Here knowledge about Pronoun is provided in both Hindi and English language. This knowledge helps the students with the English Grammar and Speaking English fluently.
इन वाक्यों को देखें –
Ram is a student. He reads in class VI.
Sita is a dancer. She is very beautiful.
My father has a car. It is red.
The boys are absent today. They will come tomorrow.
इन वाक्यों में आए शब्द He, She, It और They पर विचार करें | ये किसी-न-किसी Noun के बदले में प्रयुक्त हुए हैं | He का प्रयोग Ram के बदले में, She का प्रयोग Sita के बदले में , It का प्रयोग car के बदले में प्रयुक्त हुए हैं | He का प्रयोग Ram के बदले में, She का प्रयोग Sita के बदले में, It का प्रयोग car के बदले में हुआ है | ऐसे शब्दों को की Grammar भाषा में Pronouns कहते हैं |
Definition: Pronoun वह शब्द है जो किसी Noun के बदले में प्रयुक्त होता हैं |
* A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.
* A pronoun stands for a noun.
Pronoun की परिभाषा से स्पष्ट है कि यह Noun का substitute है | जब हम किसी कारणवंश Noun का प्रयोग नहीं करना चाहते , तब उस Noun के बदले उपयुक्त Pronoun का प्रयोग करते हैं | Pronoun की उपयोगिता को समझने के लिए इन वाक्यों पर विचार करें –
Ram is my friend. Ram reads in my class. Ram is absent today, because Ram is ill.
यहाँ Ram (Noun) का प्रयोग बार-बार होने से संपूर्ण expression भद्दा-सा लगता है | अगर दूसरे और तीसरे वाक्य में Ram के बदले He का प्रयोग करें, तो यह भद्दापन समाप्त हो जाएगा-
Ram is my friend. He reads in my class. He is absent today, because he is ill.
Kinds of the Pronoun : Pronoun के निम्नलिखित प्रमुख भेद हैं –
1. Personal Pronoun (व्यक्तिवाचक सर्वनाम)
2. Possessive Pronoun (अधिकारवाचक सर्वनाम)
3. Reflexive Pronoun (निजवाचक सर्वनाम)
4. Emphatic Pronoun (बलदायक सर्वनाम)
5. Demonstrative Pronoun (संकेतवाचक सर्वनाम)
6. Indefinite Pronoun (अनिश्चयवाचक सर्वनाम)
7. Distributive Pronoun (व्यष्टिवाचक सर्वनाम)
8. Reciprocal Pronoun (परस्परबोधक सर्वनाम)
9. Relative Pronoun (सबंधवाचक सर्वनाम)
10. Interrogative Pronoun (प्रश्नवाचक सर्वनाम)
1. Personal Pronouns
* I, we, you, he, she it और they को Personal Pronouns कहा जाता है |
* I, we, you, he, she, it and they are called personal pronouns.
यहाँ Personal का अर्थ है – relating to persons First Person /Second person /Third person). I और We First Person के Pronouns हैं | You Second Person का Pronoun हैं He, She, It और They Third Person के Pronoun हैं| इसलिए इन सातों Pronouns को Personal Pronouns कहा जाता है |
Personal Pronouns के रूप case-wise बदलते हैं, जिन्हें इस सारणी से समझें –
| Nominative Case | Possessive Case | Objective Case | |
| Possessive Adjective | Possessive Case | ||
| I We You He She It They | My Our Your His Her Its Their | Mine Ours Yours His Hers Thiers | Me Us You Him Her It Them |
Note 1. Personal Pronouns के सभी forms को आप यहाँ देख रहे हैं इनमें से My, Our, Your, His, Her, Its और Their को Possessive Adjectives कहा जाता है क्योंकि ये किसी – न – किसी Noun के ठीक पहले प्रयुक्त होते हैं और Adjective की तरह कार्य करते हैं, जैसे –
This is my book.
Those are your books.
That is her book.
इन Possessive Adjectives में His और Her दो ऐसे शब्द हैं जिनका प्रयोग Pronoun की भाँति भी होता है, पंरतु इस स्थिति में इनके ठीक बाद कोई भी Noun प्रयुक्त नहीं रहता, जैसे –
This book is his. (his-Pronoun)
I know her. (her-Pronoun)
Note 2. Pronoun का प्रयोग Noun के बदले में होता हैं इसलिए Pronoun के ठीक बाद कोई भी Noun प्रयुक्त नहीं रहता | जब Pronoun के ठीक बाद कोई Noun प्रयुक्त रहता है, तब वह Pronoun Adjective में परिवर्तित हो जाता है क्योंकि इस स्थिति में वह अपने बाद आनेवाले Noun को qualify करता है |
2. Possessive Pronouns
जिस Pronoun का प्रयोग अधिकार दिखाने के लिए किया जाता है, उसे Possessive Pronoun कहते हैं |
* A Pronoun used to show possession is called a Possessive pronoun.
mine, ours, yours, hers, his और theirs Possessive Pronouns हैं | इनका प्रयोग वस्तुओं पर अधिकार दिखाने के लिए किया जाता है, जैसा कि इन उदाहरणों के स्पष्ट है –
This book is mine.
That book is yours.
These are ours.
Those ate his.
This saree is hers.
Those chairs are theirs.
Note: इनमें सिर्फ His एक शब्द है जो Possessive Pronoun भी है और Possessive Adjective भी | जैसे –
This is his car. (his- Possessive Adjective)
This car is his. (his – Possessive Pronoun )
3. Reflexive Pronoun
जब वाक्य में myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, itself और themselves प्रयोग से काम करने का असर खुद कर्ता पर पड़ना प्रतीत होता है, तब इन्हें Reflexive Pronoun कहा जाता है |
* This pronouns myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, itself and themselves are called reflexive pronoun when the action done by the subject turns back upon the subject.
I hurt myself. मैंने अपने आपको चोट पहुँचाई |
We can help ourselves. हमलोग अपने आपको मदद कर सकते हैं |
She ruined herself. उसने अपने आपको बर्बाद किया |
यहाँ चोट पहुँचाने, मदद करने का असर खुद कर्ता पर है | कर्ता ने खुद को चोट पहुँचाई कर्ता खुद की मदद कर सकता है| कर्ता ने खुद बर्बाद किया अत: myself, ourselves, और herself इन वाक्यों में Reflexive Pronouns हैं |
4. Emphatic Pronouns
Myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, herself, himself, itself and themselves are called emphatic pronouns when they are used for the sake of emphasis.
इन वाक्यों में इनके प्रयोग को दाखें –
I killed the tiger myself. मैंने स्वयं (खुद) बाघ को मारा |
He himself said so. उसने स्वयं (खुद) ऐसा कहा |
She herself liked him. उसने स्वयं (खुद) उसे पसंद किया |
You can do it yourself. तुम इसे स्वयं (खुद) कर सकते हो |
Note: myself, ourselves, इत्यादि के spelling पर ध्यान दें | Singular Pronoun के साथ self लगता है और Plural Pronoun के साथ selves लगता है | You का प्रयोग जब एक व्यक्ति के लिए होता है, तब yourself और जब इसका प्रयोग अनेक व्यक्तियों के लिए होता है, तब का प्रयोग होता है आप जानते हैं कि I, he, she, और Singular Number में हैं | we और they Plural Number में हैं | you का प्रयोग Singular और Plural दोनों वचनों में होता है |
Exercise
Direction: Tell which pronouns/adjectives in the following sentences are personal pronouns/possessive pronouns/reflexive pronouns/emphatic pronouns/possessive adjectives-
Examples:
(a) This is his pen. (his-Possessive Adjective)
(b) This pen is his. (his-Possessive Pronoun)
(C) I myself did that. (I-personal Pronoun, myself-Emphatic Pronoun)
(d) She washed herself. (She-Personal Pronoun, herself-Reflexive Pronoun)
1. My mother loves me.
2. This book is hers.
3. Ours is black.
4. Our cow is black.
5. This garden is theirs.
6. It belongs to her.
7. This car is his.
8. This is his car.
9. Her face is beautiful.
10. Its colour is black.
11. She praised herself.
12. I hate myself.
13. She herself wrote this.
14. She herself did this.
15. I will do it myself.
16. He enjoyed himself.
17. The horse hurt itself.
18. They blamed themselves.
19. We ourselves can do it.
20. I myself locked the door.
Answers:
1. My mother loves me.
My – Possessive Adjective
Me – Personal Pronoun
2. This book is hers.
Hers – Possessive Pronoun
3. Ours is black.
Ours – Possessive Pronoun
4. Our cow is black.
Our – Possessive Adjective
5. This garden is theirs.
Theirs – Possessive Pronoun
6. It belongs to her.
Her – Personal Pronoun
7. This car is his.
His – Possessive Pronoun
8. This is his car.
His – Possessive Adjective
9. Her face is beautiful.
Her – Possessive Adjective
10. Its colour is black.
Its – Possessive Adjective
11. She praised herself.
She – Personal Pronoun
Herself – Reflexive Pronoun
12. I hate myself.
I – Personal Pronoun
Myself – Reflexive Pronoun
13. She herself wrote this.
She – Personal Pronoun
Herself – Emphatic Pronoun
14. She herself did this.
She – Personal Pronoun
Herself – Emphatic Pronoun
15. I will do it myself.
I – Personal Pronoun
Myself – Emphatic Pronoun
16. He enjoyed himself.
He – Personal Pronoun
Himself – Reflexive Pronoun
17. The horse hurt itself.
The horse – Personal Pronoun
Itself – Reflexive Pronoun
18. They blamed themselves.
They – Personal Pronoun
Themselves – Reflexive Pronoun
19. We ourselves can do it.
We – Personal Pronoun
Ourselves – Emphatic Pronoun
20. I myself locked the door.
Myself – Emphatic Pronoun
I – Personal Pronoun
5. Demonstrative Pronouns
जिस Pronoun का प्रयोग वस्तुओं या व्यक्तियों को सुचित, इंगित या निर्देशित करने के लिए किया जाता है, उसे Demonstrative Pronouns कहा जाता है |
* The Pronoun used to point out the object or objects to which it refers is called a demonstrative pronoun.
This, That, These और Those मुख्य Demonstrative Pronouns हैं | इनका प्रयोग इन वाक्यों में देखें –
This is a boy.
These are balls.
That is a girl.
Those are dolls.
Note: जब This, That, These, Those, इत्यादि के ठीक बाद कोई Noun प्रयुक्त रहता है, तब इन्हें Demonstrative Adjectives कहा जाता है, जैसे –
This book is mine.
That book is yours
These cows are red.
Those cows are brown.
Look at this picture.
What was that noise?
Note: इन वाक्यों में प्रयुक्त शब्द This, That, These और Those Demonstrative Adjectives हैं
पुन: इस वाक्यों को ध्यान से देखें –
This is my book. (this-demonstrative pronoun )
This book is mine. (this demonstrative adjective)
6. Indefinite Pronouns
जिस Pronoun से किसी निश्चित व्यक्ति या वस्तु का बोध नहीं होता है, वह Indefinite Pronoun कहलाता है |
* An indefinite pronoun refers to persons or things in a general way and does not refer to any persons or things in particular.
नीचे दिए गए वाक्यों में मोटे अश्ररों में लिखे शब्द Indefinite Pronouns हैं | ध्यान से देखने पर आप पाएँगे कि इनसे किसी निश्चित व्यक्ति या वस्तु का बोध नहीं होता है-
Somebody has stolen my pen.
Anybody can beat him.
Some are gentle.
All are foolish.
None can do this.
many of them were killed.
One must not praise oneself.
None of them are good.
Nothing is perfect.
Any of you can take it.
Vocabulary: Somebody- कोई, anybody – कोई, some – कुछ, all – सब, none – कोई नहीं, many – अनेक, nothing – कुछ भी नहीं, any – कोई |
Note: जब some, all, many, one, any, इत्यादि के ठीक बाद कोई Noun प्रयुक्त रहता है, तब ये Adjectives कहलाते हैं जैसे, इन वाक्यों में some, many, all, one और any adjectives हैं –
7. Distributive Pronouns
जब each, either और neither का प्रयोग Pronoun के रूप में होता है, तब इन्हें Distributive Pronouns कहा जाता है |
* When each, either and neither are used pronouns they are called distributive pronouns.
[each- प्रत्येक, either – दोनों में से कोई एक, neither – दोनों में से कोई नहीं]
इन वाक्यों में प्रयुक्त शब्द each, either, neither और Distributive Pronouns हैं-
Each of you is guilty.
Each of the boys is intelligent.
Either of you can take this book.
Neither of the two boys was absent.
Note: जब each, either और neither के ठीक बाद कोई प्रयुक्त रहता है, तब इन्हें Distributive Adjectives कहा जाता है इन वाक्यों में each, either और neither Distributive Adjectives हैं –
1. Each boy is intelligent.
2. Either road is safe.
3. Neither book is cheap.
8. Reciprocal Pronouns
each other और one another Reciprocal Pronouns कहते हैं –
Each other and one another are called reciprocal pronouns.
They loved each other/one another.
(वे एक-दुसरे को प्यार करते थे |)
each other और one another का अर्थ -एक दुसरे को |
Exercise
Direction: Tell which pronouns/adjectives in the following sentences are demonstrative pronouns /indefinite pronouns /distributive pronouns /reciprocal pronouns/demonstrative adjectives/distributive adjectives-
Examples:
(a) This is your book. (this – Demonstrative Pronoun)
(b) This book is yours. (this-Demonstrative Pronoun)
(c) Some are born great. (some – Indefinite Pronoun)
(d) Some persons are born great. (use of no pronoun)
(e) Each of the boys can do this. (Each – Distributive Pronoun, this Demonstrative Adjectives)
(f) Each boy can do this work. (each- Distributive Adjectives, Demonstrative Adjectives)
1. This car is yours.
2. This is your car.
3. Do you know this?
4. I know this boy.
5. These are your cows.
6. Are those pens yours.
7. Is this milk?
8 . Nobody can beat me.
9. Some were happy.
10. Some boys were happy.
11. One should love God.
12. All boys are naughty.
13. None of them are good.
14. They helped one another.
15. Each boy had a pen.
16. Each of the boys had a pen.
17. Either of you can do.
18. Neither of them are ready.
19. Neither way is safe.
20. They helped each other.
Answers:
1. This car is yours.
This – Demonstrative Adjective
Yours – Possessive Pronoun
2. This is your car.
This – Demonstrative Pronoun
Your – Possessive Adjective
3. Do you know this?
This – Demonstrative Pronoun
4. I know this boy.
This – Demonstrative Adjective
5. These are your cows.
These – Demonstrative Pronoun
Your – Possessive Adjective
6. Are those pens yours?
Those – Demonstrative Pronoun
Yours – Possessive Pronoun
7. Is this milk?
This – Demonstrative Pronoun
8. Nobody can beat me.
Nobody – Indefinite Pronoun
9. Some were happy.
Some – Indefinite Pronoun
10. Some boys were happy.
Some – Indefinite Pronoun
11. One should love God.
One – Indefinite Pronoun
12. All boys are naughty.
All – Indefinite Pronoun
13. None of them are good.
None – Indefinite Pronoun
14. They helped one another.
One another – Reciprocal Pronoun
15. Each boy had a pen.
Each – Distributive Adjective
16. Each of the boys had a pen.
Each – Distributive Pronoun
17. Either of you can do.
Either – Distributive Pronoun
18. Neither of them are ready.
Neither – Distributive Pronoun
19. Neither way is safe.
Neither – Distributive Adjective
20. They helped each other.
Each other – Reciprocal Pronoun
Summary:
Distributive Adjectives: each, neither
Demonstrative Pronouns: this, these, those
Indefinite Pronouns: nobody, some, all, none, one
Distributive Pronouns: each, either, neither
Reciprocal Pronouns: one another, each other
Demonstrative Adjectives: this, these
9. Relative Pronouns
Relative Pronoun वाक्य में अपने से पहले प्रयुक्त किसी Noun/Pronoun के बदले में आकर उस Noun /Pronoun की पुनरूक्ति को रोकता है और उस Noun/Pronoun का सबंध अपने से आनेवाले शब्द-समूह से जोड़ता है
* A relative pronoun refers to some noun/pronoun going before and relates the said noun/pronoun to a group of words coming after.
who, whom, whose, which, what और that मुख्य Relative Pronouns हैं|
This is the book. The book was given to me.
यहाँ ‘that’ एक Relative Pronoun है जो अपने से पहले आए Noun (book) के repetition को रोकता है अभीष्ट Noun का सबंध आगे आने वाले शब्द समूह से जोड़ता है यहाँ आप एक grammatical term Antecedent से भी परिचित हो जाएँ| Antecedent वह Noun/Pronoun है जो Relative Pronoun के पहले प्रयुक्त रहता है | ऊपर दिए गए वाक्य में that का Antecedent ‘book’ है |
इन वाक्यों को देखें | इनमें प्रयुक्त who, which, whom, whose और that Relative Pronouns हैं –
The boy who is playing is my friend.
The chairs which are broken are of no use.
This is the boy whom all praise.
The house whose walls are white is mine.
Take anything that you like.
Here is the book that you lent me.
Note1. who, whom और whose का प्रयोग व्यक्तियों या बड़े जानवरों के लिए होता है | which का प्रयोग निर्जीव वस्तुओं और जानवरों के लिए होता है | That का प्रयोग सजीव और निर्जीव दोंनो के लिए होता है |
Note2. who, which, whom, whose और what का प्रयोग प्रश्न किए जाने में भी होता है | इस स्थिति में जब ये Pronoun के रूप में प्रयुक्त रहते है तब Interrogative Pronoun कहलाते है जैसे, इन वाक्यों में who, whom, whose, whichऔर what Interrogative Pronoun हैं –
Who are you?
Whom do you love?
Whose is this book?
Which is yours?
What is this?
What is your father?
इन पाँचों शब्दों में whose, which और what ऐसे शब्द हैं जिनके ठीक बाद किसी Noun का प्रयोग हो सकता है और उस स्थिति में ये Adjective की भाँति कार्य करेगें | अर्थात् जब इन शब्दों को Noun के साथ जोड़कर प्रश्न कि जाने में प्रयोग किया जाता है, तब ये Interrogative Adjectives कहलाते हैं | जैसे, इन वाक्यों में whose, which और what Interrogative Adjectives हैं –
Whose book is this?
Which class do you read in?
What colour do you like?
10. Interrogative Pronouns
जिस Pronoun का प्रयोग प्रश्न करने के लिए किया जाता है, उसे Interrogative Pronoun कहा जाता है |
*The pronoun used for asking a question is called an interrogative pronoun.
इन वाक्यों में मोटे अक्षरों में छपे शब्द Interrogative Pronouns हैं
Who are you?
Whom do you love?
Whose is this book?
What is your father?
Note: Who, whom, whose, which और what का प्रयोग Relative Pronoun के रूप में भी होता है | Whose, which और what का प्रयोग Interrogative Adjectives के रूप में भी होता है | इसकी चर्चा Relative Pronouns के अंतर्गत हो चुकी है |
Exercise
Direction: Tell which pronouns/adjectives in these sentences are pronouns/interrogative pronouns/interrogative adjectives –
Examples:
(a) Which is your book? (which- Interrogative Pronoun)
(b) Which book is yours? (which – Interrogative Adjective)
(c) This is the book which I bought yesterday.(which – Relative Pronoun)
1. Who is there?
2. This is the boy who has stolen my pen.
3. Whom do you love?
4. This is the thief whom the police wants to catch.
5. This is the boy that I told you of.
6. He that is down need fear no fall.
7. Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.
8. Where is the man who gave you this news?
9. Of whom do you speak?
10. Who might say this?
11. Whose is this book?
12. Whose book is this?
13. This is the shopkeeper whose shop caught fire last night.
14. Whose is your box?
15. The book which I bought yesterday is here.
16. Which book did you buy?
17. What is the matter?
18. What work will you do?
19. Who is he?
20. Whose is this umbrella?
Answers:
1. Who is there?
Who: Interrogative Pronoun
2. This is the boy who has stolen my pen.
Who: Relative Pronoun
3. Whom do you love?
Whom: Interrogative Pronoun
4. This is the thief whom the police wants to catch.
Whom: Relative Pronoun
5. This is the boy that I told you of.
That: Relative Pronoun
6. He that is down need fear no fall.
That: Relative Pronoun
7. Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.
That: Relative Pronoun
8. Where is the man who gave you this news?
Who: Relative Pronoun
9. Of whom do you speak?
Whom: Interrogative Pronoun
10. Who might say this?
Who: Interrogative Pronoun
11. Whose is this book?
Whose: Interrogative Pronoun
12. Whose book is this?
Whose: Interrogative Adjective
13. This is the shopkeeper whose shop caught fire last night.
Whose: Relative Pronoun
14. Whose is your box?
Whose: Interrogative Pronoun
15. The book which I bought yesterday is here.
Which: Relative Pronoun
16. Which book did you buy?
Which: Interrogative Adjective
17. What is the matter?
What: Interrogative Pronoun
18. What work will you do?
What: Interrogative Adjective
19. Who is he?
Who: Interrogative Pronoun
20. Whose is this umbrella?
Whose: Interrogative Pronoun
Exercise
Direction: Underline all the pronouns used in these sentences –
Examples:
(a) What is this?
(b) This boy will do this himself.
(c) Each of them wanted to defeat each other.
(d) Both are yours.
(e) Each man might help himself.
1. This purse might be hers.
2. He himself did this.
3. Whose books are those?
4. Some are born great.
5. I have some milk but he has none.
6. Each of them will win.
7. Who will like to cheat himself?
8. This can be of no help to us.
9. Whose are those books?
10. Whose books are those?
11. Nobody wanted to help them.
12. That is theirs and this is ours.
13. What is this?
14. Whom did she love?
15. Either of the two boys ma help them.
16. The two sister loved each other.
17. This is the boy who was absent yesterday.
18. The girl whom you saw is Sheela?
19. Who am I that I should object?
20. What work will you do yourself?
Answers:
1. This purse might be hers.
2. He himself did this.
3. Whose books are those?
4. Some are born great.
5. I have some milk but he has none.
6. Each of them will win.
7. Who will like to cheat himself?
8. This can be of no help to us.
9. Whose are those books?
10. Whose books are those?
11. Nobody wanted to help them.
12. That is theirs and this is ours.
13. What is this?
14. Whom did she love?
15. Either of the two boys may help them.
16. The two sisters loved each other.
17. This is the boy who was absent yesterday.
18. The girl whom you saw is Sheela?
19. Who am I that I should object?
20. What work will you do yourself?