a beautiful girl she is.”
9. They said, “What a place it is!”
10. She said, “How fast my baby runs!”
11. He said, “What a fool I am!”
12. They said, “Ah! Our friend has come from America.”
13. They said, “How kind the king is!”
14. He said, “How dark the night is!”
15. She said, “How sweetly she sings!”
16. Sonu said, “What a beautiful sight it is!”
17. He said, “How foolish I was!”
18. They said, “What a fall!”
19. He said, “Oh! Enough!”
20. She said, “What a beautiful flower!”
21. She said, “Nonsense!”
22. The girl said, “What a fine morning!”
23. He said, “How clever I am!”
24. She said, “What a nice film it is!”
25. They said, “How cruel the king is!”
Answers:
1. She exclaimed with sorrow that she was ruined.
2. The girl exclaimed with sorrow that her dog was dead.
3. He exclaimed with pain that he had cut his finger.
4. The players exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
5. She applauded him, saying that he had done well.
6. He exclaimed with joy that he had got a prize.
7. He exclaimed with happiness that he was happy now.
8. He exclaimed with admiration that she was a very beautiful girl.
9. They exclaimed with surprise about what a place it was.
10. She exclaimed with amazement at how fast her baby ran.
11. He exclaimed with regret that he was a fool.
12. They exclaimed with joy that their friend had come from America.
13. They exclaimed with admiration that the king was very kind.
14. He exclaimed with surprise that the night was very dark.
15. She exclaimed with admiration at how sweetly she sang.
16. Sonu exclaimed with admiration at what a beautiful sight it was.
17. He exclaimed with regret that he had been foolish.
18. They exclaimed with surprise at what a fall it was.
19. He exclaimed in frustration that it was enough.
20. She exclaimed with admiration at what a beautiful flower it was.
21. She exclaimed in frustration that it was nonsense.
22. The girl exclaimed with admiration at what a fine morning it was.
23. He exclaimed with pride that he was very clever.
24. She exclaimed with admiration that it was a nice film.
25. They exclaimed with disgust that the king was very cruel.
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
Direction: Put the following into indirect speech-
1. He said, “I shall go tomorrow.”
2. She said to me, “Will you listen to me?”
3. He said to him, “Please wait here till return.”
4. Sohan said, “How clever I am!”
5. “Who are you what do you want?” she said.
6. He said, “Have you anything to tell me, Roxy?”
7. She said to me, “What is the name of your brother?”
8. They said, “May the king live long!”
9. I said to him, “Don’t move in the sun!”
10. She said to the beggar, “How much do you want?”
11. He said to him, “Isn’t your name Ravi?”
12. She said to her father, “When will you buy me a frock?”
13. Ram said, “God is Almighty.”
14. He said to me, “May you live long!”
15. He said to me, “Why did you laugh at me.”
16. He says to me, “What were you doing with my toy?”
17. The teacher said, “The earth moves round the sun.”
18. He said, “What a fine picture!”
19. He says to me, “I shall help you if you help me.”
20. He said to them, “I was waiting for you.”
21. He said, “I am now speaking to this boy.”
22. He said, “It is not so foggy today as it was yesterday.”
23. “Okay, “I will come again tomorrow,” he said.
24. He said to her, “Why did you give up your study?”
25. I said to him, “How can you prove that she loves you?”
26. He said, “What is the problem here?”
27. The teacher said, “Don’t shout when I am in the class.”
28. The doctor said to me, “Take the medicine in time,”
29. He said, “My sons, don’t waste your time.”
30. The leader said, “Long live our unity!”
31. The woman said, “May you die of cholera!”
32. He said to me, “I wanted to help you but I am not going to help you because you have never been kind to me.”
33. He said to me, “How much money can you give me for the service I have done to you?”
34. Ramu said, “What a place!”
35. “Stop this horrible noise,” he said.
36. The prince said, “It gives me great pleasure to be here this evening.”
Answers:
1. He said that he would go the next day.
2. She asked me if I would listen to her.
3. He requested him to wait there till he returned.
4. Sohan exclaimed with pride that he was very clever.
5. She asked who he was and what he wanted.
6. He asked Roxy if she had anything to tell him.
7. She asked me what the name of my brother was.
8. They prayed that the king might live long.
9. I advised him not to move in the sun.
10. She asked the beggar how much he wanted.
11. He asked him if his name was not Ravi.
12. She asked her father when he would buy her a frock.
13. Ram said that God is Almighty.
14. He blessed me that I might live long.
15. He asked me why I had laughed at him.
16. He asks me what I was doing with his toy.
17. The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.
18. He exclaimed with admiration that it was a fine picture.
19. He tells me that he will help me if I help him.
20. He told them that he had been waiting for them.
21. He said that he was then speaking to that boy.
22. He said that it was not as foggy that day as it had been the day before.
23. He said that he would come again the next day.
24. He asked her why she had given up her study.
25. I asked him how he could prove that she loved him.
26. He asked what the problem was there.
27. The teacher instructed the class not to shout when he was in the class.
28. The doctor advised me to take the medicine on time.
29. He advised his sons not to waste their time.
30. The leader wished long life to their unity.
31. The woman cursed that he might die of cholera.
32. He told me that he had wanted to help me, but he was not going to help me because I had never been kind to him.
33. He asked me how much money I could give him for the service he had done for me.
34. Ramu exclaimed with surprise at what a place it was.
35. He ordered them to stop the horrible noise.
36. The prince said that it gave him great pleasure to be there that evening.