Category: English Grammar in Hindi

Conjunctions is one of the most important concepts of English Grammar and Spoken English. Here we have presented Conjunctions concept in Hindi and English both. Enjoy the contents.

इन वाक्यों को ध्यान से देखें –
(a) Ram and Shyam are brothers.
(b) Early to bed early to rise is a good habit.
(c) You will pass if you work hard.
(d) Rita is simple but Geeta is clever.

इन वाक्यों में आए शब्द and, if और but पर विचार करें | ये दो words/phrases/clauses/sentences को जोड़ने का काम कर रहे हैं | पुन: यहाँ ध्यान देनेवाली बात यह है कि ये सिर्फ जोड़ने का काम कर रहे है, जोड़ने के अलावा और कुछ नहीं कर रहे हैं| ऐसे connecting words को Grammar की भाषा में Conjunctions कहते हैं |

Definition: Conjunction वह शब्द है, जो शब्दों, शब्द-समूहों, वाक्याशों, उपवाक्यों या वाक्यों को जोड़ता है |

* A conjunction is a word used to join words, phrases, clauses or sentence together.

Examples: and, but, or, because, therefore, although, though, yet, still, as well as, otherwise, when, if , after, since, before, as, unless, while, as if, whether, where, so, that, until, till, either…… or, neither … nor, not only … but also, both… and, etc.

Note: Relative Pronouns, Relative Adverbs तथा Prepositions भी connecting words हैं | ऐसे अनेक connecting words हैं जिनका प्रयोग विभिन्न वाक्यों में Relative Pronoun, Relative Adverbs या Preposition के रूप में होता है, साथ ही Pure Conjunction के रूप में भी होता है इस परिस्थिति में आपको यह जानना है कि अभीष्ट शब्द Conjunction है या नहीं | इस संदर्भ में आप इतना ध्यान रखें कि Conjunction जोड़ने का काम करता है, इसके अलावा अन्य कोई काम नहीं करता है, जबकि Relative Pronoun दो clauses को जोड़ने के साथ-साथ अपने पूर्व आए Noun/Pronoun का संबंध अपने बाद आनेवाले clauses के verbs को modify करता है तथा Preposition जिस Noun/Noun Equivalent के पहले प्रयुक्त रहता है, उसका संबंध वाक्य के किसी दुसरे शब्द या शब्दों से कराता है |

इस प्रकार यह स्पष्ट है कि सिर्फ जोड़ने का काम करता है जबकि अन्य कार्य भी करतें हैें इन्हें ध्यान से देखें और समझें –

1. This is the book that I bought yesterday. (that-relative pronoun)

2. I know that he was innocent. (that-conjunction)

3. This is the house where he lived. (where – relative adverb)

4. He found the watch where he had left it. (where conjunction)

5. I have been busy since Monday. (since-preposition)

6. We shall go since you desire it. (since-conjunction)

Note: एक ही शब्द किसी वाक्य में Conjunction के रुप में प्रयुक्त हो सकता है तो दुसरे वाक्य में अन्य Part of speech के रुप में, जैसे –

1. The train had started before we reached the station. (before-conjunction)
2. He stood before the gate. (before -preposition)
3. I have not seen this before. (before-adverb)
4. I will not let you go except you give me some money. (except-conjunction)
5. If we except Hari all are to be blamed (except-verb)

KINDS OF THE CONJUNCTION

Conjunction मुख्यत: दो प्रकार के होता हैं –

(a) Co-ordinating conjunction
(b) Subordinating Conjunction

(a) Co-ordinating Conjunction: एक ही स्तर के दो items को जोड़नेवाला Conjunction, Co-ordinating Conjunction कहलाता है |

* The conjunction which joins two items of equal rank is called a co-ordinating conjunction.

Examples: and, but, or, also, yet, still, too, as well as, otherwise, either …. or, neither … nor, not only … but also, both … and …

इन वाक्यों में मोटे अक्षरों में छपे हुए शब्द Co-ordinating Conjunctions हैं –

Ram and Shyam are friends.
Give me a pen or a pencil.
Ram is poor but honest.
Either Ram or Geeta is to blamed.
Geeta is dancing and Reeta is singing.

[ Explanation: उपर्युक्त वाक्यों में और एक ही स्तर (Noun & Noun) के दो शब्द हैं | अत: इन्हे जोड़ने वाला ‘and’ Co-ordinating conjunction कहलाएगा | पुन: आगे के चार वाक्यों मेें भी जिन दो items को अलग-अलग जोड़ा गया है वे क्रमश: Noun & Noun Adjective & Adjective, Noun & Noun हैं | सबसे अंत में ‘and’ दो sentences को जोड़ता है | जो एक ही स्तर के है | अत: उपर्युक्त सभी conjunctions Co-ordinating conjunction है ]

(b) Subordinating Conjunction: जो Conjunctions Subordinate Clause को Principal Clause से जोड़ता है, Subordinating Conjunction कहलाता है |

* The conjunction which joins a subordinate clause to a principal clause is called a subordinating conjunction.

Examples: when, if, that, whether, after, before, because, unless, until, till, so, since, while, where, etc.

इन वाक्यों में bold words Subordinating Conjunctions हैं –

He said that he was absent.
You will pass if you work hard.
I like him because he is honest.

[Explanation: subordinate Clause को Dependent Clause भी कहते हैं | इसका अर्थ होता है – आश्रित उपवाक्य | ऐसा Clause जो अपना अर्थ पूरा करने के लिए वाक्य के दूसरे भाग पर निर्भर हो, वह Subordinate Clause कहलाता है तथा अभीष्ट दूसरा भाग Principal Clause कहलाता है | ऊपर दिए गए वाक्यों में that, if और because से जो Clauses शुरु हुए हैं, वे Subordinate Clause हैं | अत: that, if और because Subordinating Conjunctions कहलाएँगे |]

EXAMPLE

Direction: Pick out the conjunctions in these sentences and say what kind of conjunction they are-

Examples:

(a) Two and two makes four. (and __ co-ordinating conjunction)

(b) Mohan is a boy and Sita is a girl. (and__ co-ordinating conjunction)

(c) Do or die. (or__ co-ordinating conjunction)

(d) Either he is mad or he is foolish. (either… or __ co-ordinating conjunction )

(e) I shall help him if he comes to me. (if___ subordinating conjunction)

(f) He stood before the gate. (no conjunction)

(g) This is the place where he lives. (no conjunction)

1. Both Ram and Shyam are poor.

2. Give me a pen or a pencil.

3. She was playing and dancing.

4. My friend is poor but honest.

5. Give me either tea or coffee.

6. I like neither him nor her.

7. Ram is here but Geeta is there.

8. Ram as well as his sons is laborious.

9. Don’t go before I come.

10. If you work hard you will not come.

11. He is poor because he has no money.

12. I know that he will not come.

13. He has been sleeping since morning.

14. We shall go since you desire it.

15. Stay till Monday.

16. We shall stay here till he returns.

17. This is the place where he was killed.

18. I know where he was killed.

19. This is the book that I bought yesterday.

20. He said that he could do.

Answers:

1. Both…and – Co-ordinating conjunction

2. Or – Co-ordinating conjunction

3. And – Co-ordinating conjunction

4. But – Co-ordinating conjunction

5. Either…or – Co-ordinating conjunction

6. Neither…nor – Co-ordinating conjunction

7. But – Co-ordinating conjunction

8. As well as – Co-ordinating conjunction

9. Before – Subordinating conjunction

10. If – Subordinating conjunction

11. Because – Subordinating conjunction

12. That – Subordinating conjunction

13. Since – Subordinating conjunction

14. Since – Subordinating conjunction

15. Till – Subordinating conjunction

16. Till – Subordinating conjunction

17. Where – Subordinating conjunction

18. Where – Subordinating conjunction

19. That – Subordinating conjunction

20. That – Subordinating conjunction

Concept related to Interjections are necessary to learn for English Grammar and spoken English. Here we have provided the concepts in Hindi and English language both. Understand them and boost your learning.

इन वाक्यों को ध्यान से देखें –

Alas! The cat is dead.

Oh! I have burnt my finger.

Ah! Have they gone?

Hurrah! We have won the match.

Hello! What are you doing here?

Bravo! Go On.

ऊपर आए शब्द Alas, Oh, Ah, Hurrah, Hello और Bravo पर विचार करें | Alas और Oh से अत्याधिक दुख, Ah से तीव्र निराशा तथा Hurrah/Hello/Bravo से अत्याधिक उल्लास का बोध होता है | स्पष्टत ये शब्द मन के भीतर उठ रहे भावों की तीव्र अभिव्यक्ति के सुचक हैं, जो अचानक हमारे मुख से निकल पड़ते हैं ऐसे शब्दों को Grammar की भाषा में Interjections कहते हैं |

Definition: Interjections वह शब्द है, जिससे आकस्मिक प्रसन्नता, दुख, आश्चर्य या मन का कोई अन्य भाव व्यक्त होता है |

* An interjections is a word which express some sudden feeling or emotion .

Examples: Alas, Oh, Ah, Hurrah, Hello, Bravo, Hush, etc.

Examples

Direction: What part of speech is each of the words in these sentences?

N. = Noun
Adj. = Adjective
Conj. = Conjunction
Pro. = Pronoun
Adv. = Adverb
V. = Verb
Prep. = Preposition
Arti. = Articles

(a) Ram ( N.) is (V.) a (Art.) very (Adv.) good ( Adj. ) boy ( N. )

(b) Sita (N. ) and (Conj.) Geeta (N. ) are ( V. ) going ( V.) to (Pre.) Delhi. (N.)

(c) Oh! ( Inter.) I (Pro. ) have (V.) cut (V. ) my (Adj.) finger (N. )

1. He is my father.

2. Ram has a cat.

3. These are beautifully.

4. Who are you?

5. Each boy had a pen.

6. The poor girl had no money.

7. This book is mine.

8. She writes beautifully.

9. He will come today.

10. Where is Mala?

11. I am going to school?

12. Ram and Shayam know this.

13. Do or die.

14. May I come in?

15. Alas! My dog is dead.

16. Hurrah! I have won the match.

17. I know that she can’t help me.

18. Ram is poor but honest.

19. You will pass if you work hard. .

20. Stay till Sunday.

Answers:
1.He is my father.
Pro. V. Pro. N.

2. Ram has a cat.
N. V. Art. N.

3. These are beautifully.
Pro. V. Adv.

4. Who are you?
Pro. V. Pro.

5. Each boy had a pen.
Adj. N. V. Art. N.

6. The poor girl had no money.
Art. Adj. N. V. Adj. N.

7. This book is mine.
Pro. N. V. Pro.

8. She writes beautifully.
Pro. V. Adv.

9. He will come today.
Pro. V. V. Adv.

10. Where is Mala?
Adv. V. N.

11. I am going to school.
Pro. V. V. Prep. N.

12. Ram and Shayam know this.
N. Conj. N. V. Pro.

13. Do or die.
V. Conj. V.

14. May I come in?
V. Pro. V. Prep.

15. Alas! My dog is dead.
Interj. Pro. N. V. Adj.

16. Hurrah! I have won the match.
Interj. Pro. V. V. Art. N..

17. I know that she can’t help me.
Pro. V. Conj. Pro. V. V. Pro.

18. Ram is poor but honest.
N. V. Adj. Conj. Adj.

19. You will pass if you work hard.
Pro. V. V. Conj. Pro. V. Adv.

20. Stay till Sunday.
V. Prep. N.

Here knowledge about Pronoun is provided in both Hindi and English language. This knowledge helps the students with the English Grammar and Speaking English fluently.

इन वाक्यों को देखें –

Ram is a student. He reads in class VI.
Sita is a dancer. She is very beautiful.
My father has a car. It is red.
The boys are absent today. They will come tomorrow.

इन वाक्यों में आए शब्द He, She, It और They पर विचार करें | ये किसी-न-किसी Noun के बदले में प्रयुक्त हुए हैं | He का प्रयोग Ram के बदले में, She का प्रयोग Sita के बदले में , It का प्रयोग car के बदले में प्रयुक्त हुए हैं | He का प्रयोग Ram के बदले में, She का प्रयोग Sita के बदले में, It का प्रयोग car के बदले में हुआ है | ऐसे शब्दों को की Grammar भाषा में Pronouns कहते हैं |

Definition: Pronoun वह शब्द है जो किसी Noun के बदले में प्रयुक्त होता हैं |

* A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.
* A pronoun stands for a noun.

Pronoun की परिभाषा से स्पष्ट है कि यह Noun का substitute है | जब हम किसी कारणवंश Noun का प्रयोग नहीं करना चाहते , तब उस Noun के बदले उपयुक्त Pronoun का प्रयोग करते हैं | Pronoun की उपयोगिता को समझने के लिए इन वाक्यों पर विचार करें –

Ram is my friend. Ram reads in my class. Ram is absent today, because Ram is ill.

यहाँ Ram (Noun) का प्रयोग बार-बार होने से संपूर्ण expression भद्दा-सा लगता है | अगर दूसरे और तीसरे वाक्य में Ram के बदले He का प्रयोग करें, तो यह भद्दापन समाप्त हो जाएगा-

Ram is my friend. He reads in my class. He is absent today, because he is ill.

Kinds of the Pronoun : Pronoun के निम्नलिखित प्रमुख भेद हैं –

1. Personal Pronoun (व्यक्तिवाचक सर्वनाम)

2. Possessive Pronoun (अधिकारवाचक सर्वनाम)

3. Reflexive Pronoun (निजवाचक सर्वनाम)

4. Emphatic Pronoun (बलदायक सर्वनाम)

5. Demonstrative Pronoun (संकेतवाचक सर्वनाम)

6. Indefinite Pronoun (अनिश्चयवाचक सर्वनाम)

7. Distributive Pronoun (व्यष्टिवाचक सर्वनाम)

8. Reciprocal Pronoun (परस्परबोधक सर्वनाम)

9. Relative Pronoun (सबंधवाचक सर्वनाम)

10. Interrogative Pronoun (प्रश्नवाचक सर्वनाम)

1. Personal Pronouns

* I, we, you, he, she it और they को Personal Pronouns कहा जाता है |
* I, we, you, he, she, it and they are called personal pronouns.

यहाँ Personal का अर्थ है – relating to persons First Person /Second person /Third person). I और We First Person के Pronouns हैं | You Second Person का Pronoun हैं He, She, It और They Third Person के Pronoun हैं| इसलिए इन सातों Pronouns को Personal Pronouns कहा जाता है |

Personal Pronouns के रूप case-wise बदलते हैं, जिन्हें इस सारणी से समझें –

Note 1. Personal Pronouns के सभी forms को आप यहाँ देख रहे हैं इनमें से My, Our, Your, His, Her, Its और Their को Possessive Adjectives कहा जाता है क्योंकि ये किसी – न – किसी Noun के ठीक पहले प्रयुक्त होते हैं और Adjective की तरह कार्य करते हैं, जैसे –

This is my book.
Those are your books.
That is her book.

इन Possessive Adjectives में His और Her दो ऐसे शब्द हैं जिनका प्रयोग Pronoun की भाँति भी होता है, पंरतु इस स्थिति में इनके ठीक बाद कोई भी Noun प्रयुक्त नहीं रहता, जैसे –

This book is his. (his-Pronoun)

I know her. (her-Pronoun)

Note 2. Pronoun का प्रयोग Noun के बदले में होता हैं इसलिए Pronoun के ठीक बाद कोई भी Noun प्रयुक्त नहीं रहता | जब Pronoun के ठीक बाद कोई Noun प्रयुक्त रहता है, तब वह Pronoun Adjective में परिवर्तित हो जाता है क्योंकि इस स्थिति में वह अपने बाद आनेवाले Noun को qualify करता है |

2. Possessive Pronouns

जिस Pronoun का प्रयोग अधिकार दिखाने के लिए किया जाता है, उसे Possessive Pronoun कहते हैं |
* A Pronoun used to show possession is called a Possessive pronoun.

mine, ours, yours, hers, his और theirs Possessive Pronouns हैं | इनका प्रयोग वस्तुओं पर अधिकार दिखाने के लिए किया जाता है, जैसा कि इन उदाहरणों के स्पष्ट है –

This book is mine.
That book is yours.
These are ours.
Those ate his.
This saree is hers.
Those chairs are theirs.

Note: इनमें सिर्फ His एक शब्द है जो Possessive Pronoun भी है और Possessive Adjective भी | जैसे –

This is his car. (his- Possessive Adjective)

This car is his. (his – Possessive Pronoun )

3. Reflexive Pronoun

जब वाक्य में myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, itself और themselves प्रयोग से काम करने का असर खुद कर्ता पर पड़ना प्रतीत होता है, तब इन्हें Reflexive Pronoun कहा जाता है |

* This pronouns myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, itself and themselves are called reflexive pronoun when the action done by the subject turns back upon the subject.

I hurt myself. मैंने अपने आपको चोट पहुँचाई |
We can help ourselves. हमलोग अपने आपको मदद कर सकते हैं |
She ruined herself. उसने अपने आपको बर्बाद किया |

यहाँ चोट पहुँचाने, मदद करने का असर खुद कर्ता पर है | कर्ता ने खुद को चोट पहुँचाई कर्ता खुद की मदद कर सकता है| कर्ता ने खुद बर्बाद किया अत: myself, ourselves, और herself इन वाक्यों में Reflexive Pronouns हैं |

4. Emphatic Pronouns

Myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, herself, himself, itself and themselves are called emphatic pronouns when they are used for the sake of emphasis.

इन वाक्यों में इनके प्रयोग को दाखें –

I killed the tiger myself. मैंने स्वयं (खुद) बाघ को मारा |
He himself said so. उसने स्वयं (खुद) ऐसा कहा |
She herself liked him. उसने स्वयं (खुद) उसे पसंद किया |
You can do it yourself. तुम इसे स्वयं (खुद) कर सकते हो |

Note: myself, ourselves, इत्यादि के spelling पर ध्यान दें | Singular Pronoun के साथ self लगता है और Plural Pronoun के साथ selves लगता है | You का प्रयोग जब एक व्यक्ति के लिए होता है, तब yourself और जब इसका प्रयोग अनेक व्यक्तियों के लिए होता है, तब का प्रयोग होता है आप जानते हैं कि I, he, she, और Singular Number में हैं | we और they Plural Number में हैं | you का प्रयोग Singular और Plural दोनों वचनों में होता है |

Exercise

Direction: Tell which pronouns/adjectives in the following sentences are personal pronouns/possessive pronouns/reflexive pronouns/emphatic pronouns/possessive adjectives-

Examples:

(a) This is his pen. (his-Possessive Adjective)

(b) This pen is his. (his-Possessive Pronoun)

(C) I myself did that. (I-personal Pronoun, myself-Emphatic Pronoun)

(d) She washed herself. (She-Personal Pronoun, herself-Reflexive Pronoun)

1. My mother loves me.

2. This book is hers.

3. Ours is black.

4. Our cow is black.

5. This garden is theirs.

6. It belongs to her.

7. This car is his.

8. This is his car.

9. Her face is beautiful.

10. Its colour is black.

11. She praised herself.

12. I hate myself.

13. She herself wrote this.

14. She herself did this.

15. I will do it myself.

16. He enjoyed himself.

17. The horse hurt itself.

18. They blamed themselves.

19. We ourselves can do it.

20. I myself locked the door.

Answers:

1. My mother loves me.
My – Possessive Adjective
Me – Personal Pronoun

2. This book is hers.
Hers – Possessive Pronoun

3. Ours is black.
Ours – Possessive Pronoun

4. Our cow is black.
Our – Possessive Adjective

5. This garden is theirs.
Theirs – Possessive Pronoun

6. It belongs to her.
Her – Personal Pronoun

7. This car is his.
His – Possessive Pronoun

8. This is his car.
His – Possessive Adjective

9. Her face is beautiful.
Her – Possessive Adjective

10. Its colour is black.
Its – Possessive Adjective

11. She praised herself.
She – Personal Pronoun
Herself – Reflexive Pronoun

12. I hate myself.
I – Personal Pronoun
Myself – Reflexive Pronoun

13. She herself wrote this.
She – Personal Pronoun
Herself – Emphatic Pronoun

14. She herself did this.
She – Personal Pronoun
Herself – Emphatic Pronoun

15. I will do it myself.
I – Personal Pronoun
Myself – Emphatic Pronoun

16. He enjoyed himself.
He – Personal Pronoun
Himself – Reflexive Pronoun

17. The horse hurt itself.
The horse – Personal Pronoun
Itself – Reflexive Pronoun

18. They blamed themselves.
They – Personal Pronoun
Themselves – Reflexive Pronoun

19. We ourselves can do it.
We – Personal Pronoun
Ourselves – Emphatic Pronoun

20. I myself locked the door.
Myself – Emphatic Pronoun
I – Personal Pronoun

5. Demonstrative Pronouns

जिस Pronoun का प्रयोग वस्तुओं या व्यक्तियों को सुचित, इंगित या निर्देशित करने के लिए किया जाता है, उसे Demonstrative Pronouns कहा जाता है |

* The Pronoun used to point out the object or objects to which it refers is called a demonstrative pronoun.

This, That, These और Those मुख्य Demonstrative Pronouns हैं | इनका प्रयोग इन वाक्यों में देखें –

This is a boy.

These are balls.

That is a girl.

Those are dolls.

Note: जब This, That, These, Those, इत्यादि के ठीक बाद कोई Noun प्रयुक्त रहता है, तब इन्हें Demonstrative Adjectives कहा जाता है, जैसे –

This book is mine.

That book is yours

These cows are red.

Those cows are brown.

Look at this picture.

What was that noise?

Note: इन वाक्यों में प्रयुक्त शब्द This, That, These और Those Demonstrative Adjectives हैं

पुन: इस वाक्यों को ध्यान से देखें –

This is my book. (this-demonstrative pronoun )
This book is mine. (this demonstrative adjective)

6. Indefinite Pronouns

जिस Pronoun से किसी निश्चित व्यक्ति या वस्तु का बोध नहीं होता है, वह Indefinite Pronoun कहलाता है |

* An indefinite pronoun refers to persons or things in a general way and does not refer to any persons or things in particular.

नीचे दिए गए वाक्यों में मोटे अश्ररों में लिखे शब्द Indefinite Pronouns हैं | ध्यान से देखने पर आप पाएँगे कि इनसे किसी निश्चित व्यक्ति या वस्तु का बोध नहीं होता है-

Somebody has stolen my pen.

Anybody can beat him.

Some are gentle.

All are foolish.

None can do this.

many of them were killed.

One must not praise oneself.

None of them are good.

Nothing is perfect.

Any of you can take it.

Vocabulary: Somebody- कोई, anybody – कोई, some – कुछ, all – सब, none – कोई नहीं, many – अनेक, nothing – कुछ भी नहीं, any – कोई |

Note: जब some, all, many, one, any, इत्यादि के ठीक बाद कोई Noun प्रयुक्त रहता है, तब ये Adjectives कहलाते हैं जैसे, इन वाक्यों में some, many, all, one और any adjectives हैं –

7. Distributive Pronouns

जब each, either और neither का प्रयोग Pronoun के रूप में होता है, तब इन्हें Distributive Pronouns कहा जाता है |
* When each, either and neither are used pronouns they are called distributive pronouns.
[each- प्रत्येक, either – दोनों में से कोई एक, neither – दोनों में से कोई नहीं]
इन वाक्यों में प्रयुक्त शब्द each, either, neither और Distributive Pronouns हैं-

Each of you is guilty.
Each of the boys is intelligent.
Either of you can take this book.
Neither of the two boys was absent.

Note: जब each, either और neither के ठीक बाद कोई प्रयुक्त रहता है, तब इन्हें Distributive Adjectives कहा जाता है इन वाक्यों में each, either और neither Distributive Adjectives हैं –

1. Each boy is intelligent.
2. Either road is safe.
3. Neither book is cheap.

8. Reciprocal Pronouns

each other और one another Reciprocal Pronouns कहते हैं –
Each other and one another are called reciprocal pronouns.
They loved each other/one another.
(वे एक-दुसरे को प्यार करते थे |)
each other और one another का अर्थ -एक दुसरे को |

Exercise

Direction: Tell which pronouns/adjectives in the following sentences are demonstrative pronouns /indefinite pronouns /distributive pronouns /reciprocal pronouns/demonstrative adjectives/distributive adjectives-

Examples:

(a) This is your book. (this – Demonstrative Pronoun)

(b) This book is yours. (this-Demonstrative Pronoun)

(c) Some are born great. (some – Indefinite Pronoun)

(d) Some persons are born great. (use of no pronoun)

(e) Each of the boys can do this. (Each – Distributive Pronoun, this Demonstrative Adjectives)

(f) Each boy can do this work. (each- Distributive Adjectives, Demonstrative Adjectives)

1. This car is yours.

2. This is your car.

3. Do you know this?

4. I know this boy.

5. These are your cows.

6. Are those pens yours.

7. Is this milk?

8 . Nobody can beat me.

9. Some were happy.

10. Some boys were happy.

11. One should love God.

12. All boys are naughty.

13. None of them are good.

14. They helped one another.

15. Each boy had a pen.

16. Each of the boys had a pen.

17. Either of you can do.

18. Neither of them are ready.

19. Neither way is safe.

20. They helped each other.

Answers:

1. This car is yours.
This – Demonstrative Adjective
Yours – Possessive Pronoun

2. This is your car.

This – Demonstrative Pronoun
Your – Possessive Adjective

3. Do you know this?
This – Demonstrative Pronoun

4. I know this boy.
This – Demonstrative Adjective

5. These are your cows.
These – Demonstrative Pronoun
Your – Possessive Adjective

6. Are those pens yours?
Those – Demonstrative Pronoun
Yours – Possessive Pronoun

7. Is this milk?
This – Demonstrative Pronoun

8. Nobody can beat me.
Nobody – Indefinite Pronoun

9. Some were happy.
Some – Indefinite Pronoun

10. Some boys were happy.
Some – Indefinite Pronoun

11. One should love God.
One – Indefinite Pronoun

12. All boys are naughty.
All – Indefinite Pronoun

13. None of them are good.
None – Indefinite Pronoun

14. They helped one another.
One another – Reciprocal Pronoun

15. Each boy had a pen.
Each – Distributive Adjective

16. Each of the boys had a pen.
Each – Distributive Pronoun

17. Either of you can do.
Either – Distributive Pronoun

18. Neither of them are ready.
Neither – Distributive Pronoun

19. Neither way is safe.
Neither – Distributive Adjective

20. They helped each other.
Each other – Reciprocal Pronoun

Summary:

Distributive Adjectives: each, neither
Demonstrative Pronouns: this, these, those
Indefinite Pronouns: nobody, some, all, none, one
Distributive Pronouns: each, either, neither
Reciprocal Pronouns: one another, each other
Demonstrative Adjectives: this, these

9. Relative Pronouns

Relative Pronoun वाक्य में अपने से पहले प्रयुक्त किसी Noun/Pronoun के बदले में आकर उस Noun /Pronoun की पुनरूक्ति को रोकता है और उस Noun/Pronoun का सबंध अपने से आनेवाले शब्द-समूह से जोड़ता है

* A relative pronoun refers to some noun/pronoun going before and relates the said noun/pronoun to a group of words coming after.

who, whom, whose, which, what और that मुख्य Relative Pronouns हैं|

This is the book. The book was given to me.

यहाँ ‘that’ एक Relative Pronoun है जो अपने से पहले आए Noun (book) के repetition को रोकता है अभीष्ट Noun का सबंध आगे आने वाले शब्द समूह से जोड़ता है यहाँ आप एक grammatical term Antecedent से भी परिचित हो जाएँ| Antecedent वह Noun/Pronoun है जो Relative Pronoun के पहले प्रयुक्त रहता है | ऊपर दिए गए वाक्य में that का Antecedent ‘book’ है |

इन वाक्यों को देखें | इनमें प्रयुक्त who, which, whom, whose और that Relative Pronouns हैं –

The boy who is playing is my friend.
The chairs which are broken are of no use.
This is the boy whom all praise.
The house whose walls are white is mine.
Take anything that you like.
Here is the book that you lent me.

Note1. who, whom और whose का प्रयोग व्यक्तियों या बड़े जानवरों के लिए होता है | which का प्रयोग निर्जीव वस्तुओं और जानवरों के लिए होता है | That का प्रयोग सजीव और निर्जीव दोंनो के लिए होता है |

Note2. who, which, whom, whose और what का प्रयोग प्रश्न किए जाने में भी होता है | इस स्थिति में जब ये Pronoun के रूप में प्रयुक्त रहते है तब Interrogative Pronoun कहलाते है जैसे, इन वाक्यों में who, whom, whose, whichऔर what Interrogative Pronoun हैं –

Who are you?
Whom do you love?
Whose is this book?
Which is yours?
What is this?
What is your father?

इन पाँचों शब्दों में whose, which और what ऐसे शब्द हैं जिनके ठीक बाद किसी Noun का प्रयोग हो सकता है और उस स्थिति में ये Adjective की भाँति कार्य करेगें | अर्थात् जब इन शब्दों को Noun के साथ जोड़कर प्रश्न कि जाने में प्रयोग किया जाता है, तब ये Interrogative Adjectives कहलाते हैं | जैसे, इन वाक्यों में whose, which और what Interrogative Adjectives हैं –

Whose book is this?
Which class do you read in?
What colour do you like?

10. Interrogative Pronouns

जिस Pronoun का प्रयोग प्रश्न करने के लिए किया जाता है, उसे Interrogative Pronoun कहा जाता है |

*The pronoun used for asking a question is called an interrogative pronoun.

इन वाक्यों में मोटे अक्षरों में छपे शब्द Interrogative Pronouns हैं

Who are you?
Whom do you love?
Whose is this book?
What is your father?

Note: Who, whom, whose, which और what का प्रयोग Relative Pronoun के रूप में भी होता है | Whose, which और what का प्रयोग Interrogative Adjectives के रूप में भी होता है | इसकी चर्चा Relative Pronouns के अंतर्गत हो चुकी है |

Exercise

Direction: Tell which pronouns/adjectives in these sentences are pronouns/interrogative pronouns/interrogative adjectives –

Examples:

(a) Which is your book? (which- Interrogative Pronoun)

(b) Which book is yours? (which – Interrogative Adjective)

(c) This is the book which I bought yesterday.(which – Relative Pronoun)

1. Who is there?

2. This is the boy who has stolen my pen.

3. Whom do you love?

4. This is the thief whom the police wants to catch.

5. This is the boy that I told you of.

6. He that is down need fear no fall.

7. Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.

8. Where is the man who gave you this news?

9. Of whom do you speak?

10. Who might say this?

11. Whose is this book?

12. Whose book is this?

13. This is the shopkeeper whose shop caught fire last night.

14. Whose is your box?

15. The book which I bought yesterday is here.

16. Which book did you buy?

17. What is the matter?

18. What work will you do?

19. Who is he?

20. Whose is this umbrella?

Answers:
1. Who is there?
Who: Interrogative Pronoun

2. This is the boy who has stolen my pen.
Who: Relative Pronoun

3. Whom do you love?
Whom: Interrogative Pronoun

4. This is the thief whom the police wants to catch.
Whom: Relative Pronoun

5. This is the boy that I told you of.
That: Relative Pronoun

6. He that is down need fear no fall.
That: Relative Pronoun

7. Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.
That: Relative Pronoun

8. Where is the man who gave you this news?
Who: Relative Pronoun

9. Of whom do you speak?
Whom: Interrogative Pronoun

10. Who might say this?
Who: Interrogative Pronoun

11. Whose is this book?
Whose: Interrogative Pronoun

12. Whose book is this?
Whose: Interrogative Adjective

13. This is the shopkeeper whose shop caught fire last night.
Whose: Relative Pronoun

14. Whose is your box?
Whose: Interrogative Pronoun

15. The book which I bought yesterday is here.
Which: Relative Pronoun

16. Which book did you buy?
Which: Interrogative Adjective

17. What is the matter?
What: Interrogative Pronoun

18. What work will you do?
What: Interrogative Adjective

19. Who is he?
Who: Interrogative Pronoun

20. Whose is this umbrella?
Whose: Interrogative Pronoun

Exercise

Direction: Underline all the pronouns used in these sentences –

Examples:

(a) What is this?
(b) This boy will do this himself.
(c) Each of them wanted to defeat each other.
(d) Both are yours.
(e) Each man might help himself.

1. This purse might be hers.

2. He himself did this.

3. Whose books are those?

4. Some are born great.

5. I have some milk but he has none.

6. Each of them will win.

7. Who will like to cheat himself?

8. This can be of no help to us.

9. Whose are those books?

10. Whose books are those?

11. Nobody wanted to help them.

12. That is theirs and this is ours.

13. What is this?

14. Whom did she love?

15. Either of the two boys ma help them.

16. The two sister loved each other.

17. This is the boy who was absent yesterday.

18. The girl whom you saw is Sheela?

19. Who am I that I should object?

20. What work will you do yourself?

Answers:

1. This purse might be hers.

2. He himself did this.

3. Whose books are those?

4. Some are born great.

5. I have some milk but he has none.

6. Each of them will win.

7. Who will like to cheat himself?

8. This can be of no help to us.

9. Whose are those books?

10. Whose books are those?

11. Nobody wanted to help them.

12. That is theirs and this is ours.

13. What is this?

14. Whom did she love?

15. Either of the two boys may help them.

16. The two sisters loved each other.

17. This is the boy who was absent yesterday.

18. The girl whom you saw is Sheela?

19. Who am I that I should object?

20. What work will you do yourself?

Parts of Speech is necessary for the knowledge of English Grammar. It is useful for grammar as well as speaking English Grammar. This chapter is provided in Hindi and English both so that Hindi knowing people can understand and learn English.

अंग्रेजी भाषा में जितने भी शब्द हैं उनको , वाक्यों में कार्य एवं प्रयोग के विचार से , आठ भागों में बाँटा गया हैं | इनमें से प्रत्येक भाग को Part of Speech कहते हैं |

*All the English words are divided into eight groups according to the work they do in a sentence. each group is called part of speech.

ये निम्नलिखित हैं |

1. Noun (संज्ञा)
2. Pronoun (सर्वनाम )
3. Adjective (विशेषण )
4. Verb (क्रिया )
5. Adverb (क्रियाविशेषण)
6. Preposition (संबोधक अव्यय )
7. Conjunction (समोच्चय अव्यय )
8. Interjection (विस्मयादिबोधक अव्यय )

पिछले कक्षाओं में आपने Parts of Speech का कुछ अध्ययन जरूर किया होगा | अब आप यहाँ इनका अलग-अलग विस्तारपुर्वक अध्ययन करेगें | लेकिन आपको एक बात शुरू से ही ध्यान में रखना अत्यंत आवश्यक हैं |

शब्दों का वर्गीकरण वाक्यों में उनके कार्य एंव प्रयोग की दृष्टि से किया गया हैं | अंग्रेजी भाषा में अनेक ऐसे शब्द हैं जिनका प्रयोग वाक्यों में देखे बिना यह नहीं कहा जा सकता कि ये केिस Part of Speech अंर्तगत आते हैं | उदाहरण के लिए love, fast और in कों ले | वाक्यों में देखे बिना आप यह नहीं कह सकते कि ये किस group में आते हैं | लेकिन वाक्यों में इन्हें दखने के बाद आपके सामने कोई confusion नहीं रह जाता हैं _____

I love my country. (love-verb)
She is my love. (love-noun)
This is a fast train. (fast-adjective)
The boy run. (fast-adverb)
He is playing in the field. (in-preposition)
Please come in. (in-adverb)

इसलिए आप ऐसे शब्दों को गंभीरता से लें और इनका वर्गीकरण वाक्यों में प्रयोग देखने के बाद ही करें |

Nouns is important for learning English Grammar and speaking English with confidence. Go through the whole page for learning English. This chapter is provided in Hindi and English both so that Hindi knowing people can understand and learn English.

इन वाक्यों को देखें ______

Ramu is a farmer.
There is a book on the table.
The cow gives milk.
India is a country.
My father believes in honesty.
I can’t forget his kindness.

इन वाक्यों में आए शब्द Ramu, farmer और father व्यक्तियों के नाम हैं ; cow एक जानवर का नाम है; milk, book और table वस्तुओं के नाम हैं ; India और country स्थानों के नाम हैं ; honesty और kindness भाव के नाम हैं | दुनिया में ऐसे ही हजारों नाम हैं | Grammar की भाषा में इन्हें हम Nouns कहते हैं |

Definition: किसी व्यक्ति, जानवर , स्थान, वस्तु, विचार या भाव के नाम को Noun कहते हैं |

* A noun is the name of a person, animal, place, thing, feeling or idea.
* A noun is the name of anything.
*A noun is a naming word.

ऊपर दी गई परिभाषाओं से यह स्पष्ट है कि Noun एक naming word है | हम जो भी देखते हैं, सोचते हैं या अनुभव करते हैं, उन सभी के नाम Nouns हैं |

Kinds of the Noun: Noun के पाँच भेद हैं |
1. Proper Noun (व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा )
2. Common Noun (जातिवाचक संज्ञा )
3. Collective Noun (समुहवाचक संज्ञा )
4. Material Noun (द्रव्यवाचक संज्ञा )
5. Abstract Noun ( भावाचक संज्ञा )

1. Proper Noun : किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान, जानवर या वस्तु के खास नाम को Proper Noun कहते हैं | Proper का अर्थ है – one’s own.
*A proper noun is the name of a particular person, animal, place or thing.
Examples: Ram, Shyam, Geeta, India, Patna, Tom, Moti, Lucky, Yamuna, Ramayana, Bible, Sunday, Monday, January, February, Holi, Id, The Hindustan Times, etc.

2. Common Noun : जिस Noun से किसी खास व्यक्ति, जानवर, स्थान या वस्तु का बोध न होकर पुरी जाति या श्रेणी का बोध होता है, उसे Common Noun कहते है – shared by all of the same group.

*A common noun is a name given in common to every person, animal, place or thing of the same class or kind.
Examples : boy, girl, cat, bird, snake, man, table, pen, book, river, mountain, town, country, etc.

Note: Sita, Geeta और Mala से खास लड़कियों का बोध होता है, अत: ये Proper Noun हैं | परंतु girl कहने से किसी खास लड़की का बोध न होकर किसी भी लड़की का बोध होता है | अत: girl एक Common Noun है |

Leela is a proper noun, but girl is a common noun.
Manoj is a proper noun, but boy is common noun.
Patna is a proper noun, but city is a common noun.
Bihar is proper noun, but state is common noun.
Moti is a proper noun, but dog is a common noun.
India is proper noun, but country is common noun.
Yamuna is a proper noun, but river is a common noun.

3. Collective Noun: जिस Noun से एक ही तरह के व्यक्ति या वस्तुएओं के समुह का बोध होता है, उसे Collective Noun कहते हैं |

* A collective noun is the name of number of persons or things taken together and spoken of as one whole.
Examples: class (वर्ग ), crowd (भी़ड़), army (सेना ), team (दल ), family (परिवार ), committee (समिति ), mob (भीड़ ), bunch (गुच्छा ), flock (झुडं ) etc.

‘army’ कहने से सैनिकों के समूह का बोध होता है | ‘crowd’ कहने से व्यक्तियों के समुह का बोध होता है | इसी प्रकार उर्पयुक्त अन्य शब्द किसी – न – किसी समूह का बोध है | अतः वे Collective Nouns हैं |

4. Material Noun: जिस Noun से किसी द्रव्य/पदार्थ का बोध होता है, जिसे मापा या तौला जाता है, किंतु गिना नहीं जाता है, जिससे विभिन्न वस्तुओं का निर्माण होता हैं |

* A material noun is the name of a material substance.

Examples: water, milk, wood (लकड़ी ), gold (सोना ), iron (लोहा ), stone (पत्थर ), rice, ink, sugar (चीनी ), oil (तेल ), paper (कागज ), ghee, wheat (गेहुँ ), flour ( आटा), bread (रोटी ), chalk (खली), meat (माँस), silver (चाँदी ), brass(पीतल ), pulse (दाल ), wool (ऊन ), etc.

Note wood Material Noun है, परंतु इससे निर्मित chair, table, bench, house इत्यादि Common Nouns हैं | bread भी Material Noun है | अतः आप ‘एक रोटी’ के लिए ‘a bread’ न लिखकर ‘a piece of bread लिखें |

5. Abstract Noun: उस गुण, अवस्था, विचार या भाव के नाम को Abstract Noun कहते हैं जिसे देखा या छुआ नहीं जा सकता है, सिर्फ अनुभव किया जा सकता है |

* An abstract noun is the name of some quality, stare, feeling or idea that we can only think of or feel but cannot see or touch.

Examples: goodness (अच्छाई ), kindness (दयालुता ), darkness (अँधेरापन ), foolishness (मुर्खता ), weakness (कमजोरी ), greatness (महानता ), sickness(बीमारी ), richness (घनादयता ), sweetness (मिठास ), honesty (ईमानदारी ), bravery (बहादुरी), wisdom (बुध्दिमानी), beauty (सुदंरता ), truth (सच्चाई ), laughter (हँसी), love (प्यार), sleep (नींद), death (मुत्यु ), youth (जवानी ), poverty (गरीबी), heat (गर्मी ), boyhood (लड़कपन ), childhood (बचपन ), friendship (दोस्ती), etc.

Note: Arts Science के नाम भी Abstract Nouns है | जैसे – grammer, physics, chemistry, music, history, etc.

Exercise

Direction: Pick out the nouns in the following sentences. Say whether they are proper, common, collective, material or abstract.

Examples:

(a) Ram is the best boy in the class.
Ans: Ram -Proper Noun, boy-Common Noun, class-Collective Noun.

(b) Sympathy is better than gold.
Sympathy-Abstract Noun, gold-Material Noun.

1. Sohan has a red car.

2. Children drink milk.

3. My brother is the captain of the team.

4. Patna is the capital of Bihar.

5. The cat has two eyes.

6. Gandhijee was a great leader of India.

7. The Ganges is a holy (पवित्र ) river.

8. There is a cap on his head.

9. Gold, silver and money cannot buy honesty.

10. The teacher taught me physics and chemistry.

11. Monday is the first day of the week.

12. He has been a good singer (गायक ) since his childhood.

13. Friendship is a boon (वरदान).

14. Without health there is no happiness (खुशी).

15. He gave me a bunch of grapes (अंगुर) .

16. Ram eats bread, ,mangoes and sugar.

17. The ring is made of silver.

18. There is a crowd (भीड़) on the road.

19. I have love (प्रेम) for my friends.

20. The juice (रस) has no sweetness (मिठास) .

Answers:
1. Sohan has a red car.
Sohan – Proper Noun, car – Common Noun.

2. Children drink milk.
Children – Common Noun, milk – Material Noun.

3. My brother is the captain of the team.
brother – Common Noun, captain – Common Noun, team – Collective Noun.

4. Patna is the capital of Bihar.
Patna – Proper Noun, capital – Common Noun, Bihar – Proper Noun.

5. The cat has two eyes.
cat – Common Noun, eyes – Common Noun.

6. Gandhijee was a great leader of India.
Gandhijee – Proper Noun, leader – Common Noun, India – Proper Noun.

7. The Ganges is a holy river.
Ganges – Proper Noun, river – Common Noun.

8. There is a cap on his head.
cap – Common Noun, head – Common Noun.

9. Gold, silver and money cannot buy honesty.
gold – Material Noun, silver – Material Noun, money – Material Noun, honesty – Abstract Noun.

10. The teacher taught me physics and chemistry.
teacher – Common Noun, physics – Abstract Noun, chemistry – Abstract Noun.

11. Monday is the first day of the week.
Monday – Proper Noun, day – Common Noun, week – Common Noun.

12. He has been a good singer since his childhood.
singer – Common Noun, childhood – Abstract Noun.

13. Friendship is a boon.
friendship – Abstract Noun, boon – Common Noun.

14. Without health there is no happiness.
health – Abstract Noun, happiness – Abstract Noun.

15. He gave me a bunch of grapes.
bunch – Collective Noun, grapes – Common Noun.

16. Ram eats bread, mangoes and sugar.
Ram – Proper Noun, bread – Material Noun, mangoes – Common Noun, sugar – Material Noun.

17. The ring is made of silver.
ring – Common Noun, silver – Material Noun.

18. There is a crowd on the road.
crowd – Collective Noun, road – Common Noun.

29. I have love for my friends.
love – Abstract Noun, friends – Common Noun.

20. The juice has no sweetness.
juice – Material Noun, sweetness – Abstract Noun.

Exercise

Direction: In each of the following groups of word, pick out the noun that belongs to a different class of nouns from the rest.

Examples:

(a) gold, rice, ghee, mango, sand

(b) father, brother, family, son, friend

1. chair, boy watch, wood, river

2. gold, silver, ring, iron, brass (पीतल)

3. boy, childhood, girl, son, daughter

4. book, paper, pen, student

5. mango, apple, juice, orange

6. table, desk, class, room, chair

7. singer (गायक), music (संगीत), dancer, player (खिलाड़ी)

8. milk, ink, tea, coffee, bread, apple

9. teacher, student, class, doctor, boy

10. book, apple, nurse, jug, wood

11. apple, mango, orange, rice, banana (केला)

12. music, bunch, army, crowd, mob

13. class, crowd, team, player, family

14. police, soldier, army, commander (सेनापति)

15. bottle, cup, boy, wine (शराब)

16. day, month, year, Sunday, ball

17. death (मृत्यु), fear (डर), mob ((भीड़), goodness

18. physics, chemistry, subject, friendship

19. car, petrol, driver, road, book

20. health, disease (बिमारी), pain (र्दद), doctor

Answers:
1. chair, boy, watch, wood, river
chair – Common Noun
boy – Common Noun
watch – Common Noun
wood – Material Noun
river – Common Noun

2. gold, silver, ring, iron, brass
gold – Material Noun
silver – Material Noun
ring – Common Noun
iron – Material Noun
brass – Material Noun

3. boy, childhood, girl, son, daughter
boy – Common Noun
childhood – Abstract Noun
girl – Common Noun
son – Common Noun
daughter – Common Noun

4. book, paper, pen, student
book – Common Noun
paper – Material Noun
pen – Common Noun
student – Common Noun

5. mango, apple, juice, orange
mango – Common Noun
apple – Common Noun
juice – Material Noun
orange – Common Noun

6. table, desk, class, room, chair
table – Common Noun
desk – Common Noun
class – Collective Noun
room – Common Noun
chair – Common Noun

7. singer, music, dancer, player
singer – Common Noun
music – Abstract Noun
dancer – Common Noun
player – Common Noun

8. milk, ink, tea, coffee, bread, apple
milk – Material Noun
ink – Material Noun
tea – Material Noun
coffee – Material Noun
bread – Material Noun
apple – Common Noun.

9. teacher, student, class, doctor, boy
teacher – Common Noun
student – Common Noun
class – Collective Noun
doctor – Common Noun
boy – Common Noun

10. book, apple, nurse, jug, wood
book – Common Noun
apple – Common Noun
nurse – Common Noun
jug – Common Noun
wood – Material Noun

11. apple, mango, orange, rice, banana
apple – Common Noun
mango – Common Noun
orange – Common Noun
rice – Material Noun
banana – Common Noun

12. music, bunch, army, crowd, mob
music – Abstract Noun
bunch – Collective Noun
army – Collective Noun
crowd – Collective Noun
mob – Collective Noun

13. class, crowd, team, player, family
class – Collective Noun
crowd – Collective Noun
team – Collective Noun
player – Common Noun
family – Collective Noun

14. police, soldier, army, commander
police – Collective Noun
soldier – Common Noun
army – Collective Noun
commander – Common Noun

15. bottle, cup, boy, wine
bottle – Common Noun
cup – Common Noun
boy – Common Noun
wine – Material Noun

16. day, month, year, Sunday, ball
day – Common Noun
month – Common Noun
year – Common Noun
Sunday – Proper Noun
ball – Common Noun

17. death, fear, mob, goodness
death – Abstract Noun
fear – Abstract Noun
mob – Collective Noun
goodness – Abstract Noun

18. physics, chemistry, subject, friendship
physics – Abstract Noun
chemistry – Abstract Noun
subject – Common Noun
friendship – Abstract Noun

19. car, petrol, driver, road, book
car – Common Noun
petrol – Material Noun
driver – Common Noun
road – Common Noun
book – Common Noun

20. health, disease, pain, doctor
doctor – Common Noun
health – Abstract Noun
disease – Abstract Noun
pain – Abstract Noun

Modern Classification of the Noun

आधुनिक अंग्रेजी व्याकरण (Modern English Grammar) में Nouns को तीन भागों में बाँटा गया है-

1. Proper Noun (व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा)
2. Countable Noun (गणनीय संज्ञा)
3. Uncountable Noun (अगणनीय संज्ञा)

1. Proper Noun: किसी व्यक्ति, जानवर, स्थान, दिन, महीना, वस्तु, इत्यादि के खास नाम को Proper Nouns कहते है |
* A proper noun is the name of a particular persons, animal, place, day, month or thing.
Examples: Sohan, Tom, Lucky, Nepal, Delhi, Sunday, Monday, January, February, Ganges, Bagmati, Himalayas, Ramayana, Gita, The Times of India, etc.

2. Countable Noun: जिस Noun को हम गिन सकते है, उसे Countable Noun कहते हैं |
* A noun which can be counted is called the countable noun.
Examples: cow, dog, class, man, leg, eye, book, star, river, army, state, girl, child, student, etc.
3. Uncountable Noun: जिस Noun को हम गिन सकते है, उसे Uncountable Noun कहते हैं |
*The noun which cannot be counted is called the Uncountable noun.

Examples: Oil, water, rice, bread, butter, flour, wheat, brass, silver, love, beauty, honesty, truth, boyhood, childhood, youth, kindness, goodness, friendship, knowledge (ज्ञान), courage (हिम्मत), fear (डर), etc.

Note: 1. Uncountable noun के पहले न तो a\an का प्रयोग होता है, न ही इसका Plural Form होता है अर्थात् a oil, a water, oils, wheats, इत्यादि लिखना गलत होगा | अगर कहीं Plural form बनता भी है, तो उसके अर्थ में परिर्वतन होता है |

2. Countable Noun के पहले a\an का प्रयोग होता है, और इसका Plural Form होता है | जैसे – a boy, boys, an ant, ants.

3. हिंदी भाषा में रोटी एक गणनीय संज्ञा है, पंरतु अग्रेंजी भाषा में bread Uncountable Noun है | अत: ‘एक रोटी’ की अग्रेंजी ‘a bread’ न लिखकर ‘a piece of bread’ लिखें | चार रोटियाँ – four pieces of bread.

4. इसे ध्यान में रखें –

पुराने Grammar के अनुसार Noun के भेद
1. Proper Noun
2. common Noun
3. Collective Noun
4. Material Noun
5. Abstract noun

आधुनिक Grammar के अनुसार Noun के भेद
1. Proper Noun
2. Countable Noun
3. Uncountable Noun

Exercise

Direction: Pick out the nouns in the following sentences. Say whether they are proper, countable or uncountable.

Example: Mr Chopra is a man of great knowledge.
Ans: Mr Chopra- Proper Noun, Man-Countable Noun, knowledge-Uncountable.

1. The cow is an animal.

2. A dog has four legs.

3. Ram is a student of this school.

4. Mumbai is a big city of India.

5. There are milk, rice, bread and orange on the table.

6. A week has seven days.

7. The students are reading books in the class.

8. Children have honesty.

9. The Ganga is river.

10. I have love for my friends.

11. This chair is made of wood.

12. An apple is good for health.

13. The little girl has no far.

14. He has kindness and greatness.

15. Our army showed great courage in the battle last year.

16. His son is the captain of the team.

17. I like the music of India.

18. The Gita and the Ramayana are holy books.

19. My friend does not take coffee or tea in the morning.

20. He has been a good singer his childhood.

Answers:
1. The cow is an animal.
cow – Common Noun, animal – Common Noun (Countable Noun)

2. A dog has four legs.
dog – Common Noun (Countable Noun), legs – Common Noun (Countable Noun)

3. Ram is a student of this school.
Ram – Proper Noun, student – Common Noun (Countable Noun), school – Common Noun (Countable Noun)

4. Mumbai is a big city of India.
Mumbai – Proper Noun, city – Common Noun (Countable Noun), India – Proper Noun

5. There are milk, rice, bread and orange on the table.
milk – Uncountable Noun, rice – Uncountable Noun, bread – Uncountable Noun, orange – Common Noun (Countable Noun)

6. A week has seven days.
week – Common Noun (Countable Noun), days – Common Noun (Countable Noun)

7. The students are reading books in the class.
students – Common Noun (Countable Noun), books – Common Noun (Countable Noun), class – Common Noun (Collective Noun)

8. Children have honesty.
children – Common Noun (Countable Noun), honesty – Abstract Noun (Uncountable Noun)

9. The Ganga is a river.
Ganga – Proper Noun, river – Common Noun (Countable Noun)

10. I have love for my friends.
love – Abstract Noun (Uncountable Noun), friends – Common Noun (Countable Noun)

11. This chair is made of wood.
chair – Common Noun (Countable Noun), wood – Material Noun (Uncountable Noun)

12. An apple is good for health.
apple – Common Noun (Countable Noun), health – Abstract Noun (Uncountable Noun)

13. The little girl has no fear.
girl – Common Noun (Countable Noun), fear – Abstract Noun (Uncountable Noun)

14. He has kindness and greatness.
kindness – Abstract Noun (Uncountable Noun), greatness – Abstract Noun (Uncountable Noun)

15. Our army showed great courage in the battle last year.
army – Collective Noun, courage – Abstract Noun (Uncountable Noun), battle – Common Noun (Countable Noun)

16. His son is the captain of the team.
son – Common Noun (Countable Noun), captain – Common Noun (Countable Noun), team – Collective Noun

17. I like the music of India.
music – Abstract Noun (Uncountable Noun), India – Proper Noun

18. The Gita and the Ramayana are holy books.
Gita – Proper Noun, Ramayana – Proper Noun, books – Common Noun (Countable Noun)

19. My friend does not take coffee or tea in the morning.
friend – Common Noun (Countable Noun), coffee – Material Noun (Uncountable Noun), tea – Material Noun (Uncountable Noun), morning – Common Noun (Uncountable Noun)

20. He has been a good singer since his childhood.
singer – Common Noun (Countable Noun), childhood – Abstract Noun (Uncountable Noun)

Concept of Preposition is a important part of English Grammar and Spoken English. Here we have provided its understanding in Hindi as well as English.

इन वाक्यों को देखें –

(a)There is a cat on the table.
(b) I am writing with a pen.
(c) He is going to him.

इन वाक्यों में आए शब्द on, with और to पर विचार करें | ये Noun/Pronoun के पहले प्रयुक्त हुए हैं और इनमें से प्रत्येक उक्त Noun/Pronoun का जो संबंध वाक्य के दुसरे शब्द या शब्दों से है, उसे दर्शाता है | ‘on’ cat और table के बीच के संबंध को दर्शाता है – cat, table के ऊपर है ऐर उससे सटी हुई है इसी प्रकार ‘with’ am writing और pen के बीच के संबंध को दर्शाता है – Pen वह साधन है, जिससे लिखने का कार्य हो रहा है और पुन: ‘to’ is going और him के बीच के संबंध को दर्शाता है – उसकी ओर जाने का कार्य हो रहा है | ऐसे शब्दोंं को Grammar की भाषा में Prepositions कहते हैं |

Definition: Preposition वह शब्द है जो किसी Noun या Pronoun के पहले आकर उस Noun या Pronoun का संबंध वाक्य में प्रयुक्त किसी अन्य शब्द या शब्दों से कराता है |

* A prepositions is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show its relation to some other word in the sentence.

* A prepositions is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something else.

Some Important Prepositions:

in (में), into (में), on (पर), at (में पर), to (की ओर), with (के साथ), without (के बिना ), of (का, की, के ), among (के बीच ), between (के बीच ), under (नीचे ), over (के ऊपर ), below (के नीचे ), near (के पास ), after (के बाद ), before (का पहले ), for (के लिए ), up (ऊपर से ), since (से ), from (से), by (के द्वारा ), behind (के पीछे ), towards (की तरफ ), about ( के बारे ), etc.

Note 1. Prepositions प्राय Noun/Pronoun/Noun Equivalent के पहले आता है परंतु कुछ परिस्थितियों में इसका प्रयोग Sentence/Clause के अंत में होता है या हो सकता है | जैसे –

What are you looking at?

Who is she weeping for?

I know the house she lives in.

This is the room I slept in.

I need something to write with.

She likes being looked at.

Who is it for?

Note2: एक ही word प्रयोग के हिसाब से किसी वाक्य में Preposition हो सकता है तो किसी दुसरे वाक्य में अन्य Part of Speech, जैसे –

He is in the room. (in-preposition)

Come in. (in – adverb)

I have not seen this before. (before-adverb)

He stood before the gate. (before preposition)

The train had started before. (before – conjunction)
we reached the station.

ऐसी परिस्थिति में आपको यह समझना है कि अभीष्ट word preposition है या नहीं | इसके लिए आप याद रखें कि preposition किसी Noun/Pronoun तथा वाक्य के दुसरे word /wordsके बीच संबंध जाहिर करता है, जबकि अन्य Parts of Speech ऐसा नहीं करते हैं |

अब आपको विभिन्न prepositions के महत्वपुर्ण प्रयोग को समझना और जानना है जिनकी चर्चा इसी पुस्तक में आगे ‘Uses of Prepositions’ में की जाएगी |

Exercise

Direction: Bold the Prepositions used in these sentences.

Examples:
(a) The book is on the table.
(b) Let us move on.

1. He is going to school.

2. I am without a pen.

3. Which class do you read in?

4. Ram and Shyam will do it.

5. If you come I shall help you.

6. The dog fell into the river.

7. This is from Ravi.

8. I have no money for you.

9. He came at 4 o’clock.

10. My father came by bus.

11. The fan is over my head.

12. Wait for me.

13. He is between Ravi and Mohan.

14. He has been absent since January.

15. May I come in?

16. I could not come before.

17. The poor man was standing before the palace.

18. I have not seen him before.

19. He has been waiting since morning.

20. The heavens are above.

Answers:

1. He is going to school.

2. I am without a pen.

3. Which class do you read in?

4. Ram and Shyam will do it.

5. If you come, I shall help you.

6. The dog fell into the river.

7. This is from Ravi.

8. I have no money for you.

9. He came at 4 o’clock.

10. My father came by bus.

11. The fan is over my head.

12. Wait for me.

13. He is between Ravi and Mohan.

14. He has been absent since January.

15. May I come in?

16. I could not come before.

17. The poor man was standing before the place.

18. I have not seen him before.

19. He has been waiting since morning.

20. The heavens are above.