हम यहाँ Noun, Pronoun और Verb के Number (वचन) पर क्रमश: विचार करेगें |
NUMBER OF THE NOUN
Noun के दो Number होते हैं –
1. Singular Number (एकवचन)
2. Plural Number (बहुवचन)
1. Singular Number : Singular Number के एक प्राणी या वस्तु का बोध होता है |
* Singular number denotes one person or thing.
* A noun that denotes one person or thing is said to be in the singular number.
Examples: cow, dog, cat, man, boy, car, pen, etc.
2. Plural Number: Plural Number एक से अधिक प्राणियों या वस्तुओं का बोध कराता है |
* Plural number denotes more that one person or thing.
* A noun That denotes more that one person or thing is said to be in the plural number.
Examples: cows, dogs, cats, men, boy, pens, cars, etc.
Note: Countable Nouns के Plural Forms होते है जबकि सामान्य अर्थ में Proper Nouns और Uncountable Nouns के Plural Forms नहीं होते |
Singular से Plural बनाने के नियम
1. Singular Noun के अंत में प्राय: ‘s’ जोड़कर Plural बनाया जाता है जैसे –
boy-boys
book-books
tree – trees
pen – pens
table – tables
name – names
cow – cows
horse – horses
school – schools
cat – cats
house – houses
animal – animals
ant – ants
desk – desks
brother – brothers
2. जिस Singular Noun के अंत में ch (च), sh (श), ss (स), s (स), x (एक्स), रहता है, उसमें ‘es’ जोड़कर Plural बनाया जाता है | जैसे –
bench – benches
bush – bushes
ass – asses
inch – inches
dis – dishes
bus – buses
church – churches
fish – fishes
gas – gases
watch – watches
brush – brushes
tax – taxes
box – boxes
[bush – झाड़ी, dish – थाली, branch – शाखा, brush – कुँची , tax – कर ]
Note : जब ch का उच्चारण ‘क’ होता है, तब मात्र ‘s’ जुड़ता है | जैसे – stomach (स्टमक) पेट -stomachs: monarch (माॅनर्क) राजा – monarchs.
3. जब Noun के अंत में y रहता है और y के पहले कोई Vowel, तब केवल ‘s’ जोड़कर Plural बनाया जाता है | जैसे –
boy (लड़का) – boys
way (रास्ता) – ways
toy (खिलौना) – toys
play (खेल, नाटक) – plays
key (चाबी) – keys
monkey (बंदर) – monkeys
bay (खाड़ी) – bays
donkey (गधा) – donkeyes
ray (किरण) – rays
holiday (छुट्टी) – holidays
day (दिन) – days
essay (निबंध) – essays
4. जब Noun के अंत में y रहता है और y के पहले कोई Consonant, तब y को हटाकर, उसके बदले ies जोड़कर Plural बनाया जाता है जैसे –
baby (बच्चा) – babies
body (शरीर) – bodies
fly (मक्खी) – flies
lady (महिला) – ladies
city (शहर) – cities
army (सेना) – armies
story (कहानी) – stories
country (देश) – countries
dairy (डयरी) – diaries
cry (चीख) – cries
5. जब Noun के अंत में o रहता है और o के पहले कोई Consonant, तब ‘es’ जोड़कर Plural बनाया जाता है | जैसे –
hero (नायक) – heroes
tomato (टमाटर) – tomatoes
mango (आम) – mangoes
potato (आलु) – potatoes
mosquito (मच्छर) – mosquitoes
some Exceptions: photo – photos, canto-cantos, piano-pianos,
6. जब Noun के अंत में o रहता है और o के पहले कोई Vowel, तब ‘s’ जोड़कर Plural बनाया जाता हैं | जैसे –
radio (रेडियो) – radios
bamboo (बाँस) – bamboos
folio (पन्ना) – folios
cuckoo (कोयल) – cuckoo
7. जब Noun को अंत में ‘f’ या ‘fe’ रहता है, तब Plural बनाने के लिए f/fe को v में बदलकर es जोड़ते हैं | जैसे –
wife (पत्नी) – wives
half (आधा) – halves
life (जीवन ) – lives
wolf (भेड़िया) – wolves
knife (चाकू) – knives
thief (चोर) – thieves
calf (बछड़ा) – calves
loaf (पावरोटी) – loaves
shelf (ताक) – shelves
leaf (पत्ती) – leaves
Some Exceptions:
proof (सबूत) – proofs
cliff (खड़ी चट्टान) – cliffs
roof (छत) – roofs
safe (तिजोरी) – safes
hoof (खुर) – hoofs
dwarf (बौना) -dwarfs
chief (प्रमुख) – chiefs
handkerchief – handkerchief
8. कुछ Nouns के अंतरिक Vowels परिवर्तित कर Plural बनाया जाता है | जैसे –
man (आदमी) – men
Woman (औरत) – Women
foot (पैर) – feet
tooth (दाँत) – teeth
mouse (चूहा) – mice
goose (हंस) – geese
9. कुछ Nouns में ‘en’ लगाकर Plural बनाया जाता है | जैसे –
ox- oxen
child – children
10. Compound Nouns का Plural प्राय: उनके मुख्य शब्द को Plural बनाने से होता है | जैसे –
son-in-law (दामाद) (son-in-law)
father-in-law (ससुर) ( fathers-in-law)
daughter-in-law (पतोहू) (daughter-in-law)
brother-in-law (साला) (brother-in-law)
sister-in-law (साली) (sister-in-law)
stepson (सौतेला बेटा) (stepson)
grandson (पोता) (grandsons)
grandfather (दादा) ( grandfathers )
maidservant (नौकरानी) (maidservants)
boyfriend (प्रेमी, सखा) (boyfriends)
girlfriend (प्रेमिका, सखी) (girlfriends)
man-of-war (जंगी जहाज) (men-of-war)
man-at-arms (सैनिक) (men-at-arms)
11. कुछ Compound Nouns के दोनों parts को Plural बनाकर अभीष्ट शब्द के Plural बनाए जाते हैं | ऐसे Nouns के दोनों Parts की प्रधानता बराबर होती है |
manservant (नौकर) (manservants )
woman-doctor (महिला डाॅक्टर) ( woman -doctors)
woman-student(छात्रा) (women-student )
gentleman- farmer (पुरुष किसान) ( gentlemen-farmers)
12. कुछ Nouns के Singular और Plural Forms एक ही होते हेैं | जैसे –
sheep (भेड़), deer (हिरण), pice (पाइस-पैसा), police (पुलिस), innings (पाली), series (र्श्रंखला) etc.
13. कुछ Nouns का प्रयोग सिर्फ Plural Number में ही होता है | जैसे –
alms (भिक्षा), athletics (खेल-कूद), riches (संपत्ति), scissors (कैंची), spectacles (चश्मा), trousers (पाजामा), tongs (चिमटा), cards (ताश), scales (तराजू), thanks (धन्यवाद), ashes (राख), etc.
14. कुछ Nouns देखने में Singular लगते हैं, पंरतु वास्तव में वे Plural Number में होते हैं | जैसे –
children, people, public, etc.
15. कुछ Nouns का प्रयोग सिर्फ Singular Number में ही होता है | जैसे –
poetry, (काव्य ), scenery (प्राकृतिक ), furniture (फर्नीचर ), tea, coffee, money, music (संगीत), percentage (प्रतिशत ), knowledge (ज्ञान), stationery (लेखन- सामग्री ), information (सुचना -खबर), politics (राजनीति), mathematics (गणीत), physics (भौतिकी), advice (सलाह ), news (समाचार), billiards, etc.
Exercise
Direction: Give the plural form-
book, table, horse, tree, desk, bench, bus, dish, ox, toy, monkey,, fly, lady, baby, cities, knives, oxen, feet, taxes, geese, beliefs, keys, wolves, classes, teeth, men-of-war, stepsons, calves, branches, shoes, deer, bushes, thieves, children, churches, menservants, inches.
Answers:
Book – books
Table – tables
Horse – horses
Tree – trees
Desk – desks
Bench – benches
Bus – buses
Dish – dishes
Ox – oxen
Toy – toys
Monkey – monkeys
Fly – flies
Lady – ladies
Baby – babies
City – cities
Knife – knives
Oxen – (already plural)
Foot – feet
Tax – taxes
Goose – geese
Belief – beliefs
Key – keys
Wolf – wolves
Class – classes
Tooth – teeth
Man-of-war – men-of-war
Stepson – stepsons
Calf – calves
Branch – branches
Shoe – shoes
Deer – (plural same as singular)
Bush – bushes
Thief – thieves
Child – children
Church – churches
Manservant – menservants
Inch – inches
Exercise
Direction: Look at the box and answer the questions given below-
sheep, alms, poetry, trousers, scenery, furniture, oil, deer, tea, friendship, butter, mathematics, music, percentage, advice, police, coffee, bread, ashes, money, love, series, scissors, flour, sugar, innings, scales, ink, spectacles, tongs, polities, milk, juice.
1. Pick out the nouns from the box which are always used in the singular number.
2. Pick out the nouns from the box which are always used in the plural number.
3. Pick out the nouns from the box which have same form in both singular and plural numbers.
Answers:
Nouns always used in the singular number:
Alms
Poetry
Scenery
Furniture
Oil
Tea
Friendship
Butter
Mathematics
Music
Advice
Coffee
Bread
Money
Love
Flour
Sugar
Ink
Politics
Milk
Juice
2. Nouns always used in the plural number:
Trousers
Police
Scissors
Spectacles
Tongs
Scales
3. Nouns that have the same form in both singular and plural numbers:
Sheep
Deer
Series
Ashes
Innings
NUMBER OF THE PRONOUN
Nouns की तरह Pronouns भी Singular या Plural होते हैं | जिस Pronoun का संबंध एक प्राणी या वस्तु से हो, उसे Singular Number में होना समझा जाता है तथा जिस Pronoun का संबंध एक से अधिक प्राणियों या वस्तुओं से हो, उसे Plural Number में होना समझा जाता है |
(a) Pronouns in Singular Number:
I, Me, Mine, Myself, He, Him, Himself, She, Her, Hers, Herself, It, Itself, Yourself, This, That, Somebody, Nobody, Anybody, Everybody, Someone, No one, Anyone, Everyone, Something, Nothing, Anything, Everything, Each, Either, Neither, etc.
(b) Pronouns in Plural Number:
We, Us, Ours, Ourselves, Yourself, They, Them, Theirs, Themselves, These, Those, Many, Both, etc.
(c) Pronouns जो Singular में भी प्रयुक्त होता हैं और Plural में भी –
you, yours, all, some, none, who, whom, whose, which, what, etc.
NUMBER OF THE VERB
Verb का सीधा संबंध वाक्य के Subject से रहता है | Singular Subject के साथ Singular Verb तथा Plural Subject के साथ Plural Verb प्रयुक्त होता है | अतः आपके लिए यह जानना जरुरी है कि कौन Verb Singular Number में है और कौन Plural Number में |
Note: जब Verb में -s/es लग जाता है, तब वह Singular है जाता है | यह नियम Noun के नियम का ठीक उलटा है| Noun में -s/es लगाकर हम उसे Plural बनाते हैं, पर Verb -s/es लगाकर उसे singular बनाते हैं |
(Plural Verb)
eat
go
laugh
run
( Singular Verb)
eats
goes
laughs
runs
अब इन्हें समझें और हमेशा ध्यान में रखें –
(a) Verbs in the Singular Number :
am, is, was, has, does, goes, eats, laughs, etc.
(b) Verbs in the Plural Number:
are, were, have, do, go, eat, run, jump, etc.
(c) Verbs जो Singular Number में भी प्रयुक्त होते है और Plural Number में भी –
had, did, shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, ought, need, dare, used, Verbs in the Past Tense, Verbs in the Present/Past Participles Tense, etc.
Exercise
Direction: Look at the box and answer the questions given below-
you, yourself, yourselves, hers, nobody, each, we, they, many, somebody, both, himself, am, are, have, has, do, did, had, goes, run, shall, will, must, can, eats, eating, went, does.
1. Pick out the singular pronouns and verbs form the box.
2. Pick out the Plural pronouns and verbs from the box.
3. Pick out the Pronouns and verbs from the box which have same form in both singular and plural numbers.
Answers:
1. Singular pronouns and verbs:
Pronouns:
Yourself
Hers
Nobody
Each
Himself
Verbs:
Am
Has
Does
Goes
Eats
Eating
Went
2. Plural pronouns and verbs:
Pronouns:
Yourselves
We
They
Both
Verbs:
Are
Have
Do
Did
Had
Run
Shall
Will
Must
Can
3. Pronouns and verbs that have the same form in both singular and plural numbers:
Pronouns:
You
Somebody
Many
Verbs:
None