Important Formal and informal letters sample in English for CBSE Class 6 to 12 students. Ones, having a strong command of letter writing can help you score well in your English exams. In this post, we’ll provide the links to sample letters that every student should be familiar with, along with tips to make your letters stand out. Let’s dive in!
Follow the Format: Ensure your letter follows the prescribed format, including the sender’s address, date, recipient’s address, salutation, body, closing, and signature.
Be Clear and Concise: Keep your message clear, concise, and to the point. Avoid unnecessary jargon and maintain a logical flow of ideas.
Use Appropriate Language: Choose your words wisely based on the type of letter you’re writing. Formal letters require a professional tone, while informal letters can be more relaxed.
Proofread: Always proofread your letter for grammatical errors, spelling mistakes, and punctuation. A well-written letter reflects your attention to detail and professionalism.
Article writing with examples for CBSE students from Class 6 to 12. A collection of important articles in English, cover a range of topics, each designed to enhance your learning experience and academic success.
Article writing involves creating a piece of writing that is intended for publication in a magazine, newspaper, website, or other media. An article can be informative, persuasive, or entertaining, depending on its purpose.
Importance of these Articles
Empowering Students: These articles provide in-depth insights into various subjects, helping students grasp complex concepts with ease.
Exam Preparation: With tips and strategies for exam preparation, these articles are essential for students aiming to excel in their assessments.
Holistic Development: Beyond academics, these articles also focus on the overall development of students, including their mental and emotional well-being.
Stay Updated: Staying updated with the latest educational trends and methodologies is crucial for both students and educators. These articles ensure you are always in the loop.
Here we have presented NCERT Class 10 Words and Expression 2 unit 9 chapter The Proposal solutions. Enrich your English language Knowledge with this ost.
Lesson 9 The Proposal
Reading Comprehension
Text I
How to control Anger?
Do you get angry when your mother switches off the television? Do you get upset when you lose a game? Do you crib when your teacher does not pay attention to you? Most of us can have “yes” as an answer to one or more of these situations. Anger sometimes gets the better of us and leaves us to regret the consequences later. The questions is ‘How can we control anger?”
Anger is a normal and healthy emotion only if we know how to respond to it. Uncontrolled anger can often harm us directly or indirectly whether we realise or not. Before we learn to address the issue, let us revisit the concept of anger. Anger is nothing but absence of peace with oneself, people or situations around us. We express it either by being assertive or aggressive.
Let us all become the managers of our own anger. When angry, take a few moments to calm down (take five deep breaths, count up to ten, drink water, change your place) before responding. More often than not we do not have control over the situations that distress us. Getting physically active reduces stress. Funny dances, clapping, thumping your feet, a walk, making funny faces at the mirror, etc., go a long way in helping us let go of the anger or the frustration inside us. Once we have our feelings under control, go through all the aspects of the situation and try to see the same situation from different perspectives. If it is a problem try to equip yourself with a few solutions before entering the same situation. Avoid holding a grudge with people and learn when to seek help from others. Realising your own shortcomings can become one of the greatest strengths of character over the years to come.
We can never control circumstances, people or situations as they are constantly changing. The only thing we can control is our response. So we have to increase our capacity to tolerate, ability to understand, and learn to nurture love for others.
Q. 1. What do you understand by the word ‘anger’?
Q. 2. List any four strategies to manage anger.
Q. 3. How can you develop strengths of character as given in the passage above?
Q. 4. Anger management helps you in (Tick the correct answer.)-
Q. 5. What is under our control? How can we make it a positive one?
Answers:
Q. 1. What do you understand by the word ‘anger’?
Anger is a normal and healthy emotion that occurs when we are not at peace with ourselves, people, or situations around us. It can be expressed assertively or aggressively. Uncontrolled anger can harm us directly or indirectly.
Q. 2. List any four strategies to manage anger.
Take deep breaths and count up to ten before responding.
Engage in physical activities like walking or clapping to reduce stress.
Look at the situation from different perspectives and find solutions.
Avoid holding grudges and seek help when necessary.
Q. 3. How can you develop strengths of character as given in the passage above?
We can develop strengths of character by realizing our own shortcomings, learning to tolerate, understanding others, and nurturing love for them. These actions help in managing our emotions better and building inner strength over time.
Q. 4. Anger management helps you in (Tick the correct answer):
(โ) Understanding your emotions and responding calmly.
( ) Winning all arguments.
( ) Avoiding all difficult situations.
Q. 5. What is under our control? How can we make it a positive one?
Our response to situations, people, or circumstances is under our control. We can make it positive by increasing our capacity to tolerate, understanding situations from different angles, and fostering kindness and love for others.
Text II
On Violence
There is a great deal of violence in the world. There is physical violence and also inward violence. Physical violence is to kill another, to hurt other people consciously, deliberately or without thought, to say cruel things, full of antagonism and hate and inwardly, inside the skin, to dislike people, to hate people, to criticise people. Inwardly, we are always quarrelling, battling, not only with others, but with ourselves. We want people to change, we want to force them to our way of thinking.
In the world, as we grow up, we see a great deal of violence, at all levels of human existence. The ultimate violence is warโthe killing for ideas, for so-called religious principles, for nationalities, the killing to preserve a little piece of land. To do that, man will kill, destroy, maim, and also be killed himself. There is enormous violence in the world, the rich wanting to keep people poor, and the poor wanting to get rich and in the process hating the rich. And you, being caught in society, are also going to contribute to this.
There is violence between husband, wife, and children. There is violence, antagonism, hate, cruelty, ugly criticism, angerโall this is inherent in man, inherent in each human being. It is inherent in you. And education is supposed to help you to go beyond all that, not merely to pass an examination and get a job. You have to be educated so that you become a really beautiful, healthy, sane, rational human being, not a brutal man with a very clever brain who can argue and defend his brutality. You are going to face all this violence as you grow up. You will forget all that you have heard here, and will be caught in the stream of society. You will become like the rest of the cruel, hard, bitter, angry, violent world, and you will not help to bring about a new society, a new world.
(Source: โOn Violenceโ, On Education by J. Krishnamurti)
Q. 1. What is the physical violence that J. Krishnamurti is talking about?
Q. 2. What is the violence that cannot be expressed?
Q. 3. War, the ultimate violence, could be due to (Tick the correct options)-
(a) difference of ideas (b) religious principles (c) nationalities (d) the feeling to protect a little piece of land (e) all of the above (f) none of the above
Q. 4. How has J- Krishnamurti given the feelings of the rich and the poor in the given paragraph?
Q. 5. What is the role of education in a human being’s life?
Q. 6. How, as a student, will you create a new world?
Answers:
Q. 1. What is the physical violence that J. Krishnamurti is talking about?
J. Krishnamurti refers to physical violence as actions such as killing, hurting others deliberately or unconsciously, saying cruel things full of hate and antagonism, and engaging in war or conflict over ideas, religious beliefs, nationalities, or territory.
Q. 2. What is the violence that cannot be expressed?
The violence that cannot be expressed is inward violence, which includes inner quarrels, hatred, and criticism towards others and oneself. It manifests in the desire to change others or force them to adopt oneโs way of thinking.
Q. 3. War, the ultimate violence, could be due to (Tick the correct options):
(โ) difference of ideas
(โ) religious principles
(โ) nationalities
(โ) the feeling to protect a little piece of land
(โ) all of the above
Q. 4. How has J. Krishnamurti given the feelings of the rich and the poor in the given paragraph?
J. Krishnamurti explains that the rich want to maintain their wealth and status, while the poor feel resentment and hatred towards the rich, wanting to rise above their poverty. This dynamic creates a cycle of violence and antagonism between the two groups.
Q. 5. What is the role of education in a human being’s life?
Education is supposed to help individuals rise above violence and become rational, sane, and healthy human beings. It should guide them to not only pass exams or get jobs but also to develop a sense of inner beauty, peace, and morality, making them capable of transforming society.
Q. 6. How, as a student, will you create a new world?
As a student, I will create a new world by promoting kindness, understanding, and peace in my interactions. I will strive to rise above violence, learn to tolerate differences, and contribute to a society that values compassion and respect for others’ ideas and feelings.
Vocabulary
1. Some verbs are given below. Write their nouns and averb forms in the space provided.
VERB
NOUN
ADVERB
encourage
excite
trouble
beautify
tremble
Answers:
VERB
NOUN
ADVERB
encourage
encouragement
encouragingly
excite
excitement
excitedly
trouble
trouble
troublingly
beautify
beauty
beautifully
tremble
tremor
tremblingly
Grammar
Reported speech
1. Some, children are taken to a health clinic for a regular checkup. Rewrite the sentences they speak in reported speech. (Use complain, say, tell, ask, inquire, mention, etc. whenever necessary.)
Ashish : I feel sleepy all the time.
Neha : I get pain in my legs when I run.
Sonal : I’m fine.
Ritu : I had fever last week.
Akash : Why do I always cough?
Rehman : Should I walk everyday to keep myself fit?
Sumi : Oh, thank you, Doctor. Now I know the reason for my stomach-ache.
Though ‘tell’ and ‘say’ almost mean the same, there are differences in the usage of the two words. ‘Tell’ is always followed by an indirect object but ‘say’ is not.
Example
I told my sister that she was right.
Ashish said he worked hard to achieve success.
Example
My mother asked (me) if I was ready for the party.
Madhu asked (the tailor) whether her dresses were ready.
2. Use ‘said’ , ‘told’ or ‘asked’ to fill in the blanks in the following sentences. One has been done for you.
Shilpi : Father, I want to go on a trip to Uttarkashi. Shilpi told her father that she wanted to go on a trip to Uttarkashi.
Archana : It is very hot in Jaisalmer. Archana said that it was very hot in Jaisalmer.
(a) The Scientist __ that dinosaurs lived 230 million years ago.
(b) The teacher _____________the students that she was going to conduct a new experiment.
(c) Could you please ___________me where the new bookshop is located?
(d) The student _ (the teacher) if it was possible is located?
(e) It is requested that he should ___________the truth.
(f) Father __(his son) whether he had paid his fees or not.
Answers:
Reported Speech
Ashish: I feel sleepy all the time.
Ashish complained that he felt sleepy all the time.
Neha: I get pain in my legs when I run.
Neha said that she got pain in her legs when she ran.
Sonal: I’m fine.
Sonal mentioned that she was fine.
Ritu: I had fever last week.
Ritu said that she had had a fever the previous week.
Akash: Why do I always cough?
Akash inquired why he always coughed.
Rehman: Should I walk every day to keep myself fit?
Rehman asked if he should walk every day to keep himself fit.
Sumi: Oh, thank you, Doctor. Now I know the reason for my stomach-ache.
Sumi thanked the doctor and mentioned that she now knew the reason for her stomach-ache.
Use ‘said’, ‘told’, or ‘asked’ to fill in the blanks:
Archana: It is very hot in Jaisalmer.
Archana said that it was very hot in Jaisalmer.
(a) The Scientist said that dinosaurs lived 230 million years ago.
(b) The teacher told the students that she was going to conduct a new experiment.
(c) Could you please tell me where the new bookshop is located?
(d) The student asked (the teacher) if it was possible to get an extension for the project.
(e) It is requested that he should tell the truth.
(f) Father asked (his son) whether he had paid his fees or not.
Editing
Jumbled Sentences
1. Join the pairs of the sentences given below and write meaningful sentences.
(a) by giving ultimate/individual can transform everything/expression to /the inner determinations of an / the infinite potential of human being
(b) down how much a time/ but keep rising / that you may go / the Sun teaches us
(c) but how much love/much we give/we put into giving/itโs not how
(d) fit for human habitation/would mould the world/the citizens of tomorrow/into a globe
(e) you must hear/to be a great leader /and pains of people/ the unspoken joys
Answers:
(a) The infinite potential of a human being can transform everything by giving expression to the inner determinations of an individual.
(b) The Sun teaches us that you may go down at times, but keep rising.
(c) Itโs not how much we give, but how much love we put into giving.
(d) The citizens of tomorrow would mould the world into a globe fit for human habitation.
(e) To be a great leader, you must hear the unspoken joys and pains of people.
Listening
1. You have read a play by Anton Chekov. Given below is a story by the same author. Listen and enjoy the recorded story or someone may read it aloud to you. Then answer the questions that follow.
Vanka
(Vanka Zhukov, a nine-year old boy, was made an assistant to Alyakhin, the Shoemaker. He didnโt go to bed on Christmas Eve. When everyone in the shop had gone to Church, he began to write on a crumpled sheet of paper. โDear Grandfather Konstantin, he wroteโ, Iโm writing a letter to you. I wish you a Merry Christmas and all good things from the Lord God. Iโve no father and mother, and you are all I have left.โ)
Vanka raised his eyes to the dark windowpane. In his imagination he saw his grandfather Konstantin standing there. His grandfather was a night watchman on the estate of a rich man. Konstantin was a small, thin and lively old man of sixty-five whose face was always crinkling with laughter. In the daytime the old man slept in the servantโs kitchen or cracked jokes with the cooks. At night, wrapped in a big sheepskin coat he made rounds of the estate, blowing his whistle at regular intervals. He was always followed by his dogs, Brownie and Eel. Eel was a particularly remarkable dog. He was extremely respectful and endearing and looked lovingly on friends and strangers alike; yet no one trusted him. He would creep behind someone and bite his leg or run off with a peasantโs chicken. Many a time Eel was beaten mercilessly, yet he always managed to survive.
At this very moment, Vanka thought, grandfather was probably standing by the gates, looking up at the bright red windows of the village church and cracking jokes with the servants.
โWhat about a pinch of snuff?โ he would say, holding out his snuffbox to the women.
The women would take a pinch and sneeze and the old man would feel happy about it. โFine for frozen noses, eh!โ heโd say.
The dogs, too, were given snuff. Brownie would sneeze, shake her head and walk away looking hurt. Eel, too polite to sneeze, only wagged his tail.
Vanka looked through the window. The weather was glorious. The air was fresh. The night was very dark, but the roofs of the houses and trees were all covered with snow.
Stars twinkled in the sky and it appeared that they had been washed and placed there only for the holidays.
Vanka sighed, and went on writing: โYesterday I was given a beating. That was because when I was rocking the baby in the cradle, I unfortunately fell asleep. Another day the mistress of the house asked me to clean the fish. I didnโt know how, so she rubbed the fish all over my face. My friends laughed at me. Then thereโs nothing to eat. In the morning they give me bread, there is porridge for dinner and in the evening only bread again. The master and the mistress eat all the good things themselves. I sleep in the corridor and when the baby cries, I donโt get any sleep at all because Iโve to rock the cradle. Dear Grandfather, please take me away from here, take me to the village, itโs more than I can bear.โ Vanka rubbed his eyes with his fists and sobbed.
โIโll grind your snuff for you, he went onโ, Iโll pray to God to keep you healthy and if I ever do anything wrong, you can beat me as you like. If you think thereโs no place for me then I can clean boots or even work as a shepherd boy. Grandfather, itโs more than I can bear. I thought of running away to the village, but I donโt have any boots. If youโll help me now, Iโll feed you when I grow up and when you die Iโll pray for your soul just like I do for my mother. โDear Grandfather, when they put up the Christmas tree at the big house, please take down a golden walnut for me and hide it in the green box. Ask the young mistress Olga, and say it is for Vanka.โ
Vanka sighed and gazed in the direction of the window. He remembered it was grandfather who always went to the forest to cut down a Christmas tree for the rich people, taking Vanka with him. They had a wonderful time together, the snow falling, the trees crackling and hares springing across the trees,
When the tree had been chopped down, grandfather would drag it to the big house and they would start decorating it. The young mistress Olga, Vankaโs favourite, was the busiest of all. Vankaโs mother, when alive, had worked as Olgaโs maid. Then Olga had given him all the sweets and played a lot with Vanka. But after his motherโs death, Vanka was sent to the kitchen to be with his grandfather and from there to Alyakhin, the shoemaker.
โCome to me, dear grandfather,โ Vanka wrote on, โPlease, take me away from here, have pity on me, a poor orphan. They are always beating me. Iโm terribly hungry and so miserable that Iโm always crying. Remember me to all my friends. I remain your grandson, Ivan Zhukov. Dear grandfather, please come soon.โ
Vanka folded the sheet of paper and then put it in an envelope he had bought the previous day. He thought for a while, then wrote the address: To Grandfather in the Village. He added the words: Konstantin Makarich. He was happy that no one had disturbed him while he was writing his letter. He ran out to the street to post it. Vanka had been told by the clerks that letter were dropped in boxes from where they were carried all over the world on mail coaches drawn by horse and driven by drunken drivers, while the bells jingled. Vanka ran to the nearest mailbox and put his letter in it. An hour later, lulled by sweetest hopes, he was fast asleep. He dreamed of a stove. His grandfather was sitting beside it, reading out his letter to the cooks. Eel, the dog, was walking round the stove, wagging his tail.
Anton Chekov
(a) Vanka went o bed early on Christmas Eve as
(b) Why, of all people, did he write a letter to his grandfather?
(d) Vanka was eaten __________________________times.
(e) Vanka was beaten because________________________.
(f) What was Vanka prepared to do for grandfather if he was taken away from the shoemaker?
(g) He was sent to Alyakhin, the shoe-maker, to
(h) Who does Vanka remember most at Christmas, next to his grandfather?
(i) How did he address the letter ?
(j) Did he sleep well after posing the letter? What did he dream?
Answers:
(a) Vanka did not go to bed early on Christmas Eve because he stayed up writing a letter to his grandfather, while everyone else had gone to Church.
(b) Vanka wrote a letter to his grandfather because his grandfather was the only family he had left, and he trusted him to take him away from the cruel life he was enduring with the shoemaker.
(c) Vanka was beaten multiple times as he mentioned in his letter, especially when he made mistakes like falling asleep while rocking the baby or not knowing how to clean the fish.
(d) Vanka was beaten because he fell asleep while rocking the baby, and once because he did not know how to clean the fish properly.
(e) Vanka was prepared to do many things for his grandfather if he was taken away from the shoemaker. He was ready to grind snuff, clean boots, work as a shepherd boy, and pray for his grandfatherโs health.
(f) Vanka was sent to Alyakhin, the shoemaker, after his mother passed away. His life was difficult there, and he was treated poorly.
(g) Next to his grandfather, Vanka remembered the young mistress Olga the most at Christmas, as she used to be kind to him and give him sweets when his mother worked as her maid.
(h) Vanka addressed the letter simply as “To Grandfather in the Village” and added the name “Konstantin Makarich.”
(i) After posting the letter, Vanka slept well and dreamed of his grandfather reading his letter by the stove, with Eel the dog wagging his tail.
Speaking
1. Enact the play in the class. Keep in Mind -dialogue delivery-tone, voice modulation, non-verbal communications -facial expressions, gestures, movements, etc. Many things are communicated through these non-verbal tools.
2. A communicated task is given below. Practice in Pairs or groups.
Task I
(Discussing, giving opinions, agreeing, and disagreeing)
Role Play
Smita : Well! What do you think about violence on television?
Romila : : If you ask me, there is too much violence on television. Children should not be exposed to it.
Smita : I donโt agree with you. Why do you say so?
Romila : Itโs not wise to expose children to a lot of fighting, shooting, stabbing, and killing.
Smita : But children find it thrilling.
Romila : No, they donโt. On the contrary it brutalises them and makes them insensitive. They look upon violence and killing as common place incidents.
Smita : But the young people now-a-days are quite violent.
Romila : Precisely. It is the influence of television. Wouldnโt it be better if through television we give them the message of peace and togetherness.
Pair or Group Work Discuss with your friends the following topicsโpeople going abroad for studies, building a dispensary in place of a playground, sports cannot be a profession, or any topic that is of interest to you and your friends.
Answers:
Activity 1: Enacting the Play
When enacting a play, consider the following elements for effective communication:
Dialogue Delivery:
Tone: Adjust your tone according to the situation or character. For instance, serious moments require a calm, low tone, while exciting moments need a higher, more energetic tone.
Voice Modulation: Vary your pitch, volume, and pace to keep the audience engaged. Stress important words and slow down for dramatic effects.
Non-verbal Communication:
Facial Expressions: Show emotions like happiness, anger, or sadness clearly on your face.
Gestures: Use your hands and body to express ideas. For example, if your character is explaining something, use your hands to show size or direction.
Movements: Walk or move on stage according to your characterโs mood. Confident characters walk with a straight posture, while shy or scared characters might shuffle or hesitate.
Non-verbal Tools:
Facial Expressions: These convey emotions. Smiles, frowns, and raised eyebrows can say a lot without words.
Gestures: Use hand movements to emphasize points. For example, pointing to yourself when saying “I” or holding up hands in frustration.
Body Movements: Stand straight for confident characters, or slouch for tired or bored characters. Your posture should match your characterโs feelings.
Activity 2: Role Play Discussion
In the role play, you will practice discussing a topic, expressing opinions, agreeing, or disagreeing politely.
Role Play Example (Discussing Violence on Television)
Smita: Well! What do you think about violence on television?
Romila: If you ask me, there is too much violence on television. Children should not be exposed to it.
Smita: I donโt agree with you. Why do you say so?
Romila: Itโs not wise to expose children to a lot of fighting, shooting, stabbing, and killing.
Smita: But children find it thrilling.
Romila: No, they donโt. On the contrary, it brutalizes them and makes them insensitive.
Smita: But young people nowadays are quite violent.
Romila: Precisely. Itโs the influence of television. Wouldnโt it be better if we spread messages of peace and togetherness?
Task for Pair or Group Work:
Discuss the following topics with your friends. Make sure to express your opinions and agree or disagree politely.
Suggested Topics:
People Going Abroad for Studies:
Example: I think studying abroad provides great exposure and opportunities.
Counter-Opinion: But it can also lead to brain drain where talented people donโt return to help their home country.
Building a Dispensary in Place of a Playground:
Example: I think itโs important to have a dispensary for health services in our neighborhood.
Counter-Opinion: But we need the playground for childrenโs physical activities and social growth.
Sports Cannot Be a Profession:
Example: Sports are highly competitive and uncertain as a career.
Counter-Opinion: Sports can be a great profession with dedication and proper support, just like other careers.
Any Topic of Interest: Choose any other topic relevant to your groupโs interest and follow the same formatโdiscuss, agree, or disagree politely.
The main objective is to practice your speaking skills, use polite language, and learn to discuss and debate topics respectfully.
Writing
1. Letters in the olden times were carried by mail coaches driven by horses. How are they carried today? List the types of letter sent by different means of transport.
2. You have listened to the story of Vanka. Try writing an e-mail to your grandfather describing your life. Have you ever felt as bad as Vanka did? What did you do to feel happy again?
3. a) You have read ‘A Letter to God’ in your textbook First Flight. Lencho wrote a letter to God expressing his desire. Did it reach God?
b) Do you think Vanka’s letter reached his grandfather? What is the correct way to address a letter?
c) Suppose Vanka and Lencho meet. Create an interesting dialogue between the two. What encourage them to write letters to God anf grandfather?
Dialogue
Lencho : Hello! Vanka.
Vanka : Hello! How are you?
Lencho :
Vanka :
Lencho :
Vanka :
Lencho :
Vanka :
Answers:
1. Letters in the Olden Times and Today
In the past, letters were carried by mail coaches pulled by horses. Today, letters are carried through various modern means of transport and technology. Here is a list of types of letters and how they are sent:
Regular Postal Mail: Letters are carried by trucks, motorcycles, and airplanes as part of the postal service.
Speed Post/Express Mail: For faster delivery, letters are transported by air and special delivery vehicles.
Courier Services: Private companies use vans, trucks, and airplanes to deliver letters and packages quickly.
E-mails: Sent instantly over the internet, no physical transportation required.
Registered Mail: Sent securely through the postal system, usually via trucks or air transport for tracking purposes.
2. E-mail to Grandfather
Subject: Sharing My Life With You, Grandfather
Dear Grandfather,
I hope this message finds you well. I wanted to take a moment to share a bit about my life, just like Vanka wrote to his grandfather. Sometimes, I feel overwhelmed, especially when I face challenges at school or with friends. It’s tough when things don’t go as planned, and there have been moments when I felt quite low, almost like Vanka when he was lonely and sad.
However, I try to find happiness by talking to my family and friends, spending time outdoors, or diving into my favorite hobbies. Unlike Vanka, I have the support of my parents and friends, and this keeps me going. Whenever I feel down, I remind myself of the good things in life, like spending time with you during holidays.
I miss you and hope to see you soon.
With love, [Your Name]
3. a) Did Lenchoโs Letter Reach God?
In “A Letter to God,” Lenchoโs letter did not physically reach God, but the post office workers, touched by his faith, helped by collecting money to fulfill his request. Although it was not God, the kind actions of the postal employees made Lencho believe that his prayer was answered.
b) Did Vankaโs Letter Reach His Grandfather? Vankaโs letter, unfortunately, did not reach his grandfather because it was addressed incorrectly. He did not provide an accurate address, only writing โTo my grandfather in the village.โ The correct way to address a letter should include:
The recipient’s full name
The house number or street name
The city or village
The postal code
The country (if sending internationally)
c) Dialogue Between Lencho and Vanka Letโs imagine Vanka and Lencho meet and talk about why they wrote letters to God and their grandfathers.
Lencho: Hello! Vanka.
Vanka: Hello! How are you?
Lencho: Iโm doing well. I heard that you wrote a letter to your grandfather. Why did you do that?
Vanka: I missed him so much, and life was so hard where I lived. I thought if he knew, he would come and take me back to the village. I didnโt know who else to ask for help. What about you? You wrote to God?
Lencho: Yes, after the hailstorm destroyed my crops, I had no other choice. I believed God would help me. I was desperate, and writing the letter gave me hope.
Vanka: I understand how that feels. I was also desperate for help and thought my grandfather would be able to save me.
Lencho: Did your letter reach him?
Vanka: I donโt think so. I didnโt put the right address. But writing it made me feel better. It was my way of hoping for something better.
Lencho: I think we both found comfort in writing. Sometimes, just believing that someone will listenโwhether itโs God or our familyโgives us strength.
Vanka: Yes, youโre right. Writing letters gave us hope.
In this dialogue, both Lencho and Vanka find common ground in their belief that writing letters brings comfort during difficult times, even if the letters donโt always reach their intended recipients.
Here we have presented NCERT Class 10 Words and Expression 2 unit 7 chapter The Sermon at Benaras solutions. Read the below post to increase your English language knowledge.
Lesson 8 The Sermon at Benaras
The Sermon at Benaras’ you were asked to find out the meaning of โsermonโ. The meanings are given below but these are in different contexts:
a talk on a religious or moral subject
a long or monotonous piece of admonition or caution or a waring, a lecture.
(a) Discuss with your classmates the context to which the present text belongs.
(b) What could be the examples for the different context according to you?
(c) When your parents or elders say something, you say, โOh, not again!โ When do you say so and why?
2. Read the poem given below in the context of โThe Sermon at Benarasโ. It was actually delivered as a part of a sermon in 1910 by the author, Canon Henry ScottHolland (1847โ1918), a priest at St. Paulโs Cathedral, London. After reading the poem, discuss in groups of four and list the similarities and differences between โThe Sermon at Benarasโ and โDeath Is Nothing At Allโ. For example the theme, the situation, the philosophy of the two speakers etc.
Death Is Nothing At All
Death is nothing at all. It does not count. I have only slipped away into the next room. Nothing has happened.
Everything remains exactly as it was. I am I, and you are you, and the old life that we lived so fondly together is untouched, unchanged. Whatever we were to each other, that we are still.
Call me by the old familiar name. Speak of me in the easy way which you always used. Put no difference into your tone. Wear no forced air of solemnity or sorrow.
Laugh as we always laughed at the little jokes that we enjoyed together. Play, smile, think of me, pray for me. Let my name be ever the household word that it always was. Let it be spoken without an effort, without the ghost of a shadow upon it.
Life means all that it ever meant. It is the same as it ever was. There is absolute and unbroken continuity. What is this death but a negligible accident?
Why should I be out of mind because I am out of sight? I am but waiting for you, for an interval, somewhere very near, just round the corner.
All is well. Nothing is hurt; nothing is lost. One brief moment and all will be as it was before. How we shall laugh at the trouble of parting when we meet again!
Canon Henry Scott Holland
Reading Comprehension
Text I
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow.
In the future, if we want a happier humanity, a happy world, we must tackle the root of the problem. Of course the economy and political power are also causes. But the ultimate cause lies within the human mind. Every human action, verbal or physical, even minor actions, have some motivation. Proper motivation or proper development is an important factor. Thus, if intelligence is accompanied with human affection and compassion, what I call human feeling, then it is very useful.
If societyโs moral values and standards of behaviour become negative, each of us will suffer. Therefore, the intentions of an individual are very much related to the interests of society. There is a definite correlation.
The educational system and family life are two very important areas. In the educational field, one has to take care not only of the brain, but also of oneโs spiritual development. I say โspiritual developmentโ not in a religious sense but simply in the sense of having a good and compassionate heart. If one has a compassionate heart, it automatically brings inner strength and allows for less fear and less doubt. Subsequently, one becomes happier and more open-minded, thus making more friends in society.
(Source: The Transformed Mind by His Holiness the Dalai Lama)
Q. 1. According to Hus Holiness the Dalai Lama, what should we do if we what a happier humanity?
(a) The present text, “The Sermon at Benaras,” refers to a religious talk given by Gautam Buddha on death and suffering. The context of the word “sermon” here is the first definition: a talk on a religious or moral subject. Buddhaโs sermon deals with the impermanence of life and provides moral guidance on how to overcome grief.
(b) Examples for the other context of “sermon” could be:
A parentโs lecture about studying hard for exams: When they repeatedly give you advice or caution.
A teacher scolding students for not following rules: A long piece of admonition or warning.
An elder cautioning about the dangers of social media misuse: A monotonous warning on moral or life-related topics.
(c) You might say, โOh, not again!โ when your parents or elders repeatedly tell you the same advice or caution, especially about things like studying, cleaning your room, or staying away from distractions. This reaction often happens when you feel that the advice is repetitive or you believe you already know it.
Comparing ‘The Sermon at Benaras’ and ‘Death is Nothing at All’
Similarities:
Theme: Both texts deal with death and how to cope with it.
Philosophy: Both Buddha and Canon Henry Scott Holland convey that death is not something to fear. In Buddhaโs sermon, he explains that death is a natural part of life. Canon Henry Scott Holland also emphasizes that death doesnโt change the essence of a person.
Tone: Both aim to comfort the living by explaining that death is not the end.
Differences:
Situation: Buddhaโs sermon is delivered after the death of a child to a grieving mother, addressing the universal reality of death and teaching how to overcome sorrow. In contrast, “Death is Nothing at All” is a personal reflection, telling loved ones to continue life as if nothing has changed.
Philosophy: Buddhaโs message focuses on detachment from worldly attachments and accepting the impermanence of life. Canon Henry Scott Hollandโs poem emphasizes continuity, that the dead person is still near and present in spirit.
Reading Comprehension
1. According to His Holiness the Dalai Lama, what should we do if we want a happier humanity?
We should tackle the root cause of the problem, which lies within the human mind, and ensure proper motivation combined with compassion.
2. Where does the ultimate cause of the problem lie?
The ultimate cause of the problem lies within the human mind.
3. “What I call human feeling, then ‘it’ is very useful.” What is ‘it’ referred to here?
‘It’ refers to human affection and compassion.
4. Why does the Dalai Lama say that proper motivation is important?
Proper motivation is important because it guides human actions and leads to positive outcomes for society if combined with affection and compassion.
5. Why is there a requirement of correlation between the intention and the interest of society?
There is a requirement of correlation because negative values and behavior affect everyone, and individual intentions should align with the well-being of society.
6. What does His Holiness the Dalai Lama mean by “spiritual development”?
Spiritual development means developing a compassionate heart, which leads to inner strength, less fear, and greater happiness, not in a religious sense but through kindness and compassion.
7. A compassionate heart brings- (a) Inner strength (b) Less fear and doubt (c) Happiness and open-mindedness
Text II
Read the poem given below and answer the questions that follow. Father Gillgan was overworked and extremely tired as he kept attending to the sick and dying among his parishioners. He was offering them spiritual comfort day and night. One night he fell asleep on a chair. God sent his angel down to help his most beloved servant of the people.
The Ballad of Father Gilligan
The old priest Peter Gilligan Was weary night and day, For half his flock were in their beds, Or under green sods lay.
Once while he nodded on a chair, At the moth-hour of eve. Another poor man sent for him, And he began to grieve.
“I have no rest, nor joy, nor peace, For people die and die;” Ans after cried he, “God forgive! My body spake, not I!”
And then, half-lying on the chair, He knelt, prayed, fell asleep; And the moth-hour went from the fields, And stars began to peep.
They slowly into millions grew, And leaves shook in the wind; And God covered the world with shade, And whispered to mankind.
Upon the time of sparrow chirp When the moths came once more, The old priest Peter Gilligan Stood upright on the floor.
“Mavrone, Mavrone! The man has died, While I slept on the chair,” He roused his horse out of its sleep And rode with little care.
He rode now as he never rode, By rocky lane and fen; The sick manโs wife opened the door: โFather! You come again!”
โAnd is the poor man dead?โ he cried. โHe died an hour ago.โ The old priest Peter Gilligan In grief swayed to and fro.
โWhen you were gone he turned and died, As merry as a bird.โ The old priest Peter Gilligan He knelt him at that word.
โHe who hath made the night of stars For souls who tire and bleed, Sent one of His great angles down To help me in my need.
He who wrapped in purple robes, With planets in His care, Had pity on the least of things Asleep upon a chair.โ
Q. 1. Why did Father Gilligan cry “my body spake, not I”?
Q. 2. “The moth-hour of eve”, the moth hour went” and “the moths came once more” establish a link. They suggest-
(a) the movement of moths.
(b) the passage of time.
(c) the actions of Father Gilligan.
Q . 3. Why did the poet say that the priest “rode with little care”? Does it mean that the old priest, Peter Gilligan, had no care for the safety of the horse and people on the way? What did he not care about?
Q. 1. Why did Father Gilligan cry “my body spake, not I”?
Father Gilligan cried “my body spake, not I” because he was exhausted and frustrated by his constant work, attending to the sick and dying. In a moment of weakness, he expressed his weariness, but immediately regretted it, realizing that his complaint came from his physical exhaustion and not his true, compassionate self.
Q. 2. “The moth-hour of eve”, “the moth hour went” and “the moths came once more” establish a link. They suggestโ
(b) the passage of time.
Q. 3. Why did the poet say that the priest “rode with little care”? Does it mean that the old priest, Peter Gilligan, had no care for the safety of the horse and people on the way? What did he not care about?
The poet said the priest “rode with little care” to indicate that Father Gilligan was in a state of deep urgency and worry about the sick man he had neglected while sleeping. It does not mean that the priest didn’t care about the safety of the horse or people on the way, but that he was so focused on reaching the sick man that he didnโt care about his own safety or comfort.
Q. 4. How did the priest feel when he heard that the sick man was dead?
(c) He was full of grief and self-condemnation.
Q. 5. Why did Father Gilligan kneel down when he heard the sick man’s wife say “When you were gone….”?
Father Gilligan knelt down in gratitude and humility when he heard the wifeโs words because he realized that God had sent an angel in his place to attend to the dying man, showing mercy to both the priest and the sick man. He knelt in awe of Godโs compassion and care.
Q. 6. How did God help when “the least of things” was in need?
God helped Father Gilligan, “the least of things”, by sending one of His angels to take care of the dying man while the priest slept. This act of divine intervention showed Godโs compassion and understanding of the priestโs physical limitations, ensuring that the sick man received the necessary spiritual comfort.
Vocabulary
1. Antonyms for the words in the text “The Sermon at Benaras’ are given below. Find the words and fill in the blanks.
(a) unfit ________________
(b) joy ________________
(c) contentment ______________
(d) found _________________
(e) lively _________________
(f) cheered ________________
(g) clam _______________
2. Use a dictionary to find out four words each having the meaning nearest to the ones given below.
Example: wander – stroll, dawdle, drift, roam,
(a) vow
(b) preach
(c) preserve
(d) enlighten
(e) awaken
(f) reign
Answers:
1. Antonyms for the words in the text “The Sermon at Benaras’ are given below. Find the words and fill in the blanks.
(a) unfit – fit
(b) joy – sorrow
(c) contentment – discontent
(d) found – lost
(e) lively – dull
(f) cheered – depressed
(g) calm – agitated
2. Use a dictionary to find out four words each having the meaning nearest to the ones given below.
(a) vow
Oath
Pledge
Promise
Swear
(b) preach
Sermonize
Proclaim
Teach
Advocate
(c) preserve
Protect
Maintain
Conserve
Safeguard
(d) enlighten
Educate
Inform
Illuminate
Clarify
(e) awaken
Arouse
Rouse
Stir
Stimulate
(f) reign
Rule
Govern
Dominate
Control
Grammar
Reported Speech
We use direct speech when we repeat someoneโs words and indirect speech when we use our own words to report what someone else has said. We use an appropriate reporting verb, make pronominal (relating to pronouns) changes and change certain words denoting โnearnessโ in the direct form to words suggesting โremotenessโ (in time and place) in the indirect form.
For example
(a) Riki said, “I’m hungry.”
(b) Riki said that he was hungry.
(c) Alexa said to Meena, “Have you visited your home town Puducherry?”
(d) Alexa asked Meena if she had visited her home town Puducherry.
In the sentences ‘b’ and ‘d’ there are changes of person (I-he Mena-you-she, you-her). The reporting verb ‘said’ has been changed to ‘asked’.
Some of the reporting verbs are: tell, ask, reply, warn, say, report, answer, explain, exclaim, mention, promise, suggest, order, etc. Example
(a) The doctor said to me, โDrink eight glasses of water to avoid acidity.โ (b) The doctor told me to drink eight glasses of water to avoid acidity. (c) โPlease donโt tell anybody about my illnessโ, Amita said to me. (d) Amita asked me not to tell anyone about her illness.
1. Read the passage (โKisa Gotami had an only son, โฆ a child, husband, parent or friend.โ) from the text, โThe Sermon at Benarasโ (page 134). Rewrite the paragraphs changing the direct speech into reported speech in the space given below.
2. Read the story given below. Change the direct speech into reported speech and rewrite the story in the space provided. Use the reporting verbs given above whenever necessary. You can use any other reporting verb you find suitable.
It is said, “It is not how much we have, but how much we enjoy that makes happiness.โ
Being happy does not require everything to be good but an eye to see good in everything. One day a crow saw a swan. โThis swan is so white,โ he thought, โand I am so black. This swan must be the happiest bird in the world.โ
The swan replied, โI was feeling that I was the happiestbird around. But I think the parrot is the happiest bird as it has two colours.โ The crow then approached the parrot. The parrot said, โI have only two colours, but the peacock has multiple colours.โ
The crow then visited a peacock in the zoo. โDear peacock,โ the crow said, โyou are so beautiful. Every day, thousands of people come to see you. You are the happiest bird on the planet.โ
The peacock said, โI always thought that I was the most beautiful and happy bird on the planet. But I am entrapped in this zoo. I have realised that the crow is the only bird not kept in a cage, and could happily roam everywhere.โ
Answers:
1. Passage from โThe Sermon at Benarasโ (Page 134):
Original Text (Direct Speech): โKisa Gotami had an only son, and he died. In her grief, she carried the dead child to all her neighbours, asking them for medicine, and the people said, โShe has lost her senses. The boy is dead.โ At length, Kisa Gotami met a man who replied to her request: โI cannot give you medicine for your child, but I know a physician who can.โ And the poor woman said, โPray tell me, sir; who is it?โ The man replied, โGo to Sakyamuni, the Buddha.โโ
Converted Text (Reported Speech): Kisa Gotami had an only son, and he died. In her grief, she carried the dead child to all her neighbours, asking them for medicine. The people said that she had lost her senses, as the boy was dead. Eventually, Kisa Gotami met a man who replied to her request that he could not give her medicine for her child, but he knew a physician who could. The poor woman then asked him to pray and tell her who it was. The man replied that she should go to Sakyamuni, the Buddha.
2. Story – Happiness Comparison Among Birds:
Original Text (Direct Speech): One day a crow saw a swan. โThis swan is so white,โ he thought, โand I am so black. This swan must be the happiest bird in the world.โ The swan replied, โI was feeling that I was the happiest bird around. But I think the parrot is the happiest bird as it has two colours.โ The crow then approached the parrot. The parrot said, โI have only two colours, but the peacock has multiple colours.โ The crow then visited a peacock in the zoo. โDear peacock,โ the crow said, โyou are so beautiful. Every day, thousands of people come to see you. You are the happiest bird on the planet.โ The peacock said, โI always thought that I was the most beautiful and happy bird on the planet. But I am entrapped in this zoo. I have realised that the crow is the only bird not kept in a cage, and could happily roam everywhere.โ
Converted Text (Reported Speech): One day, a crow saw a swan and thought that the swan was so white, while he was so black, and thus, the swan must be the happiest bird in the world. The swan replied that it had once felt that it was the happiest bird around but believed that the parrot was actually the happiest bird because it had two colours. The crow then approached the parrot, who said that although it had only two colours, the peacock had multiple colours. Afterward, the crow visited a peacock in the zoo. The crow told the peacock that it was so beautiful and that every day, thousands of people came to see it, making it the happiest bird on the planet. The peacock, however, replied that it had always thought it was the most beautiful and happiest bird on the planet but was entrapped in the zoo. It had realised that the crow was the only bird not kept in a cage and could happily roam everywhere.
This is how you can convert direct speech into reported speech while ensuring proper use of reporting verbs, pronominal changes, and the shift in tenses.
Editing
1. There are some omissions in the paragraph given below. Edit the paragraph, use suitable prepositions and words.
The Wild Geese
One day, Prince Siddhartha was going the royal gardens on his way the river. A flock wild geese passed overhead. Devadatta, the Princeโs cousin, shot arrow into their midst one of the geese fell. It was wounded and fell just front of Siddhartha. His heart was filled compassion when he saw poor bird bleeding profusely. He lifted it and he drew the arrow very carefully from its body. He took the bird with him. Devadatta sent a messenger claim the bird. But Siddhartha Devadatta sent a messenger claim the bird. But Siddhartha had saved its life. It did not belong to Devadutta who had tried to kill.
Answers
The Wild Geese
One day, Prince Siddhartha was going to the royal gardens on his way to the river. A flock of wild geese passed overhead. Devadatta, the Princeโs cousin, shot an arrow into their midst, and one of the geese fell. It was wounded and fell right in front of Siddhartha. His heart was filled with compassion when he saw the poor bird bleeding profusely. He lifted it and carefully drew the arrow from its body. He took the bird with him. Devadatta sent a messenger to claim the bird, but Siddhartha had saved its life. It did not belong to Devadatta, who had tried to kill it.
Listening
1. Following is a narrative On Sanchi stupa. Listen to it carefully and answer the questions that follow. You can listen to the recorded narrative or ask your teacher, sibling or friend to read it aloud.
The fascinating and world famous Sanchi stupa is located on a hilltop in Sanchi town, Madhya Pradesh, India. It is one of the most important Buddhist monuments that portrays Buddhist art and sculpture. Starting from the third century BC through the twelfth century AD, it attracts the attention of thousands of visitors round the year including national and foreign tourists, archaeologists, and historians among others.
This stupa is the oldest stone structure in India that was built during the Mauryan period. Originally commissioned in the third century BCE by Emperor Ashoka, this huge hemispherical dome consists of a central chamber. In this chamber, the relics of Lord Buddha are placed. The original construction work of this stupa was supervised by Ashoka. His wife, Devi, was the daughter of a merchant of nearby village, Vidisha. Sanchi was also her birthplace as well as the venue of her and Ashokaโs wedding. Later, four ornamental gateways or toranas facing four directions and a balustrade surrounding the stupa were added in the first century BCE. The Great stupa at Sanchi is one of the oldest stone structures in India and counted among the best conserved ancient stupas of Central India. It has been enlisted as an UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1989.
The sculptures on the ornamental gateways or toranas consist of decorative illustrations of events encompassing the life of Lord Buddha. These events are explained in the Jataka tales. The tree used here symbolises Lord Buddha. The most striking features regarding the stupa is that Lord Buddha has been depicted symbolically by figures like thrones, wheels, and footprints among others.
(a) Which Buddhist monument is referred to here and what does it portray?
(e) What structures were added to the huge hemisphere in first century BCE?
(f) The toranas are decorated with: (Tick the right answer
(a) stone ornaments ( )
(b) events of Lord Buddha’s life ( )
(c) Lord Buddha’s relics ( )
(d) symbolic depiction of Lord Buddha as throne, wheel, footprints, etc. ( )
Answers:
(a) Which Buddhist monument is referred to here and what does it portray?
The Buddhist monument referred to here is the Sanchi Stupa, and it portrays Buddhist art and sculpture.
(b) Who are the people who visit this Stupa throughout the year?
The people who visit the Sanchi Stupa throughout the year include national and foreign tourists, archaeologists, and historians.
(c) In which period was the Stupa built, and who commissioned it?
The Stupa was built during the Mauryan period in the third century BCE and was commissioned by Emperor Ashoka.
(d) Where is the central chamber in the Stupa? What is kept inside it?
The central chamber is located inside the hemispherical dome of the Stupa, and it contains the relics of Lord Buddha.
(e) What structures were added to the huge hemisphere in the first century BCE?
In the first century BCE, four ornamental gateways or toranas and a balustrade surrounding the stupa were added to the hemisphere.
(f) The toranas are decorated with: (Tick the right answer)
(b) events of Lord Buddha’s life (โ)
This is based on the narrative that the sculptures on the toranas illustrate events from the life of Lord Buddha, explained in the Jataka tales.
Speaking
It id important to know that everyone has some problem or other, and they grieve in unique ways. your grief is different than those around you. You have experienced a loss or an intense sorrow, especially caused by someone’s death. This can also refer to the loss of physical or cognitive abilities or the loss of something that was routine in your life such as friendship, head boy or head girl, playing for school, etc.
Discuss with your friend and note downโ
what could be the possible reasons for someoneโs grief or sorrow.
how can they overcome this.
Share your feelings and suggestions in the class.
Answers:
Possible Reasons for Someoneโs Grief or Sorrow:
Loss of a Loved One: The death of a family member, friend, or pet.
Health Issues: Physical or mental illness, losing the ability to perform daily tasks, or cognitive decline.
End of a Relationship: Breakup or drifting apart from a close friend.
Failure or Rejection: Not achieving a goal, failing in exams, or being rejected for a desired position (e.g., head boy/girl).
Loss of Opportunities: Being unable to participate in activities you enjoyed, such as sports or a hobby.
Changes in Life: Moving to a new place, changing schools, or losing a sense of routine.
Ways to Overcome Grief or Sorrow:
Talking to Someone: Sharing feelings with friends, family, or a counselor can help release emotions and gain support.
Acceptance of Emotions: Allowing oneself to grieve and not rushing the process.
Engaging in Positive Activities: Pursuing hobbies, exercising, or participating in social activities to shift focus and find joy.
Seeking Professional Help: Therapy or counseling can help individuals deal with intense grief.
Finding a New Routine: Re-establishing structure in life by setting small goals and trying to create new positive habits.
Remembering Good Memories: Focusing on the good times rather than the loss.
After discussing these points with your friend, share your thoughts with the class. Mention that everyone experiences grief differently, and itโs important to be patient with yourself and others during these difficult times.
Writing
1. Write a paragraph on how you can help other s who are in grief. You may consider the following points.
grief is expressed through a variety of behavioursโ observe these
reach out to others in their grief, but some people may not want to accept help; some will not share their griefโ understand this
some others will want to talk about their thoughts and feelings -be a support to them, stand by them
focus on what you can do, like holding their hand, etc.โa solace or a consolation
2. Two poems are given in the textbook, First Flight, page 138โ139, one by Kahlil Gibran, and the other by Rabindra Nath Tagore. Read the poems, discuss in groups of four on what these two poets want to say in their respective poems. Then write the summary of each poem and share it with your classmates.
Answers:
1. Helping Others in Grief
Grief can be expressed in various ways, such as sadness, withdrawal, or even anger. It is essential to observe these behaviors and understand that everyone grieves differently. When someone is grieving, reaching out with compassion is important, but itโs equally crucial to acknowledge that not everyone is ready to accept help. Some may prefer to keep their feelings private, and this needs to be respected. Others may need someone to talk to and share their thoughts and emotions. In such cases, offering a listening ear and being present without judgment can be incredibly supportive. Sometimes, simply being thereโwhether by holding their hand or sitting with themโcan provide a sense of solace. The focus should be on what you can do to provide comfort, showing care and empathy, even in small ways.
2. Summary of the Poems from First Flight (Page 138โ139)
Kahlil Gibran’s Poem
In this poem, Kahlil Gibran reflects on the nature of pain and joy. He suggests that our sorrows and joys are interlinked, and we cannot fully experience one without understanding the other. He emphasizes that pain is a part of personal growth and transformation, and through pain, we find depth in our existence. The poet wants us to accept pain as a teacher in life, helping us appreciate the beauty of joy.
Rabindranath Tagore’s Poem
Rabindranath Tagoreโs poem focuses on the idea of giving and selflessness. He expresses that when we give with love and sincerity, it brings fulfillment not only to the receiver but also to the giver. The poet believes that the act of giving with a pure heart is the true essence of life. Tagore encourages us to embrace generosity and kindness as a means to enrich both our lives and the lives of others.
These poems highlight different aspects of human experience, with Gibran focusing on the importance of understanding pain, while Tagore emphasizes the joy in selflessness and giving.
Project
Work in groups of four.
Collect Jataka tales (at least six)concerning the previous births of Gautama Buddha in both human and animal form.
Read these and rewrite the stories in your own words. You can develop a comic strip too.
Make a collage of the stories.
IIIustrate the stories and display the collage in your class.
Answers:
Project: Jataka Tales Collection and Comic Strip
Step 1: Form a Group Work with a group of four classmates. Each group member can take responsibility for different parts of the project such as collecting stories, illustrating, writing, and creating the collage.
Step 2: Collect Jataka Tales
Look for six Jataka tales, which describe the previous lives of Gautama Buddha, both in human and animal forms. Some popular Jataka tales are:
The Monkey King – Buddha in the form of a wise monkey who sacrifices himself to save his fellow monkeys.
The Deer King – Buddha as a deer who saves a human and teaches him compassion.
The Wise Rabbit – Buddha in the form of a rabbit who offers himself to be eaten by a beggar to demonstrate selflessness.
The Golden Swan – Buddha as a golden swan who helps a poor family but is later betrayed.
The Banyan Deer – Buddha as a deer who volunteers to sacrifice himself to save other animals.
The Elephant King – Buddha as an elephant who provides food and help to humans during tough times.
Step 3: Rewrite the Stories
Rewrite these stories in your own words, ensuring they are simple, clear, and engaging. Focus on the key message or moral lesson from each tale.
Example:
The Wise Rabbit In a forest, a wise rabbit lived with many animals. One day, a beggar came looking for food. The rabbit, who had no food to offer, told the beggar, “You can eat me.” He threw himself into the fire, but instead of burning, a miracle happened! The rabbit was unharmed, and the beggar was deeply moved by the rabbit’s kindness and selflessness. This story shows the value of self-sacrifice and kindness.
Step 4: Develop a Comic Strip
Once the stories are written, divide them into panels for a comic strip format. Each panel should illustrate key moments of the story, with dialogue or captions. The comic strip can bring the tales to life with creative visuals.
Tips for the Comic Strip:
Panel 1: Introduce the main character (Buddha in a previous life).
Panel 2-4: Show the problem or conflict.
Panel 5-6: Display the resolution, where Buddha teaches a lesson or performs a kind act.
Step 5: Make a Collage
Create a large collage with:
Illustrations from the stories or comic strips.
Summaries of the stories.
Artistic Elements like cutouts, drawings, and printed images.
Use bright colors and clear labels to make the collage attractive and informative.
Step 6: Present and Display
Once your collage and comic strips are complete, display them in your classroom. Share the stories with your classmates and explain the key morals from each Jataka tale.
This project not only enhances storytelling but also promotes creativity, teamwork, and understanding of Buddhist teachings.
Here we have presented NCERT Class 10 Words and Expression 2 unit 7 solutions. Boost your knowledge by looking at the below post.
Madam Rides the Bus
Letโs Begin
1. In the story โMadam Rides the Busโ, Valli took a bus ride on the bus that she wanted to for last several months. She knew that she had to buy tickets for this. So she saved money suppressing all temptation to buy things like peppermints, toys, balloons, etc., and paid for the ticket.
What all exciting things did she see from the bus?
Was the excitement the same on her return journey?
Discuss with your classmate and write a paragraph based on your discussion on the above mentioned questions.
2. Have you undertaken any journey by bicycle, boat, bus, train, or on an elephant back? Share your experience with your friends in the class.
Reading Comprehension
Text I
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow.
Vishav Driman (65 year old) and her husband Kamal Jeet (69 year old) set out to discover the hidden treasure of Uttarakhand by bicycle. Vishav shares their post-retirement adventure.
Pedalling through the Golden Years
At a time when our peers were slowing down, relaxing and watching sunsets from their front porch, we found a new passionโcycling. We started out with short daily rides, but found ourselves looking forward to them more and more, so much that we decided to venture further and cover more ground. There were obvious health concernsโthe risk of performing a physically strenuous activity at a high altitude, the most obvious of them. But it helped that we had lived in Uttarakhandโs capital, Dehradun, our entire lives, and were therefore acclimatised to the cold winds and narrow winding roads that characterise this beautiful state. We were also familiar with almost all the scenic mountain trails it had to offer. Short rides extended to longer ones as we started falling deeper in love with not just the sport, but the very idea of discovering a world we had always been a part of, but never had the time to explore. Soon, a simple hobby turned into a project of sorts, and we started participating in cyclotrons and other cycling events being held in the city. Admiration and encouragement poured in from family members, friends and neighbours along the way, sparking a new thoughtโwas it possible to travel across the state on our bicycles? It seemed daunting at first, but we knew we had to try. Our gear in place, our bikes serviced, and our minds set, we set off on an adventure we would remember for the rest of our lives.
In my opinion, there are very few ways to enjoy and appreciate the beauty of Uttarakhand and cycling is the most thrilling of them all. Sunlight filtering through the trees and a cool breeze gently caressing your faces as you ride, coupled with breathtaking views of sal forests spread like a green cover on the mountains and surrounding valleys, the experience of pedalling across the state is truly inexplicable. Of the many trails we navigated, there is one that occupies a special place in our hearts. It began from Ghanta Ghar, a popular tourist attraction in Dehradun, it took us through some of the most picturesque locations of the state such as Kimadi, Hathi Paon, Mussoorie and Chaar Dukaan, right up to George Everest point. This 100km ride (approximately) is also one of the few routes in Uttarakhand that encapsulates all the element that one expects while cycling hereโsteep slopes, sharp curves, endless hills, lush forests, and off-road experiences. (Source: by Vishav Driman, India Travel360)
Q. 1. What is the meaning of the expression “when our peers were solving down, relaxing and watching sunsets from their front porch”and in what context has the author used this?
Q. 2. What made Vishav her husband confident to venture into Uttarakhand on their bicycle?
Q.3. What was the strong passion that prompted the retired couple to take up this adventurous journey?
Q. 4. What, according to the author, is the most thrilling way to enjoy and appreciate Uttarakhand? Why does she say so?
Q. 5. Which trail occupies a special place in the coupleโs heart?
Q. 6. What are the expectations of a cyclist from such an adventurous trip through the mountains? Did Vishav and Kamal Jeet get these experiences from the 100 km ride?
Answers:
Q. 1. What is the meaning of the expression “when our peers were slowing down, relaxing and watching sunsets from their front porch” and in what context has the author used this?
The expression means that most people their age were retiring from active life, choosing to relax, enjoy peaceful moments, and take things slow. The author used this to contrast their own decision to take up cycling and pursue adventure when most people of their age were opting for a quieter lifestyle.
Q. 2. What made Vishav and her husband confident to venture into Uttarakhand on their bicycles?
Vishav and her husband were confident to venture into Uttarakhand on their bicycles because they had lived in Dehradun, the capital of Uttarakhand, their entire lives. They were accustomed to the cold winds, narrow roads, and high-altitude conditions, which gave them confidence to take on the adventure.
Q. 3. What was the strong passion that prompted the retired couple to take up this adventurous journey?
The couple’s strong passion for cycling and their growing love for the idea of exploring the scenic beauty of Uttarakhand through cycling motivated them to take up this adventurous journey. Their hobby evolved into a passion for discovery and adventure, inspiring them to cover more ground and take on greater challenges.
Q. 4. What, according to the author, is the most thrilling way to enjoy and appreciate Uttarakhand? Why does she say so?
According to the author, cycling is the most thrilling way to enjoy and appreciate Uttarakhand. She says this because it allows them to experience the beauty of nature up closeโthe sunlight filtering through trees, cool breezes, breathtaking views of forests, and the serenity of the mountainsโmaking the journey both physically and emotionally rewarding.
Q. 5. Which trail occupies a special place in the coupleโs heart?
The trail that occupies a special place in the coupleโs heart is the one that began from Ghanta Ghar in Dehradun and took them through picturesque locations like Kimadi, Hathi Paon, Mussoorie, and Chaar Dukaan, right up to George Everest point. It was a challenging yet beautiful 100 km ride.
Q. 6. What are the expectations of a cyclist from such an adventurous trip through the mountains? Did Vishav and Kamal Jeet get these experiences from the 100 km ride?
A cyclist on such an adventurous trip expects steep slopes, sharp curves, endless hills, lush forests, and off-road experiences. Yes, Vishav and Kamal Jeet got these experiences during their 100 km ride, as the trail they followed encapsulated all these elements, making the ride both thrilling and memorable.
Text II
Read the poem below and answer the questions that follow.
Going Down Hill on a Bicycle, A Boyโs Song
With lifted feet, hands still, I am poised, and down the hill Dart, with heedful mind; The air goes by in a wind. Swifter and yet more swift, Till the heart with a mighty lift Makes the lungs laugh, the throat cry:โ โO bird, see; see, bird, I fly. โIs this, is this your joy? O bird, then I, though a boy, For a golden moment share Your feathery life in air!โ Say, heart, is there aught like this In a world that is full of bliss? โTis more than skating, bound Steel-shod to the level ground. Speed slackens now, I float Awhile in my airy boat; Till, when the wheels scarce crawl, My feet to the treadles fall. Alas, that the longest hill Must end in a vale; but still, Who climbs with toil, wheresoeโer, Shall find wings waiting there.
Henry Charles Beeching
Q. 1. The poem describe the _________ of going downhill on a bicycle.
Q.2. Which line(s) depict the freedom like that of a bird that the poet enjoys?
Q.3. Which is the experience the boy is sharing with the bird? What is the golden moment he is referring to?
Q.4. What is the meaning of โfull of blissโ here? Can the boy find this kind of bliss in the world where he lives?
Q.5. There is a comparison in the third stanza. What is it?
Q.6. What is the meaning of the last two lines of the poem? Does โtoilโ mean dedication, determination, and will power to climb the hill? What is the reward here?
Answers:
Q.1. The poem describes the _________ of going downhill on a bicycle.
(c) excitement
Q.2. Which line(s) depict the freedom like that of a bird that the poet enjoys?
The lines that depict the freedom like that of a bird are: โO bird, see; see, bird, I fly. Is this, is this your joy?โ
Q.3. Which is the experience the boy is sharing with the bird? What is the golden moment he is referring to?
The boy is sharing the experience of flying and the sense of freedom with the bird. The “golden moment” refers to the fleeting feeling of weightlessness, freedom, and joy that he experiences as he speeds downhill on his bicycle, feeling as if he were flying like a bird.
Q.4. What is the meaning of โfull of blissโ here? Can the boy find this kind of bliss in the world where he lives?
‘Full of bliss’ here means complete happiness and joy. The boy finds a unique kind of bliss while riding downhill, an experience of pure exhilaration and freedom that is hard to find in his regular world. This joy, as suggested, is beyond everyday happiness, and the poem implies that such moments are rare but possible in life.
Q.5. There is a comparison in the third stanza. What is it?
In the third stanza, the poet compares cycling downhill to skating on the level ground. He suggests that cycling, with its freedom and thrill, is more enjoyable and exhilarating than skating, which is bound by the flat surface.
Q.6. What is the meaning of the last two lines of the poem? Does โtoilโ mean dedication, determination, and willpower to climb the hill? What is the reward here?
The last two lines: “Who climbs with toil, wheresoeโer, Shall find wings waiting there.”
These lines mean that although climbing the hill (or facing challenges in life) requires effort, hard work, and determination, the reward is a sense of freedom, joy, and accomplishmentโrepresented by “wings.” Yes, “toil” signifies dedication, determination, and willpower, and the reward here is the ability to enjoy the freedom and bliss, like flying down the hill.
Vocabulary
1. Find out the words from the text ‘Madam rides the Bus’ That match with the given meanings.
1. Read the sentences given below. The groups of words in italics are phrasal verbs.
This was she picked up various small details.
Vali said, “I am the one to get on”
The verb picked and get are combined with up and on respectively. Together they make phrasal verbs.
Now, complete each sentence using a verb from box A and a word from box B (by making a phrasal verb). Use the correct form of the verb wherever necessary.
A break, drive, get, fill, make, turn
B out, down, off, on, in, up
(a) It was evening. She _________ the light.
(b) Do not ________ Ramesh, He was studying late at night yesterday.
(c) The school bus ________ and had to be towed to the garage for repair.
(d) They got in the car and ______________.
(e) She hurt herself as she was _______ of the car.
(f) You have to ____________ the form yourself.
Answers:
Here are the sentences completed using phrasal verbs:
(a) It was evening. She turned on the light.
(b) Do not wake up Ramesh. He was studying late at night yesterday.
(c) The school bus broke down and had to be towed to the garage for repair.
(d) They got in the car and drove off.
(e) She hurt herself as she was getting out of the car.
(f) You have to fill in the form yourself.
These phrasal verbs fit the context of each sentence correctly.
Editing
1. Use capital letters and full tops whenever necessary and correct the spelling error as well, in the following paragraph.
An exciting boat journey gliding crosswise the river from Godkhali jetty
ill take to a place of incredible mystic beauty of Nature. The sundarbans
a unesco World Heritage Site is located at the South eastern tip of the
24 Paraganas district about 110 km from Kolkata it got its name from one
of the mangrov plants known as Sundari (Heritiera Minor) Sundrbans are
a part of the worldโs largest delta, formed by the mighty rivers ganga,
brahmaputra and meghna it is one of the most attractive and alluring
places remaining on earth, a truly undiscovered
paradise the Sundarbans is the largest singl block of tidal, halophytic
mangrove forests in the world. It is the largest tiger reserv and National
Park apart from being a unique largest mangrove eco-system of the
world, the sundarbns has the worldโs largest deltaic mangroove forests
and is also home to one of Indiaโs most iconic wildlife species – the royal
bengal Ttger. The Sundarbans also serves as a crusial protective barrier
for the inhabitents in and around Kolkata against the floods that result
from the cyclones which are a regular occurrence. The Sundarbans
have also been enlisted amongst the finalists in the New 7 Wonders of
Nature.
Listening
1. Following is a passage on Mizoram and its people. When one visits this place, one is enchanted by its natural beauty and the vibrant culture of the state. Listen to the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow. You can listen to the recorded story or ask your teacher, sibling or friend to read the story aloud.
Mizoram
Once a tourist remarked, โI visited the Eastern States this timeโwhere the people talk in songs and they always dance.โ
The eastern region of India is no doubt charmingly novel in many of its features. Mizoram, literally the land of Mizos is an expanse of blue-green hills. Mizoram is broken up lenghwise into five major mountain ranges gradually descending from the south to the north. The hills are rugged and their heights uneven. The name of the state Mizoram is made of two words. โMiโ means human beings, โZoโ means a hill. So, a โMizoโ is a human dweller of a hill; Mizoram means the land of the hill-dwellers. Aizawl is the capital town of the State built in tiers along the hill.
The Mizos have three main festivalsโMim Kut, Chapchar Kut and Pawl Kut. These festivals are associated with their agricultural activities during which they enjoy life by singing and dancing. The Mizos, blessed as they are with a beautiful environment and rich culture, are a vibrant and social people. They love to dance as much as they love to sing. They boast a number of folk and community dances handed down from one generation to the other through the ages. The dances are expressions of the gay, carefree spirit of the Mizos. It should be noted here that these dances are not intended for stage performance, rather they have been evolved for community involvement and participation.
English with a Purpose A Textbook for Class XII (Core Course) NCERT, 2003
1. The land of Mizo is a large open area of _______.
The hills are ________ and ________.
2. The state referred here is made of two names-
a) โMiโ means _________________. (b) โZoโ means _________________. (c) and Mizoram means _________________.
3. Which activities are associated with Mizo festival? How do Mizos enjoy these festivals?
5. The following statements characterise of a Mizo people. Tick the one which is not true.
(a) Mizo have a beautiful culture. ( )
(b) They live in a beautiful natural environment. ( )
(c) They are a protective people. ( )
(d) They are a vibrant people. ( )
(e) They love to dance and not so much to sing. ( )
(f) They have a number of community and folk dances. ( )
(g) The community involvement and participles is always there. ( )
Answers:
The land of Mizo is a large open area of blue-green hills. The hills are rugged and uneven.
The state referred here is made of two names: (a) โMiโ means human beings. (b) โZoโ means a hill. (c) and Mizoram means the land of the hill-dwellers.
The activities associated with Mizo festivals are agricultural activities. Mizos enjoy these festivals by singing and dancing. These festivals are Mim Kut, Chapchar Kut, and Pawl Kut.
The special features of Mizo dances are:
They are expressions of the gay, carefree spirit of the Mizos.
The dances are not intended for stage performance, but are meant for community involvement and participation.
They are handed down through generations.
The following statements characterise Mizo people. Tick the one which is not true: (e) They love to dance and not so much to sing. (โ)
All other statements are true about Mizo people.
Speaking
1. Read Part II of the story ‘Madam Rides the Bus’. There are many conversations between Vali, the conductor, and some elderly people in the bus. Convert the conversations into dialogues between the characters. Many words like commandingly, haughtily, loudly (shouted), smilingly, irritably, curtly etc. have been used in this part. These are the different ways in which the characters have spoken. These show the mood, emotion, and intention of the characters.
Now, write the dialogues and then in groups of three, enact it as a kite in the class.
It was a fine spring afternoon. The bus was just on the verge of leaving the village. Vali, a small eight year old girl, wanted to go on a bus ride.
Valli (loudly): Stop the bus! Stop the bus!
Conductor (without looking up): Who is it? Hurry then!
Valli (loudly): Itโs me, I am the one who has to get on the bus.
Conductor (smilingly): Oh. really!____________
Valli (commandingly): I have to_________________________
Here is____________________________________________. (Conductor stretched out his hand to help her up.
Valli (smartly) : I can ___________________________________
Conductor (jokingly): Oh, please__________________________ (The bus started to move forward with a roar. Valli stood up on the seat to see the outside world clearly.) A voice (anxiously): Listen, child_________________________ Valli (haughtily): There is nobody________________________ Conductor (smilingly): Oh, sir____________________________ Valli (angrily): I am __________________________ Conductor (mimicking her):__________________ Valli (steadfastly): Because I______________________________ A voice (with concern): If you_____________________________ Valli (irritably): Iโm not___________________________________
2. Two communicative tasks are given below. Practice with your partner.
Communicative Task I
(Offering, accepting and refusing help)
Role Play
Chaman : Hello Prem. You look tired. Is there anything I can do to help you?
Prem : Thank you very much. I think I can manage. I am preparing a chart on Childrenโs Rights.
Chaman : Itโs a lot of work. Let me help you.
Prem : Thank you. But Iโve already collected all the necessary information.
Chaman : I can help you in illustrating some of the rights.
Prem : Oh, can you? That sounds wonderful.
Chaman : Could you tell me the themes to be illustrated?
Prem : Here you are. Iโm really thankful to you.
Chaman : What about childrenโs duties?
Prem : Oh, yes. Itโs a good suggestion. Iโll list their duties also.
Chaman : Thank you.
Pair or Group Work
Write conversations like the one above imagining you are in the classroom. Use the clues given below.
Excuse me…..
Yes?
I wonder if you cold lend me our dictionary. I’m doing my class work.
I’m sorry. I’m using it rights now. May be later.
That’s okay. Thanks anyway.
Write similar conversations imaging you are in the following situations: in the kitchen; at the railway station; asking somebody to open the door; in a hospital; in the playground.
Communicative Task II
(Asking for information, indirect questions and question tags)
Role Play
Vineet : Could you get me some warm clothes from the cupboard, please?
Ashima : Are you feeling cold?
Vineet : Itโs cold today, isnโt it?
Ashima : Yes, it is. I shall have to light the fire soon.
Vineet : Oh, you have coal-fires, do you?
Ashima : Yes. We donโt have a room heater. You have room heaters, donโt you?
Veneet : Yes. We do. But coal-fires are nice. They are more comforting than a radiator, arenโt they?
Ashima : Yes, but there is a lot more work than just switching on a heater. We keep talking about getting room heaters.
Vineet : I suppose coal-fires arenโt very convenient, are they?
Ashima : They certainly arenโt.
Pair or work
Using the above piece as a model, ask for information, make requests and give your opinion regarding – the floods in Chennai, ‘Cyberabad’ (Hyderabad), a celebration in your school, an landslide during the Amaranth yatra, etc.
Answers:
Speaking Task I: Dialogue Conversion from “Madam Rides the Bus”
Valli (loudly): Stop the bus! Stop the bus!
Conductor (without looking up): Who is it? Hurry then!
Valli (loudly): Itโs me, I am the one who has to get on the bus.
Conductor (smilingly): Oh, really! You are the boss now, arenโt you?
Valli (commandingly): I have to go on a ride in this bus today!
Conductor (stretched out his hand to help her up): Come on, little one, hop in!
Valli (smartly): I can get on by myself, I donโt need help!
Conductor (jokingly): Oh, please forgive me, your highness! (laughs)
(The bus started to move forward with a roar. Valli stood up on the seat to see the outside world clearly.)
A voice (anxiously): Listen, child, sit down! Youโll fall!
Valli (haughtily): There is nobody to tell me what to do! I know how to take care of myself!
Conductor (smilingly): Oh, sir, leave her be. Sheโs quite the adventurer, isnโt she?
Valli (angrily): I am not a child! I know everything about buses!
Conductor (mimicking her): “I am not a child, I know everything about buses!” (laughs)
Valli (steadfastly): Because Iโve been watching the bus every day from my house! I know all about it!
A voice (with concern): If you fall, youโll regret standing up like that!
Valli (irritably): Iโm not going to fall! Iโm careful! Leave me alone!
Communicative Task I: Offering, Accepting, and Refusing Help
Example: Asking for help in the kitchen
Ravi: Excuse me, could you help me chop these vegetables?
Maya: Sure, but Iโm just finishing up with the dishes. Can I help you after that?
Ravi: Thatโs okay, I can wait. Thanks for helping out!
Example: Asking for help at a railway station
Passenger: Excuse me, could you tell me which platform the train to Mumbai leaves from?
Attendant: Iโm sorry, Iโm not sure about that. You could check the display board, though.
Passenger: Thatโs alright, Iโll do that. Thanks anyway!
Communicative Task II: Asking for Information
Vineet: Could you help me find out more about the floods in Chennai?
Ashima: Oh yes, the news has been full of it lately. Itโs quite a disaster, isnโt it?
Vineet: Yes, the damage is massive, isnโt it?
Ashima: It really is. Do you think the relief efforts are going well?
Vineet: Well, it seems like there is a lot to be done still, but they are trying their best, arenโt they?
Ashima: Yes, but managing such a large crisis is never easy.
Vineet: I guess itโs hard to control nature, isnโt it?
Ashima: Absolutely.
Writing
1. In the text, seeing Vali travelling alone in the bus, some of the characters showed concerns.
An elderly woman asked, “Are you alone, dear?”
The Conductor questioned, “What’s your mother be looking for you?”
The old woman continued asking, “Is it prper for such a young person to travel alone? Do you exactly know where you’re going in town? What’s the street? What’s the house number?”
Do you think that the concerns of the elderly lady and the conductor are apt and genuine? Will you say that it is applicable to young boys as well? Discuss in groups, make note and then arrange a debate competition. You can consider the following points for the discussion or debate. Then write a paragraph considering these issues and give your opinion as well.
Girls and boys of Valli’s age can travel in a bus or auto rickshaw, etc.
Freedom should be given to them to move around.
Safety of the young children is of utmost concern.
What type of education should be given to them?
This is a vulnerable age and children are innocent.
2. You have read that on her return journey. Valli saw the young cow lying dead by the roadside. This young cow was running very fast in front of the bus and had given Valli unbound happiness when she was travelling to the town.
Now, write a paragraph on โShould the domestic animals be let loose to walk on the roads freelyโ where the vehicles are plying? Who is responsible for the death of the young cow?
Answers:
1. Safety Concerns for Young Children Traveling Alone
The concerns of the elderly lady and the conductor regarding Valli traveling alone in the bus are both apt and genuine. They reflect a responsible and caring attitude toward the safety of young children, irrespective of gender. At a young age, children may not fully understand the complexities of traveling or be aware of potential risks. It is important for adults to be cautious and inquire about the child’s well-being, destination, and safety.
In today’s world, safety concerns apply equally to both boys and girls. Young boys are just as vulnerable to risks as girls. The debate regarding whether children should be allowed to travel alone focuses on balancing their need for freedom and independence with the necessity of ensuring their safety. While giving children some freedom to move around fosters their growth and confidence, it is essential to guide them on how to stay safe in public spaces.
Education plays a key role in preparing children for such situations. They should be taught about road safety, interacting with strangers, and being aware of their surroundings. However, since children of Valli’s age are still innocent and vulnerable, adult supervision or at least proper guidance before traveling alone is crucial. Ultimately, while children should be given freedom, their safety should always remain a priority.
2. Should Domestic Animals Be Let Loose on Roads?
The tragic incident of the young cow’s death raises an important question about whether domestic animals should be allowed to roam freely on roads. In many areas, animals like cows and dogs are often seen wandering near roads where vehicles pass. This poses a serious threat not only to the animals themselves but also to drivers and passengers who may face accidents due to unexpected obstructions.
Letting domestic animals roam freely on busy roads is dangerous and irresponsible. It is the responsibility of the owners to ensure that their animals are kept in safe and enclosed areas, away from traffic. Municipal authorities also have a role to play in ensuring that stray animals are taken care of and that roads are kept clear to prevent accidents.
In the case of the young cow’s death, both the owner and the local authorities are responsible. The owner should have ensured that the cow was in a secure place, while the authorities should have enforced rules to prevent animals from roaming freely on busy roads. Such negligence leads to unfortunate incidents like this one, where innocent animals suffer and road safety is compromised.
Project
1. Read the quick tips for travelling by a bike below.
When you travel by a bike, Vishav says that the frame and tyres of the bike should be according to the riderโs height. One should carry a hand pump, extra tubes, and a puncture kit for emergency situations. Right accessories such as sweat-resistant gloves, helmets, knee and elbow pads, and a pair of shoes is of utmost importance. It is also necessary to carry essentials like dry food, water, and Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS). A first-aid kit with pain killers, muscle relaxing balms, and band-aids are also advisable.
Now, prepare a list of things that you would like to suggest to people who want to travel by:
(a) a train (b) a bus (c) a boat (d) a motorbike (e) on foot (for example a trek)
Make a collage. โข Study the information given in these tickets. โข Draw a table to enter the information like PNR number, time of departure, time of arrival, confirmed ticket, wait-listed ticket, RAC status in train, seat number, food preferences, price of the ticket, number of passengers, etc. โข How are these tickets different from each other? B. Write a paragraph on โWhy it is essential to travel with a ticket?
Answers:
Suggestions for Travel Essentials:
For Train Travel:
Valid ticket and ID proof
Comfortable clothing and shoes
Snacks, water, and ORS packets
Toiletries (wet wipes, tissues, sanitizer)
A blanket, pillow, and neck rest for long journeys
Entertainment (books, music, games)
Power bank for mobile devices
Personal first-aid kit (painkillers, band-aids, sanitizer)
For Bus Travel:
Valid ticket and ID proof
Water bottle and snacks
Comfortable seating pillow and blanket for long journeys
Collage Idea: For the collage, gather images of items listed above for each mode of travel. Arrange them into different sections: one for train, bus, boat, motorbike, and trekking. Add labels under each section to make the collage informative.
Train Ticket Information Table:
Field
Information
PNR Number
1234567890
Time of Departure
8:30 AM
Time of Arrival
5:15 PM
Ticket Status
Confirmed / RAC / Waitlisted
Seat Number
B2-35
Food Preferences
Vegetarian / Non-Vegetarian
Price of Ticket
โน 1200
Number of Passengers
1
Why It Is Essential to Travel with a Ticket
It is essential to travel with a ticket for several reasons. First and foremost, a valid ticket is proof of your right to use the service, whether it is a train, bus, or any other mode of transport. It ensures that you have a reserved seat and confirms your travel status. Traveling without a ticket can lead to fines or legal consequences, and it creates unnecessary inconvenience for both passengers and staff. Additionally, the ticket holds key information such as the departure time, seat number, and travel route, which helps in organizing your journey. Tickets also serve as evidence of payment and allow you to make claims in case of delays, cancellations, or lost baggage. Thus, traveling with a ticket is crucial for a hassle-free and legal journey.
NCERT Class 10 Words and Expression 2 unit 6 solutions. Increase your English language understanding.
Mijbil The Otter
Reading Comprehension
Text I
The following is a story of a baby Civet cat that fell from a tree and was raised by humans. It is a true story from Assam written by Rommel Shunmugam who is a conversation photographer. Through his photo stories, he seeks to inculcate in children a love for nature and wildlife.
Civet cats are found in most parts of India. They are also called toddy cats. They live on palm trees and love to drink the sweet sap, which is collected by toddy tappers to make wine! Dharini and his family rescues and rehabilitates wild animals. These are mostly babies or animals that cannot look after themselves.
Baby Bhakat
Hi! My name is Bhakat. I am a baby Civet cat. I am three month old. Shhh! I am taking a nap with my brothers. Yes, I live in a family of humans. They treat me like their own Baby!
My home is a little thatched hut by a river in a small village in Assam. The hut has an earthen floor and mud-splattered walls. Its doors are always open. I come and go as I please! Mama takes care of all three of us! Her name is Anjali. She cooks, cleans and plays with me. I secretly think she loves me the most. She lets me be real naughty!
Mama is about to make brunch! She is making roti and vegetables. I don’t like vegetables, but I like fruits. I love meat. I am omnivorous. Mama always feeds me before anyone else! I love things dippe in milk. They are yummy!
The man of the house is Dharini. If not for him, I would not be alive today! My civet mother built a nest for me in a very tall coconut tree. One night I slipped and felt to the grounds! When villagers found me they took me to Dharini. Dharini loves animals. I began to live in his home. I was very small. I could not walk. I ate and slept a lot!
Do you know why my eyes are so large? Thatโs because I am a nocturnal animal. I sleep in the day and am active in the night. My large eyes help me see better in the dark! I also have a very long tail! It helps me balance on tree-tops and branches. I mostly live on trees, though I do come down to the ground. Animals like me are called arboreal!
Inside Dhariniโs house, I always snooze in the rafters. I like being high up; it reminds me of trees! One day I woke up to find a strange sight, Dhariniโs house was filling with water! In the night, the river behind the house started overflowing its banks! Inside everything was helter-skelter. Things were piled on top of one another! The monsoon had arrived!
Dharini and Anjali carried us babies outside the house! There was water everywhere and it was very muddy! But the sun was out and it was not raining! I stayed high on the fence and made sure even my long tail did not get wet! Dharini went to pick snails.
Snails had climbed branches and walls to escape drowning in the flood! Every gardener knows that snails eat plants. By eating snails, I ensure that they do not overrun your garden. I maintain the balance of life in nature!
When it floods, you find fish everywhere! Dharini cast his net in the garden and began catching fishes. They are kept in a pan of water to keep them alive and fresh to eat!
Montu, my brother, tried to be naughty! He caught me and threatened to dip me in water! He got a scolding from Dharini. I hate to be in water! Back inside the house, it is time for me to play with Mama! I shall rest awhile and then be up again at night. Mama always leaves a midnight snack by the lantern!
Rommel Shunmugam
Now read the following questions and tick the right answer.
Q.1. Dharini ___
(a) is the land owner (b) loves animals (c) is a gardener (d) is father of Bhakat
(a) eat snails (b) plays with Mama (c) be in water (d) sleep in the rafter
Q.5. The home for the Bhakat is ________.
(a) a garden near a river (b) the roof of the little hut (c) a little hut by a river (d) the nest in a coconut tree
Q.6. Tick the statements which is not true.
(a) Dharani and Anjali treat Bhakat as their own baby. (b) They keep the door closed to keep Bhakat safe. (c) Anjali plays with Bhakat and lets it be naughty. (d) Anjali feeds Bhakat before anyone else.
Answers:
Q.1. Dharini ___ (b) loves animals
Q.2. Civet cats are also called __________. (b) Night cats
Q.3. Baby Bhakat loves to eat ______. (d) meat
Q.4. Baby Bhakat hates to ________. (c) be in water
Q.5. The home for the Bhakat is ________. (c) a little hut by a river
Q.6. Tick the statement which is not true. (b) They keep the door closed to keep Bhakat safe.
Text II
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow.
It’s not east having Elephants in your backyard. Around the world, as communities expand, and natural wild places are reduced, people and wildlife are increasingly coming into conflict over living space and food. It might be baboons in Namibia attacking young goats or elephants in Nepal eating crops or European bears and wolves killing livestock. The problem is universal, affects rich and poor, and is bad news for all concerned. The impacts are often huge. People lose their crops and livestock (and therefore a source of income and food security), property, and sometimes their livesโeven a severe injury caused by wildlife can result in a loss of livelihood. The animals, some of which are already threatened or even endangered, are sometimes killed in retaliation or to prevent future conflicts. Human-wildlife conflict is happening more and more, affecting a lot of different species. The effects of climate change will probably make the problem worse.
How we are tackling human-wildlife conflict
The solutions are often specific to the wildlife or area concerned, and are often creative and simple-for instance planting a barrier of crops that repel the animals (elephants and some other wildlife donโt like chilli, for example).
An important aspect, of the work is that it benefits both the animals and local people and actively involves the communities concerned (in the case of chilli, it can be sold to increase income.) It’s about finding solutions that lead to mutually beneficial coexistence.
The work has also often led to people being more enthusiastic and supportive of conversation, and has demonstrated that people can live alongside wildlife while developing sustainable livelihoods.
Q.2. What is the meaning of “impact” in the passage? How it is affecting people and their life?
Q.3. What will make the human-wildlife conflict more intense?
Q.4. The passage talks about one solutions to tackle humans-wildlife conflict. What is it?
Q.5. These types of creative and simple solutions lead to –
(Tick the statement(s) which is/are not true.)
(a) active community involvement. (b) generate income naturally. (c) mutually beneficial coexistence. (d) people live with wildlife happily. (e) be more enthusiastic and supportive of conservation (f) developing sustainable livelihood.
Answers:
Q.1. What happens when communities expand? When communities expand, natural wild places are reduced, and as a result, people and wildlife come into conflict over living space and food.
Q.2. What is the meaning of “impact” in the passage? How it is affecting people and their life? The word “impact” in the passage refers to the negative effects or consequences of human-wildlife conflict. It affects people by causing them to lose their crops, livestock (a source of income and food security), property, and sometimes even their lives. Severe injuries caused by wildlife can result in a loss of livelihood.
Q.3. What will make the human-wildlife conflict more intense? The effects of climate change are expected to make the human-wildlife conflict more intense, as changing environmental conditions may push wildlife closer to human habitats in search of food and living space.
Q.4. The passage talks about one solution to tackle human-wildlife conflict. What is it? One solution mentioned in the passage is planting a barrier of crops that repel animals, such as using crops like chili, which elephants and some other wildlife do not like.
Q.5. These types of creative and simple solutions lead to –
(Tick the statement(s) which is/are not true.)
(d) People live with wildlife happily. This statement is not true, as the passage suggests that these solutions aim for “mutually beneficial coexistence” rather than making people live with wildlife “happily.”
Text II
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow.
Animal rights
People who support animal rights recognise that all animals have an inherent worth, a value completely separate from their usefulness to humans. Every being with a will to live has the right to live free from exploitation and suffering.
All animals have the ability to suffer in the same way and to the same degree that humans do. They feel pain, pleasure, fear, frustration, loneliness, and familial love. Whenever we consider doing something that would interfere with their needs, we are morally obligated to take them into account.
People often ask if animal rights mean that animals should have the right to vote or drive a car. Of course, that would be silly because those arenโt rights that would benefit animals. But animals have the right not to suffer at the hands of humans and to live their lives free from suffering and exploitation because they have an interest in doing so. That is the difference between equal consideration and equal treatment.
Almost everyone cares about animals in some context, whether itโs a beloved family companion, an irresistibly cute kitten or a majestic wild animal seen in a documentary. After all, we each have some built-in capacity for empathy and compassion, as can be seen from the lengths that children often go to in order to help animals.
Logically and morally, there is no reason to differentiate in the way we treat the animals we share our homes with and those who are farmed for food. They are all individuals, with the same capacity to feel pain and fear. Animal rights help us to look past the arbitrary distinctions between different species, to rediscover our innate compassion, and to respect all animals equally.
Anyone who cares about animals can start putting these principles into practice every single day with the food they eat, the clothes they wear, and the products they buy. These choices are a form of non-violent protest that makes a real difference both by reducing the profits of corporations that harm or kill animals and by creating a growing market for cruelty-free food, fashion, services, and entertainment.
Q.1. What do the people who support animal rights recognize? People who support animal rights recognize that all animals have inherent worth, a value separate from their usefulness to humans. They believe every being with a will to live has the right to live free from exploitation and suffering.
Q.2. As human beings, what are our moral obligations towards animals? Our moral obligations towards animals are to consider their needs and avoid causing them suffering. Whenever we do something that might interfere with their well-being, we are morally obligated to take their needs into account.
Q.3. What is the right of animals as mentioned in paragraph three? The right of animals, as mentioned in paragraph three, is to live their lives free from suffering and exploitation. They have an interest in living free from harm, which is different from rights that would not benefit them, like voting or driving a car.
Q.4. Why should we rediscover our empathy, compassion, and respect for animals? We should rediscover our empathy, compassion, and respect for animals because all animals have the capacity to feel pain and fear, just like humans. There is no logical or moral reason to differentiate between animals we care for at home and those farmed for food. Rediscovering these qualities helps us treat all animals equally and with respect.
Q.5. Anyone who cares about animals can start putting “these principles” into practice. What are “these principles?” “These principles” refer to the ideas of respecting animal rights, recognizing their inherent value, and making daily choices (such as in food, clothing, and products) that reduce harm to animals. By making cruelty-free choices, people can contribute to non-violent protest and create a demand for animal-friendly products and services.
Vocabulary
1. The following words are from the text you have read. The synonyms for each word are given. Find the odd one out.
2. Look at the two sentences given below. These are from the text. Look at the words in italics. These are used as verbs. They can be used as nouns as well.
(a) By then it had crossed my mindโฆ (b) Camusfearna, ringed by waterโฆ
The noun forms of these two verbs are ‘cross’ and ‘ring’ Mahanadi is.
(b) She put the ring back in the jewellery box.
A list of words is given below. Make sentences using these words as verb and noun.
(c) Book __________________________________________
(d) Mail __________________________________________
(j) Lead __________________________________________
Answers:
1. Find the odd one out:
(a) Ridiculous (The other words are serious in tone, while “ridiculous” refers to something silly or laughable.)
(b) Unfitting (The other words refer to something that is suitable or appropriate, whereas “unfitting” means not appropriate.)
(c) Agreeable (The other words describe a negative attitude, while “agreeable” is positive and friendly.)
(d) Violent (The other words refer to peaceful or calm states, while “violent” is the opposite.)
(e) Wonderful (The other words describe something terrible, while “wonderful” is positive.)
2. Use words as both verb and noun in sentences:
(c) Book
Noun: I bought a new book from the store.
Verb: She will book the tickets for our trip tomorrow.
(d) Mail
Noun: I received a letter in the mail today.
Verb: Please mail me the documents as soon as possible.
(e) Cable
Noun: The cable connecting the TV to the internet was damaged.
Verb: They will cable the information to us by tomorrow.
(f) Sack
Noun: The potatoes were packed in a large sack.
Verb: He was sacked from his job for repeated misconduct.
(g) End
Noun: Every story has an end.
Verb: We need to end the meeting by 5 PM.
(h) Head
Noun: The head of the organization gave an inspiring speech.
Verb: We will head to the park after lunch.
(i) Colour
Noun: The colour of the sunset was breathtaking.
Verb: The children love to colour in their drawing books.
(j) Lead
Noun: She took the lead in the race.
Verb: He will lead the team to success.
Grammar
1. These give more information about a noun, hence are called noun modifiers. These are adjectives or adjective phrases. Let us look at more of the adjectives phrases and their usage.
Example: I went to a party. It was a Christmas party. The Party was lovely.
I went to a lovely Christmas party.
Now, join the sentences given below and make a simple sentence with an adjectives phrase.
(a) I bought a Maruti car. The colour is blue. It is sporty. I bought _______________________car.
(b) He made a speech. The speech was short. The speech was interesting. He made ______________________________ speech.
(c) Suresh went to a house. It was decorated beautifully.
Suresh went _______________________ house.
(d) She bought a dress. It is designer one but frightfully expensive.
She bough ______________________ dress.
(e) The food was tasty. It was prepared quickly. ___________________________food was tasty.
2. Use the correct form of the word given in the bracket and fill in the blanks. One has been done for you.
His behaviour was disappointing. I expected him to be more polite. People present there were disappointed. (disappoint)
(a) The death of 40 jawans was _________. We were _________ when we heard the news. (shock)
(b) I met an _______ person in the party. He was _________ in tasting each and every dish kept in the food counter. (interest)
(c) Ravi is not very _________ to visit new places. He tells his friends no place is ________ compared to his village in Ranikhet. (excite)
(d) She got new guest in her house. She was _____ by his handing the pups. His voice was more _______ when he was calling these pups near him. (amuse)
(e) It is very humid in the Summers. I don’t like this weather. This weather is _______ . I am _______ as I sweat a lot. Children ae _______ as they can’t play outside. (disgust)
3. You have read about how to describe a repeated action in the past by using ‘would’ or ‘used to’. Go through the rules again and fill in the blanks with ‘would’ or ‘used to’ as appropriate.
(a) Every day she ______ come home from work with a rose to give to her mother.
(b) I ______ lend him my books when he was preparing for his examination.
(c) He ________ visit his friend in the hospital every evening.
(d) Each time I called him he ______ eat all kinds of food without grumbling.
(e) During his hostel life, he _________ eat all kinds of food without grumbling.
(f) When I was a child, I _______ believe that fire flies were small fire balls.
Answers:
1. Joining sentences with an adjective phrase:
(a) I bought a sporty blue Maruti car. (b) He made a short and interesting speech. (c) Suresh went to a beautifully decorated house. (d) She bought a designer but frightfully expensive dress. (e) The quickly prepared food was tasty.
2. Using the correct form of the word:
(a) The death of 40 jawans was shocking. We were shocked when we heard the news. (b) I met an interesting person at the party. He was interested in tasting each and every dish kept at the food counter. (c) Ravi is not very excited to visit new places. He tells his friends no place is exciting compared to his village in Ranikhet. (d) She got a new guest in her house. She was amused by his handling of the pups. His voice was more amusing when he was calling the pups near him. (e) It is very humid in the Summers. I don’t like this weather. This weather is disgusting. I am disgusted as I sweat a lot. Children are disgusted as they can’t play outside.
3. Using ‘would’ or ‘used to’:
(a) Every day she would come home from work with a rose to give to her mother. (b) I would lend him my books when he was preparing for his examination. (c) He used to visit his friend in the hospital every evening. (d) Each time I called him he would answer immediately. (e) During his hostel life, he used to eat all kinds of food without grumbling. (f) When I was a child, I used to believe that fireflies were small fireballs.
These sentences help with understanding sentence combination, appropriate use of adjectives, and usage of ‘would’ and ‘used to.’
Editing
1. Use capital letters, full-stops, commas, and inverted commas whenever necessary in the following paragraph.
the land of the Bisnois in rajasthan is known for conservation of wildlife. it is a living religion to the Bishnois. It is said This is probably only one religion in the world that is founded on the principles of conserving nature. It has followers over ten lakhs. For these many people protection of living beings is a way of life for the ishnois tree is sacred and their empathy and love extend to all living beings on earth. They protect the ecosystem that surrounds the village which is a safe haven for blackbucks chinkaras vultures great Indian bustards peacocks etc they protect them from poachers and provide them plenty vegetation they keep water in the stone vessels for the animals to drink from, and hang water filled pots from the branches for the birds.
2. Parts of sentences are given below. Rearrange the parts and write meaningful sentences in the space provided. Use appropriate punctuation marks.
(a) a town in iraq/ in large numbers/ otters are found/ in the marshes near Basra.
(b) to the market/ we were fatigued/ having walked so far/on account of
(c) 40 paramilitary personnel/ the suicide car/ pulwana district killed/ bombing in
(d) indiaโs first semi-high speed train,/ was flagged off with excitement/ the inaugural trip of/ Vande Bharat Express,
(e) the eastern hemisphere/ the longer than all/ the nile is said to be/ other rivers in
Answers:
1. Editing the paragraph with proper punctuation and capitalization:
The land of the Bishnois in Rajasthan is known for the conservation of wildlife. It is a living religion to the Bishnois. It is said that this is probably the only religion in the world that is founded on the principles of conserving nature. It has over ten lakh followers. For these many people, the protection of living beings is a way of life. For the Bishnois, the tree is sacred, and their empathy and love extend to all living beings on Earth. They protect the ecosystem that surrounds the village, which is a safe haven for blackbucks, chinkaras, vultures, great Indian bustards, peacocks, etc. They protect them from poachers and provide them with plenty of vegetation. They keep water in stone vessels for the animals to drink from and hang water-filled pots from the branches for the birds.
2. Rearranging sentence parts:
(a) Otters are found in large numbers in the marshes near Basra, a town in Iraq.
(b) Having walked so far to the market, we were fatigued on account of the distance.
(c) The suicide car bombing in Pulwama district killed 40 paramilitary personnel.
(d) Indiaโs first semi-high speed train, Vande Bharat Express, was flagged off with excitement on its inaugural trip.
(e) The Nile is said to be longer than all other rivers in the eastern hemisphere.
These edits and rearrangements make the text grammatically correct and logically structured.
Listening
1. Following is a story of Gangaram, a 130 years old crocodile, who died in a Chhattisgarh village. Listen to the story carefully and answer the questions that follow. You can listen to the recorded story or ask your teacher, sibling or friend to read the story aloud.
The incident took place in Bawamohtra, a village in Bemetra district of Chhattisgarh. The residents of Bawamohatra gathered near the community pond and started weeping after they saw that the crocodile had died. The villagers were emotionally attached to the reptile and were heartbroken after his death. About 500 people of the small village attended the last rites of their beloved crocodile, Gangaram. The over three-metre long crocodile was buried in Chhattisgarhโs Bawamohatra village after his last rites were performed by the villagers. A forest department official estimated that the crocodile was 130 years old. The crocodile was carried to its funeral on a tractor decorated with flowers and garlands. The villagers say Gangaram was friendly. Even the kids of the village could swim around him. He had never harmed or attacked anyone. He was not a crocodile but a friend and a divine creature for them, who was worshipped in this village. Some say that he would even eat rice and dal which was served by the villagers and kids. He was very understanding and if he saw anyone swimming near him, he used to go to the other side of the pond. Villagers used to identify themselves with the crocodile as people used to call this villageโMagarmachha vala gaaon, the Crocodileโs village. In fact, the villagers now wish to build a statue of Gangaram near the pond to remember their friend, who got the village a new name. It may be weird, but it could be an example of how humans and animals can coexist without harming each other.
1. Why did the resident gather near the village pond?
1. Why did the residents gather near the village pond?
The residents gathered near the village pond because they saw that the crocodile, Gangaram, had died.
2. Why were the villagers crying?
The villagers were crying because they were emotionally attached to Gangaram and were heartbroken after his death.
3. Who was Gangaram?
Gangaram was a 130-year-old crocodile who lived in the pond of Bawamohatra village, and he was considered a friend and a divine creature by the villagers.
4. How big was he?
Gangaram was over three metres long.
5. How old was he?
Gangaram was 130 years old.
6. Give three reasons to justify Gangaram was friendly:
(a) Children could swim around him. (b) Gangaram never harmed or attacked anyone. (c) Gangaram was very understanding and respectful of the villagers.
7. What was the new name given to the village and why?
The new name given to the village was “Magarmachha vala gaaon” (the Crocodileโs village) because the villagers identified themselves with Gangaram, the crocodile.
8. What will the villagers do to remember their friend?
The villagers wish to build a statue of Gangaram near the pond to remember their friend.
Speaking
1. We all have seen hand puppets on YouTube or during story telling sessions. Try to make one hand puppet of an Otter. The situation is: Mijbil playing with water and spilling water every where. Write a few dialogues between Mijbil and Maxwell. Be the characters and exchange dialogues.
Maxwell: Oh! Mijbil, what have you done?
Mijbil : He, he _____________________________.
Maxwell : ________________________________
Mijbil : ________________________________
Maxwell : ________________________________
Mijbil : __________________________________
2. You have read a story “The Bond of Love” in the class IX textbook, Beehive. In this story, the author talks about a sloth bear that his wife kept as a pet. The sloth bear was sent to the Zoo when it become too big to be kept at home. Now, discuss in a group of four, the following points, list views, and then share in the class.
(a) Keeping any big wild animal, like the sloth bears, at home.
(b) Keeping unusual pets for pleasure
(c) Using tigers, lions, dancing bears in circus
(d) Making the monkeys dance, cock fighting, bull fighting for amusement
Answers:
Dialogue between Mijbil and Maxwell
Maxwell: Oh! Mijbil, what have you done?
Mijbil: He, he, I was just playing with water, Maxwell! Itโs so much fun!
Maxwell: But look at the mess! Youโve spilled water everywhere!
Mijbil: Oops! I didnโt mean to. The water just splashed all around when I tried to catch it.
Maxwell: Youโre a little troublemaker, arenโt you?
Mijbil: He, he! But you still love me, donโt you? Come on, letโs play some more!
Group Discussion: “The Bond of Love”
Keeping any big wild animal, like the sloth bear, at home:
View 1: Keeping a wild animal like a sloth bear at home is dangerous, both for the animal and the people around. These animals belong in the wild where they can live freely in their natural habitat.
View 2: Even though some people develop strong bonds with wild animals, itโs not ethical or practical to keep them as pets. They require specialized care, and their natural instincts could cause harm unintentionally.
Keeping unusual pets for pleasure:
View 1: While having an unusual pet may be exciting, itโs important to consider the animalโs well-being. Exotic pets may not adapt well to domestic environments and may suffer.
View 2: Some people may enjoy caring for unusual pets, but they should ensure they are knowledgeable about the animal’s needs, provide proper care, and follow regulations regarding pet ownership.
Using tigers, lions, dancing bears in circus:
View 1: Itโs unethical to use wild animals in circuses for entertainment. These animals are often subjected to poor living conditions and harsh training methods.
View 2: Wild animals like tigers, lions, and bears should not be used for human amusement. They belong in their natural habitat, and using them for shows is cruel and inhumane.
Making the monkeys dance, cock fighting, bull fighting for amusement:
View 1: Forcing animals like monkeys to perform or engaging them in fights like cockfighting or bullfighting is a form of exploitation. Itโs harmful to animals and should be banned.
View 2: These activities are outdated forms of entertainment and promote violence. Animals should not suffer for human amusement, and such practices should be stopped completely.
Writing
1. Based on the above points, write a paragraph giving your points of view. You can highlight on the of natural habitat, cruelty, loss of freedom etc.
2. Read these quotations and write one paragraph in the context of ‘Animal Rights’.
(a) “The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals are treated.โ
โ Mahatma Gandhi
(b) When it comes to pain, love, joy, loneliness and fear, a rat is a pig is a dog is a boy. Each one values his or her life and fights the knife.โ
โ PETA founder, Ingrid E. Newkirk
Answers:
1. Keeping Wild Animals as Pets and Exploiting Them for Entertainment
Animals, especially wild ones like sloth bears, tigers, and lions, belong to their natural habitat, where they can roam freely and behave as they would in the wild. Keeping such animals at home or using them for entertainment, like in circuses, results in a loss of freedom for the animals and often leads to cruel treatment. Wild animals have instincts and needs that are difficult to fulfill in a domestic setting, and confining them causes physical and psychological harm. Similarly, activities like making monkeys dance or forcing animals into fights for human amusement involve immense cruelty. Animals, like humans, deserve respect and freedom to live without being exploited for pleasure. Instead of taking away their freedom for personal joy or amusement, we should strive to protect their natural environments and ensure they live in peace and harmony.
2. Animal Rights: Respecting All Forms of Life
Mahatma Gandhiโs words, “The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals are treated,” emphasize the importance of kindness and compassion towards all living beings. A truly advanced society does not just focus on the well-being of its people but also takes responsibility for the rights and welfare of animals. Ingrid Newkirkโs quote reminds us that animals, whether they are rats, pigs, or dogs, experience emotions like love, fear, and pain, just as humans do. Each life holds value, and animals should not be subjected to cruelty or suffering. Just as humans fight for freedom and justice, animals too deserve the right to live free from harm, exploitation, and unnecessary death. Recognizing and advocating for animal rights is not only a moral obligation but also a step towards creating a more humane and just world for all living creatures.
Project
1. In a group of four, conduct research on the following question and write a report on the findings.
What animals can be exported or imported under law? (Customs seizures show a variety of animals from reptiles, lizards, leopards to pythons, venomous reptile. These are carried in tiny suitcases and smuggled.)
2. Make a team of four students. Imagine a unique animal or bird as a pet. Draw the animal and write the following information about it.
(a) Name of the pet and draw the animal on a chart paper.
(b) My pet: (Make a table like the following and write its specifications)
has
can
is
For example: webbed feet, long legs. fat legs, etc. heavy body, very light weight, soft fur, feather, sense of smell, etc.
Swim, fly, run, grow tall, small size, hunt, carry weight, guard the house, etc. communicate, sing, speak, make variety of sounds to communicate, show affection, emotion, etc.
Warm-blooded, mammal, good swimmer, largest animal, smallest animal, good hunter, etc. sensitive, ferocious, short tempered, docile, smart, etc.
(c) What all do you have to do to keep the animal with you at home? (You can refer to the dos and donโts given on page no. 102 of the textbook First Flight.)
(d) Prepare a write up, share it in the class, and put it on the wall for the class to read.
Answers:
Project 1: Research on Animal Import and Export Laws
Report on Findings
Our research focused on understanding which animals can legally be imported or exported under international law. According to various wildlife protection acts and international agreements, there are strict rules governing the movement of animals across borders. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) regulates the import and export of endangered species, ensuring their survival is not threatened by illegal trade. Under these regulations, certain animals such as reptiles, birds, and exotic species like leopards, pythons, and venomous snakes are either banned or require special permits for trade.
Customs seizures have uncovered various cases of animal smuggling. Smugglers often carry endangered reptiles, birds, and mammals in suitcases or concealed containers. For instance, endangered turtles, exotic lizards, and even large cats like leopards have been found in illegal shipments. The demand for these animals is often driven by the exotic pet trade, illegal wildlife markets, or for medicinal purposes. Importing or exporting these animals without proper documentation is illegal and punishable by heavy fines or imprisonment.
In conclusion, it is critical to follow the regulations set forth by wildlife conservation laws to protect endangered species and prevent animal cruelty. Governments must strengthen their efforts to control smuggling and increase awareness about the importance of protecting wildlife.
Project 2: Creating a Unique Pet
(a) Name of the Pet: Fluffertail
Drawing: [Draw your pet animal, Fluffertail, on chart paper]
(b) My Pet: Fluffertail
Has
Can
Is
Soft, fluffy tail
Fly for short distances
Warm-blooded
Large, round eyes
Swim in rivers
A good communicator
Webbed feet
Glide from tree to tree
Very smart and playful
A sense of smell
Climb tall trees quickly
Sensitive and curious
(c) How to Keep Fluffertail as a Pet:
To keep Fluffertail as a pet, you need to ensure that it has a large, spacious environment where it can climb and glide freely. Make sure the area has enough trees or structures for it to explore. Since Fluffertail enjoys swimming, a small pool or access to water should be provided. It needs a balanced diet of fruits, nuts, and small insects. Ensure you spend time playing with it, as it is highly social and affectionate. Avoid leaving it alone for long periods, as it can become lonely and anxious.
Dos: Provide a large space, ensure proper nutrition, give it time to play and socialize.
Don’ts: Never confine Fluffertail to a small cage, avoid loud noises that can scare it, and donโt feed it unhealthy snacks.
(d) Write-Up:
Fluffertail is a unique and friendly pet that loves exploring, swimming, and gliding through trees. With its soft, fluffy tail and playful nature, it brings joy to any home. Taking care of Fluffertail requires attention and care, as it thrives on interaction and a stimulating environment. Whether it’s showing affection or communicating with different sounds, Fluffertail is a loyal and smart companion. We have to ensure that Fluffertail feels safe, loved, and has enough space to live comfortably.
NCERT Class 10 Words and Expression 2 unit 5 solutions of Glimpses of India. Complete NCERT solutions are provided here.
Lesson 5 Glimpses of India
Let’s Begin
In the ‘Glimpses of India’ (First Flight, Class X textbook, NCERT) you have read about interesting people and places. India is a place of diversity in terms of culture, language, food, traditions, etc. There are many stories unknown to us about the way of life of people. Work in groups of four and find out about the following in any five Indian states.
Their regional cuisine
Dance form and music
Art form
Any other information
Mark these five places on a map and represent the information highlighting the interesting fats.
Reading Comprehension
Text I
The following is an excerpt about the Parsi community in India and their food.
Read the passage and answer the questions.
โAavoji, aavo, aavo! Welcome to Delhi! Let me show you my beautiful city.โ The booming voice of Nowrosji Kapadia could be heard across the length and breadth of the platform. It was Nowrosjiโs favourite pastime: a walk to the Old Delhi railway station to greet the Frontier Mail as it chugged into Delhi from Mumbai to Peshawar. With this refrain, an eager Nowrosji would cajole Parsi visitors off the train and take them home for a meal and often persuade some to stay overnight or for a few days. He would use this opportunity to tell them about the advantages of shifting to Delhi. Though his wife Jer Bai would occasionally object to unknown visitors, she was always overruled. This was the beginning of the community of Parsis in Delhiโฆ. โฆWriting about Parsis in the Delhi of old is not easy. There are memories of my grandparents and parentsโa collective memory of generations past and people long gone, yet here in spiritโฆ. During festive gatherings, the women went to town with the food; outside catering was unheard of. The poorer members of the community never knew who had paid for what. This tradition continued in the northern cities of Lucknow, Kanpur, and Allahabad well into the โ70s. Sadly, that kind of life has almost gone forever. Food preparations began two days in advance. Dar ni pori (rich pastry stuffed with sweetened lentils) and malido (halwa) were carried in big vatus (pots) and served with puris. Anyone who has made malido can vouch for the fact that you need strong biceps; it is an exhausting exercise. The first time I made it under my grandmotherโs supervision was also the last. I could hardly move my arms for the next two days! Since then, I gained a healthy respect for my dainty grandmother. The menu was extensive. Breakfast would start with either sevโbrown vermicelli cooked in milk and served with fresh creamโor ravo, semolina pudding, Mithu dahi or sweetened curd made with full cream milk was an absolute must. This was followed by bafellaeeda, hard-boiled eggs, and kheemo kaleji, mutton mince with liver. For lunch, there was almost always smori dal chawal and macchi no patioโwhite boiled rice with yellow dal offset by a tart and tangy fish curry. Teatime was special at our home. My grandmother made it a point to dress for tea; I was made to do the same. Once we were ready, out came the treats: Parsi biscuitsโbatasa, nan khatai and flaky khari; patrel, rolled, steamed arbi leaves stuffed with besan masala; kumas, rich Parsi cake; and my favourite, bhakra, sweet deep fried doughnuts. That tradition has stayed with me. I certainly donโt dress up, but I still need a snack with at least three cups of tea!โฆ
(Source: โDown Memory Lane with the Parsis of New Delhiโ by Shernaz Italia, The Wire)
Q.1. Infer the meaning of the following expressions
(a) Nowrosji would cajole Parasi visitors off the train.
(b) Jerr Bai would occasionally object to unknown visitors, she was always overruled.
(c) …. outside catering was unheard of.
(d) I gained a healthy respect for my dainty grandmother.
Q.2. Answer the following questions.
(a) “Aavoji, aavo, aavo! Welcome to Delhi! Let me show you my beautiful city.” Who said this and why?
(b) Why were Jer Bai’s arguments always overruled?
(c) Why do you think outside catering was unread of?
(d) According to the writer what “kind of life has almost gone forever”?
(e) What has made the writer more respectful to her grandmother?
(f) What was special about the tea time in the writer’s home?
Q. 3. Make a list of Parasi delicacies as mentioned in the passage. A few are given above. You can addmore to the list. Find the words for Mithu dahi in your Language.
Answers:
Q.1. Infer the meaning of the following expressions
(a) Nowrosji would cajole Parsi visitors off the train. This means that Nowrosji would persuade or entice the Parsi visitors to get off the train with his warm and welcoming attitude.
(b) Jerr Bai would occasionally object to unknown visitors, she was always overruled. This means that although Jer Bai sometimes disapproved of allowing unknown guests into their home, her objections were disregarded or overruled, most likely by Nowrosji or the general custom of hospitality.
(c) โฆoutside catering was unheard of. This implies that during those times, it was uncommon for people to hire external caterers. All the food for gatherings was prepared at home by the family members themselves.
(d) I gained a healthy respect for my dainty grandmother. This means that the writer developed great respect for her grandmother’s strength and hard work, especially after realizing how difficult it was to prepare certain dishes, even though her grandmother appeared delicate or fragile.
Q.2. Answer the following questions.
(a) “Aavoji, aavo, aavo! Welcome to Delhi! Let me show you my beautiful city.” Who said this and why? This was said by Nowrosji Kapadia, who would eagerly greet Parsi visitors arriving by train at the Old Delhi railway station. He welcomed them warmly to Delhi and invited them to his home, often to persuade them to stay and explore the city.
(b) Why were Jer Bai’s arguments always overruled? Jer Bai’s objections to having unknown visitors were overruled because of Nowrosji’s enthusiasm for hosting guests and welcoming people into their home, which was a strong part of their hospitality tradition.
(c) Why do you think outside catering was unheard of? Outside catering was likely unheard of because it was a cultural tradition for women to take charge of the food preparation themselves for family gatherings, demonstrating their skill and care in hosting the event.
(d) According to the writer, what “kind of life has almost gone forever”? The writer is referring to the communal, generous, and home-based traditions of food preparation and hospitality in the Parsi community, where food was cooked by the family members themselves for large gatherings. This kind of life, based on close-knit social and culinary traditions, is now disappearing.
(e) What has made the writer more respectful to her grandmother? The writer gained respect for her grandmother after realizing how physically demanding it was to prepare traditional dishes like malido. Despite her grandmother’s delicate appearance, she handled such challenging tasks with strength and skill.
(f) What was special about the tea time in the writer’s home? Tea time was special because it was a formal, elaborate occasion. The writerโs grandmother made it a point to dress for tea, and they had a variety of Parsi treats, such as Parsi biscuits and cakes, making the experience an important part of their daily routine.
Q.3. Make a list of Parsi delicacies as mentioned in the passage. A few are given above. You can add more to the list. Find the words for Mithu dahi in your language.
Parsi delicacies mentioned in the passage:
Dar ni pori โ Rich pastry stuffed with sweetened lentils.
Malido โ A type of halwa.
Sev โ Brown vermicelli cooked in milk.
Ravo โ Semolina pudding.
Mithu dahi โ Sweetened curd made with full cream milk.
Bafellaeeda โ Hard-boiled eggs.
Kheemo kaleji โ Mutton mince with liver.
Smori dal chawal โ Boiled rice with yellow dal.
Macchi no patio โ Tangy fish curry.
Parsi biscuits โ Batasa, nan khatai, and flaky khari.
Patrel โ Rolled, steamed arbi leaves stuffed with besan masala.
Kumas โ Rich Parsi cake.
Bhakra โ Sweet deep-fried doughnuts.
Word for Mithu Dahi in Hindi: เคฎเฅเค เคพ เคฆเคนเฅ.
Text II
You have read about Coorg, its s rainforests, and coffee and tea from Assam in โGlimpses of Indiaโ (First Flight, Class X textbook, NCERT). The following extract is about the cultivation of coffee in Araku valley in Andhra Pradesh. The story of Araku Valley traverses an unusual trajectory through Adivasi empowerment, hot-air balloons and some of the best coffee in the world. Read the passage given below and answer the questions. Located at about 1,200m above sea level, the valley, tucked away in the north-eastern corner of Andhra Pradesh, shares a border with Odisha. For guests and participants at the Araku Balloon Festival (ABF), held between 18-20 January every year, this is sightseeing like nothing else. The drive to far-flung coffee estates takes us through the five northern mandals of Anantha giri, Dumbriguda, Hukumpeta, Munchingi Puttu and Araku valley. The name Araku for the coffee was chosen simply because it sounded poetic. The view from the ground level is as impressive as the one from above โ the landscape changes from densely forested hills to sweeping valleys and terrace farms surrounding occasional village clusters. The journey of Araku Coffee from a livelihood initiative by the Naandi Foundation to a globally appreciated product has been in the making for over a decade. It is also intrinsically tied to the history of how coffee arrived in this valley. It was a British civil servant, N.S. Brodie, who introduced coffee to these hill tracts in 1898.
Today, Araku coffee is a brand that works with 517 villages and 10,986 farmers, all of whom are estate owners and entrepreneurs with a stake in the business. The reason the coffee is of such high quality is that it follows the best practices of bio-dynamic farming by creating an interconnected and symbiotic ecosystem. The soil is enriched through composting and a variety of shade trees are planted, including cash-yielding fruit trees like mango and jackfruit. Terroirs are assessed and careful standard operating procedures are put in place from โsapling to savouringโ, which ensures healthier plants and sweeter cherries and eventually a far superior coffee aroma and flavour.
(Source: โWhatโs Brewing in Araku Valley?โ by Diya Kohli, livemint, 23 February, 2019)
Q. 1. Infer the meaning of the following :
(a) traverses an unusual trajectory
(b) The drive to far-flung coffee estates
(c) densely forested hills
(d) village clusters
Q.2. Find words from the text which mean the following:
(a) in a place that is hidden (paragraph one) _________
(b) distant or remote (paragraph two) __________
(c) to improve the quality or flavour of something (paragraph four) ______
(d) a smell specially a pleasant one (paragraph four) ______
Q.3. Answer the following questions.
(a) What is unique about the Araku valley as stated in paragraph one?
(b) Where is Araku valley?
(c) Underline and write below the sentences, words, and expressions which indicate that Araku coffee has moved ahead of being the only means of livelihood.
(d) State a historical fact about the coffee in the valley?
(e) There are specific terms being used in the passage for the cultivation of coffee for example, terrace farms, biodynamic farming. etc. Find more such terms and their meanings.
Q. 4. The expression “sapling to savouring” in paragraph four means: (Tick the right answer).
(a) Coffee plants are taken care of from the stage of plantation till ita beans are ready for an enjoyable cup of coffee. ( )
(b) Coffee saplings are very delicate hence a lot of are is being taken of them. ( )
(c) The growth of coffee plants is dependent on shady trees. ( )
(d) Coffee plant can give a cup of enjoyable coffee. ( )
Answers:
Q. 1. Infer the meaning of the following:
(a) Traverses an unusual trajectory
Refers to following a unique or uncommon path, indicating that the development of Araku coffee involved an unconventional or remarkable journey.
(b) The drive to far-flung coffee estates
Refers to the journey to coffee farms located in remote or distant areas, away from easily accessible regions.
(c) Densely forested hills
Refers to hills covered with thick forests, indicating that the area is lush with vegetation.
(d) Village clusters
Refers to groups of villages situated near each other, forming a small community in a particular area.
Q. 2. Find words from the text which mean the following:
(a) In a place that is hidden (paragraph one)
Tucked away
(b) Distant or remote (paragraph two)
Far-flung
(c) To improve the quality or flavor of something (paragraph four)
Enriched
(d) A smell, especially a pleasant one (paragraph four)
Aroma
Q. 3. Answer the following questions:
(a) What is unique about the Araku valley as stated in paragraph one?
Araku Valley is unique because of its picturesque location at about 1,200m above sea level, offering breathtaking views of the landscape, which transitions from densely forested hills to sweeping valleys and terrace farms.
(b) Where is Araku valley?
Araku Valley is located in the northeastern corner of Andhra Pradesh, sharing a border with Odisha.
(c) Underline and write below the sentences, words, and expressions which indicate that Araku coffee has moved ahead of being the only means of livelihood.
“The journey of Araku Coffee from a livelihood initiative by the Naandi Foundation to a globally appreciated product.” This indicates that Araku coffee has evolved from being just a livelihood initiative to a globally renowned product.
(d) State a historical fact about the coffee in the valley?
Coffee was introduced to Araku Valley by a British civil servant, N.S. Brodie, in 1898.
(e) There are specific terms being used in the passage for the cultivation of coffee for example, terrace farms, biodynamic farming. etc. Find more such terms and their meanings.
Symbiotic ecosystem โ Refers to a system where different organisms live together and benefit from each other.
Composting โ The process of recycling organic waste to enrich the soil.
Cash-yielding fruit trees โ Trees that produce fruits which can be sold for profit, such as mango and jackfruit.
Q. 4. The expression “sapling to savouring” in paragraph four means:
(a) Coffee plants are taken care of from the stage of plantation till its beans are ready for an enjoyable cup of coffee. (โ) (b) Coffee saplings are very delicate hence a lot of care is being taken of them. ( ) (c) The growth of coffee plants is dependent on shady trees. ( ) (d) Coffee plant can give a cup of enjoyable coffee. ( )
Vocabulary
1. Match the sounds in Column A with the appropriate words from Column B.
Example: rustling of leaves
The meanings of some words are given below which will help you to find out the words.
A
B
(a) shuffling
of chains
(b) striking
of leaves
(c) puffing
of feet
(d) clanking
of a match
(e) sighing
of the door
(f) rustling
of the wind
(g) banding
of an engine
(h) gurgling
of hyenas
(i) howling
of water
Answers:
Hereโs how the sounds from Column A can be matched with the appropriate words from Column B:
A
B
(a) shuffling
of feet
(b) striking
of a match
(c) puffing
of an engine
(d) clanking
of chains
(e) sighing
of the wind
(f) rustling
of leaves
(g) banding
of hyenas
(h) gurgling
of water
(i) howling
of the door
Grammar
1. You have read about -ing and ed adjectives in the textbook, the First Flight, page number 97. Read it agan to understand how these adjectives are used. These are also the present participles (-ing forms) and past participles (- ed forms) of verbs and are the used as adjectives. Read the following sentences to know this.
Rita gave me a welcoming cup of coffee..
Her performance in the test was pleasing.
She appeared delighted with the gift.
The bored students become restless.
Now fill in the blanks of the sentences with past participle fromone of the following words.
(a) People demonstrated against the changes _______
(b) The loud cheer went up from the students ________
(c) After the editor read the article, she checked all the examples ____.
(d) Rub the antiseptic cream in the ______ area.
(e) My wallet was among the things ______.
(f) Cyclone Fani was a ______ experience.
2. Rewrite in the past tense the following excerpt from the ‘Glimpses of India’ (First Flight, Class X text book ) and check you answers Fani was a ______ experience.
2. Rewrite in the past tense the following excerpt from the โGlimpses of Indiaโ (First Flight, Class X textbook) and check your answers with a partner.
Birds, bees, and butterflies are there to give you company. Macaques, Malabar squirrels, langurs, and slender loris keep a watchful eye from the tree canopy. I do, however, prefer to step aside for wild elephants. The climb to the Brahmagiri hills brings you into a panoramic view of the entire misty landscape of Coorg. A walk across the rope bridge leads to the sixty-four acre island of Nisargadhama. Running into Buddhist monks from Indiaโs largest Tibetan settlement, at nearby Bylakuppe, is a bonus. The monks, in red, ochre, and yellow robes are amongst the many surprises that wait to be discovered by visitors searching for the heart and soul of India, right here in Coorg.
Answers:
Part 1: Fill in the blanks with past participles
Here are the sentences with the correct past participles filled in:
(a) People demonstrated against the changes proposed.
(b) The loud cheer went up from the students frightened.
(c) After the editor read the article, she checked all the examples quoted.
(d) Rub the antiseptic cream in the infected area.
(e) My wallet was among the things taken.
(f) Cyclone Fani was a frightening experience.
Part 2: Rewrite in the past tense
Birds, bees, and butterflies were there to give me company. Macaques, Malabar squirrels, langurs, and slender loris kept a watchful eye from the tree canopy. I did, however, prefer to step aside for wild elephants. The climb to the Brahmagiri hills brought me into a panoramic view of the entire misty landscape of Coorg. A walk across the rope bridge led to the sixty-four-acre island of Nisargadhama. Running into Buddhist monks from Indiaโs largest Tibetan settlement, at nearby Bylakuppe, was a bonus. The monks, in red, ochre, and yellow robes, were amongst the many surprises that waited to be discovered by visitors searching for the heart and soul of India, right there in Coorg.
Editing
1. Some words have been wrongly spelt in the paragraph given below. Correct the words and read the paragraph aloud.
The Valley of Flowers
The journey to the Valley of Flowers begins about 16 km away from Joshimath, at Govindghat (1,770 m) on the Rishikesh Badrinath heightway. The Valley of Flowers is covered with a rich varity of magnifiscent plants. Over the past few years, thousand of visitors have โdiscoveredโ this idyll amidst the mountain. However, they live like marks only by way of empty cans, waste-paper and cigarete butts. Trakking in the area has resulted in the trampling of these delikate plants by humans and ponies. As a result, the government of India was compeled to ban all mountainering, trekking, expeditions and livestock grasing in the area, with effect from February 20, 1983. This is to privent further damage to one of our nation’s unique repositories of natural beauty.
Answers:
The Valley of Flowers
The journey to the Valley of Flowers begins about 16 km away from Joshimath, at Govindghat (1,770 m) on the Rishikesh-Badrinath highway. The Valley of Flowers is covered with a rich variety of magnificent plants. Over the past few years, thousands of visitors have โdiscoveredโ this idyll amidst the mountains. However, they leave their marks only by way of empty cans, waste paper, and cigarette butts. Trekking in the area has resulted in the trampling of these delicate plants by humans and ponies. As a result, the government of India was compelled to ban all mountaineering, trekking, expeditions, and livestock grazing in the area, with effect from February 20, 1983. This is to prevent further damage to one of our nation’s unique repositories of natural beauty.
Listening
Ask your classmate or teacher to read aloud the following passage from the text โGlimpses of Indiaโ (First Flight, Class X textbook). Listen carefully, and note down the keywords, main ideas and interesting expressions in your notebook while listening.
During our childhood in Goa, the baker used to be our friend, companion and guide. He used to come at least twice a day. Once, when he set out in the morning on his selling round, and then again, when he returned after emptying his huge basket. The jingling thud of his bamboo woke us up from sleep and we ran to meet and greet him. Why was it so? Was it for the love of the loaf? Not at all. The loaves were bought by some Paskine or Bastine, the maid-servant of the house! What we longed for were those bread-bangles which we chose carefully. Sometimes it was sweet bread of a special kind. The baker made his musical entry on the scene with the โjhang, jhangโsound of his specially made bamboo staff. One hand supported the basket on his head and the other banged the bamboo on the ground. He would greet the lady of the house with a โGood morningโ and then place his basket on the vertical bamboo. We kids would be pushed aside with a mild rebuke and the loaves would be delivered to the servant. But we would not give up. We would climb a bench or the parapet and peep into the basket, somehow. I can still recall the typical fragrance of those loaves; loaves for the elders and the bangles for the children. Then we did not even care to brush our teeth or wash our mouths properly. And why should we? Who would take the trouble of plucking the mango leaf for the toothbrush? And why was it necessary at all? The tiger never brushed his teeth. Hot tea could wash and clean up everything so nicely, after all! Now summarise the paragraph using your notes.
Answers:
Summary:
During childhood in Goa, the baker was a close companion and came twice a day. The children eagerly waited for him, not for the regular loaves bought by the maid-servants, but for the bread-bangles. The bakerโs arrival was signaled by the musical sound of his bamboo staff. He would greet the lady of the house and place his basket on a bamboo stand while the children tried to peek inside. The fragrance of the fresh bread and bangles was unforgettable. The children were so eager for the bread that they would skip brushing their teeth, believing that hot tea would clean everything just fine.
Speaking
1. Excursions give opportunities to explore nature, places of historical interest, etc. Tourists are interested in meeting people, understanding their culture, and enjoying the variety in food. The Indian Railways have recently introduced glass Vistadome coach in train to provide a delightful travelling experience to the picturesque valley of Araku in Vishakhapatnam.
In groups of four, discuss and plan a budget trip to Araku valley. You may keep the following in mind while planning. Add more points to the following as per your requirement.
Find out the location (look up the map) and accessibility to the places to be visited.
Calculate the cost of the stay.
Search for an economic and safe accommodation, perhaps a home stay.
Find out the modes of transport and booking.
Now, prepare an itinerary of your excursion to Aarku valley and share with the class.
2. Try repeating some of these tongue twisters.
(a) Pre shrunk shirts
(b) Six slim slick slender saplings
(c) The sixth sheikh’s sixth sheep’s sick
(d) Tie twine to three twigs
(e) Double bubble double
Answers:
1. Budget Trip to Araku Valley Itinerary
Location and Accessibility:
Araku Valley is located in the Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh.
It is approximately 120 km from Visakhapatnam and is accessible by train or road.
A direct train from Visakhapatnam with a Vistadome coach is a scenic and popular option.
Cost of Stay:
Accommodation: Homestays and budget hotels are available, ranging from โน1,000 to โน2,500 per night for a double room.
Duration: 2 days and 1 night stay.
Economic and Safe Accommodation:
Opt for homestays or budget hotels like Haritha Mayuri Resort or Tribal Cottages.
Estimated cost for stay: โน2,000 for 2 people per night.
Modes of Transport:
Train (Vistadome Coach): Approximately โน1,000 per person (one way).
Local Transport: Auto rickshaws and taxis are available for sightseeing in Araku Valley.
Booking can be done online through IRCTC for the train.
Itinerary:
Day 1:
Depart from Visakhapatnam to Araku Valley by train (Vistadome coach).
Check into a homestay.
Visit Borra Caves, known for stunning stalactites and stalagmites.
Enjoy local tribal dance performances in the evening.
Overnight stay in Araku Valley.
Day 2:
Visit Araku Tribal Museum and Coffee Museum to learn about local culture and history.
Explore the lush gardens of Padmapuram Botanical Gardens.
Enjoy a local meal at a tribal restaurant.
Return to Visakhapatnam by train in the evening.
Estimated Total Cost (per person):
Train (round trip): โน2,000
Stay: โน1,000 per person (sharing a room)
Meals and local travel: โน1,500
Total: โน4,500 per person for a 2-day trip.
2. Tongue Twisters:
(a) Pre shrunk shirts
(b) Six slim slick slender saplings
(c) The sixth sheikh’s sixth sheep’s sick
(d) Tie twine to three twigs
(e) Double bubble double
Writing
1. Infer the meaning of the following expressions in the passage on Parsi community. “Aavoji, aavo, aavo! Welcome to Delhi.”
length and breadth
chugged into
vouch for
long gone
out came the treats
Now, write an account of a travel by train using these expressions.
Describe the journey by giving details of distance, booking of tickets, facilities available, and suggestions for improvement. You can add pictures of places, people, etc.
2. Write an advertisement for your favourite tea or coffee.
3. You have read about breads and bakers in Goa. (First Flight, Class X).
Traditional breads are famous in Kashmir as well. It is said that a Kashmiriโs day starts with a cup of piping hot nun chai (salty pink tea) and a crisp, freshly baked bread from the Kandur (the traditional baker). In Kashmir, the Kandur shop isnโt just a place where one goes to buy the morning and evening breads, it is a social hub. It is a place where you get to hear and participate in discussions that range from gossip to political discourses. The Kandur shop or Kandur waan as it is called in Kashmiri has variety of breads for different occasions that are baked in the Kandurโs oven.
Read about some of the Kashmiri breads:
Tsot-Girda : is a medium sized round everyday bread that is a must on every breakfast table in Kashmir.
Lavasa : is a puffy level bread made from maida.
Tsochwor or Tilvor : is a bagel shaped, slightly hard bread with a sprinkling of sesame seeds on top. The baker prepares โtsochworโ at noon time to be enjoyed with the afternoon tea.
Kulcha : These are crispy palm-sized breads sprinkled with poppy seeds. These areโmith (sweet) and namkeen (savoury). The bread is taken with some traditional Dodh Kehva (milk Kehva).
Sheermal : is another type of bread from Kashmir. It is mildly sweet.
Roath : The sweet bread with a cake like texture is baked in traditional tandoor and is topped with dry fruits. However, this one bread is made for grand occasions like weddings, child birth or engagements and served with Kehva.
Now, collect information about breads, parathas, rotis in different parts of the country.
You can talk to peers, teachers, grandparents, community members and make use of internet.
Make an interesting collage using pictures and write a few sentences about each bread based on the information you have gathered.
Answers:
1. Account of a Travel by Train Using the Given Expressions
I recently embarked on a journey by train from Delhi to Varanasi, covering the length and breadth of Uttar Pradesh. The train, chugged into the station at the crack of dawn, and I boarded with my backpack and ticket in hand. The booking process was seamless, thanks to the online reservation system. As I settled into my seat, I could vouch for the comfort of the sleeper class, which offered ample legroom and clean berths.
Long gone are the days of cramped compartments, as modern trains now provide much better facilities. Out came the treats as the tea vendor passed by, offering snacks and beverages to the passengers. The journey was smooth, and the scenic views of the countryside made the long trip enjoyable. My suggestion for improvement would be better sanitation in the washrooms and more charging points for mobile devices. Overall, it was a pleasant experience.
2. Advertisement for Tea:
“Savor the Essence of Tradition with Kashmiri Kehva!”
Warm your soul with the rich flavors of Kashmiri Kehva, a blend of delicate saffron, green tea, and crushed almonds. Perfect for the cold mornings or relaxing evenings, Kehva is the tea that rejuvenates and refreshes. Each sip brings you closer to the authentic essence of the Kashmir valley. Available now in convenient tea bags, enjoy a touch of royalty in every cup.
Kashmiri Kehva โ A Sip of Serenity.
3. Collage and Information on Breads, Parathas, and Rotis from Different Parts of India
Here is a brief description of some popular breads, parathas, and rotis from different parts of the country:
Chapati (North India): A soft and thin whole wheat flatbread, a staple in most Indian households. It is served with vegetables, lentils, and curries.
Makki Ki Roti (Punjab): A thick cornmeal bread traditionally served with Sarson Ka Saag, this bread is a winter specialty in the northern states.
Aloo Paratha (North India): A stuffed flatbread filled with spiced mashed potatoes, commonly eaten with butter, yogurt, or pickles for breakfast.
Bhakri (Maharashtra): A rustic, thick flatbread made from jowar or bajra flour, enjoyed with spicy curries and chutneys in Maharashtra and Gujarat.
Appam (Kerala): A soft, bowl-shaped rice pancake with a crispy edge, served with stew or curry, common in Keralaโs cuisine.
Phulka (North India): A smaller, fluffier version of chapati, often made on direct flame, causing it to puff up. It is eaten as part of daily meals in many homes.
Pathiri (Kerala): A soft, thin rice roti popular in the Malabar region of Kerala, usually served with coconut-based curries.
Puran Poli (Maharashtra): A sweet flatbread stuffed with lentils and jaggery, often prepared for festivals and special occasions.
Roti Canai (Tamil Nadu): A flaky, layered flatbread, often served with curries, popular in Tamil Nadu and even across the Indian diaspora in Malaysia.
Collecting pictures of these traditional breads, along with descriptions, would make an engaging collage to showcase the diversity of Indian cuisine. Each region has its unique bread, contributing to the rich tapestry of Indian culinary traditions!
NCERT Class 10 Words and Expression 2 Unit 4 From The Diary of Anne Frank solutions. It is for boosting the knowledge of students.
Let’s Begin
The World Wars fought in the past stand testimony to the fact that fighting wars brings severe human suffering. The sufferers, including women and children are left behind with trauma and indelible impressions on their minds. You have read in the Class X English textbook the account of one such war in the diary of Anne Frank who may relate to Anne Frank’s feeling of alienation and isolation.
Reading Comprehension
Text I
The following excerpt is from the diary of Lena Mukhina, a teenage girl who had undergone the atrocities of Germans when they fortified the city of Leningrad lasted from September 1941 to 1944. The city was cut off from the rest of Russia. The Germans continuously bombarded the city which resulted in death, destruction, and starvation of the people. However, the resolute Russians were warned in the beginning that the enemy was at the gate and it was a question of life and death. They fought bravely and failed the Germans in their evil designs. Read the excerpt and answer the questions that follow.
Foreword from The Diary of Lena Mukhina
No one could possibly have known that the city would remain in the grip of siege for 872 days and nights. But Leningradโs citizens had begun to feel the breath of war as early as September. Daily air raids and artillery bombardment of residential neighbourhoods drove the cityโs inhabitants into bomb shelters, several times a day, and for hours at a time. Peopleโs initial curiosity in the aftermath of the first bomb attacks soon gave way to fear and then, in conditions of appalling hunger and cold, to apathy. Leningraders welcomed inclement weather for the reduced visibility it brought. They came to dread sunny days and moonlit nights, when the Germans would be sure to bomb their city. Cloud cover, however, offered no protection from artillery fire: in just over six months from the start of the siege there were only thirty-two days when shells did not explode on the cityโs streets. Hunger soon set in. Between September and November 1941 the bread rations that had been announced in July were reduced five times, reaching their lowest point on 20 Novemberโ125 โblockade gramsโ for children, dependents and white-collar workers and 250g for manual workers, technicians and engineers. Rations of meat, butter, sugar and other food items were severely reduced. The summer months and the beginning of autumn, when it was still possible to buy food without ration cards in ordinary shops and canteens were no more than a distant memory.
Q. 1. Infer the meanings of the following expressions The first has been done for you as an example.
(a) to feel the breath of war. there were indications that was was going to start soon.
(b) appalling hunger and cold. _______________________
(c) start of the siege. ________________________________
(a) Who were the captives as stated in the above passage?
(b) Why did the people under siege welcome the bad weather conditions?
(c) What were the fears in the mind of the people?
(d) Have the people lost hope or reconciled to the existing situation?
Q. 4. Tick the correct answer
… When it was still possible to buy food without ration cards in ordinary shops and canteens were no more than a distant memory.’ It means.
(a) There was hope of getting ration soon.
(b) Citizens under siege had to show their ration cards for buying food.
(c) There were shops and canteen for buying food for the peopleunder siege.
(d) The possibility of buying the food without a ration card as in the past, was no more than a memory ow.
Answers:
Reading Comprehension
Q. 1. Infer the meanings of the following expressions:
(a) To feel the breath of war: There were indications that war was going to start soon.
(b) Appalling hunger and cold: The extreme and unbearable condition of starvation and freezing temperatures.
(c) Start of the siege: The beginning of a military blockade where a city or area is cut off from supplies and communication.
(d) Blockade grams: A small and specific ration of food provided during a siege, particularly as part of the restricted food supply.
Q. 2. List the words from the passage related to the war:
Bombardment
Siege
Air raids
Artillery
Bomb attacks
Rations
Blockade
Enemy
Shells
Explosion
Q. 3. Answer the following questions:
(a) Who were the captives as stated in the above passage? The citizens of Leningrad, who were trapped and surrounded during the siege by the Germans, are referred to as the captives.
(b) Why did the people under siege welcome the bad weather conditions? The people welcomed bad weather conditions because it reduced visibility for German bombers, providing some relief from the air raids.
(c) What were the fears in the mind of the people? The people feared the constant bombings, artillery fire, starvation, and death due to lack of food and supplies during the siege.
(d) Have the people lost hope or reconciled to the existing situation? The people appear to have been in a state of resignation, as their initial curiosity turned into fear, and eventually into apathy due to hunger and cold.
Q. 4. Tick the correct answer:
“When it was still possible to buy food without ration cards in ordinary shops and canteens were no more than a distant memory.” It means:
(d) The possibility of buying food without a ration card as in the past was no more than a memory now.
This passage highlights the difficult conditions faced by the citizens of Leningrad during the siege and their struggle for survival amidst war.
Reading Comprehension
Text II
There are many ways of recording the events, news, and personal experiences. Diary writing, logbook, daybook, journal, etc. are a few to name. The journal writing about an event, activity or experience, etc.
The following is an excerpt from the beginning of A Journal of the Plague Year by Daniel Defoe.
A Journal of the Plague Year
It was about the beginning of September, 1664, That I, among the rest of my neighbours, heard in ordinary discourse that the plague was returned again in Holland; for it had been very violent there, and particularly at Amsterdam and Rotterdam, in the year 1663, whither, they say, it was brought, some said from Italy, others from the Levant, among some goods which were brought home by their Turkey fleet; others said it was brought from Candia; others from Cyprus. It mattered not from whence it came; but all agreed it was come into Holland again. We had no such thing as printed newspapers in those days to spread rumours and reports of things, and to improve them by the invention of men, as I have lived to see practiced since. But such things as these were gathered from the letters of merchants and others who corresponded abroad, and from them were handed about by word of mouth only; so that things did not spread instantly over the whole nation, as they do now. But it seems that the Government had a true account of it, and several councils were held about ways to prevent its coming over; but all was kept very private. Hence, it was that this rumour died off again, and people began to forget it as a thing we were very little concerned in, and that we hoped was not true; till the latter end of November or the beginning of December 1664 when two men, said to be Frenchmen, died of the plague in Long Acre, or rather at the upper end of Drury Lane. The family they were in endeavoured to conceal it as much as possible, but as it had gotten some vent in the discourse of the neighbourhood, the Secretaries of State got knowledge of it; and concerning themselves to inquire about it, in order to be certain of the truth, two physicians and a surgeon were ordered to go to the house and make inspection. This they did; and finding evident tokens of the sickness upon both the bodies that were dead, they gave their opinions publicly that they died of the plague. Whereupon, it was given in to the parish clerk, and he also returned them to the Hall; and it was printed in the weekly bill of mortality in the usual manner, thus โ Plague 2. Parishes infected 1.
Q.1. The above passage is written in the English that was prevalent in the eighteenth century. Find some words and phrases from the text which seem different as compared to the English language usage at present. List them and find an appropriate substitute for each. Look at the example given below:
Q. 2. Answer the following questions:
(A) What is being about in the first paragraph of Daniel Defoe’s journal?
(b) How was news about important events circulated during those days?
(c) Why did the rumour about the plague die off/
(d) How was the news about the plague confirmed?
Q.3. Tick the correct answer.
… the weekly bill of mortality’ means:
(a) The weekly payment of dues
(b) The weekly news about the deaths
(c) The statements about the hospital expenditure issued every week
(d) The list which was issued weekly, of persons who died due to plague
Answers:
Q.1. The passage is written in the older English style. Some words and phrases that differ from modern English usage include:
“whither” (modern equivalent: “where”)
“among the rest of my neighbours” (modern equivalent: “like the rest of my neighbors”)
“it mattered not” (modern equivalent: “it did not matter”)
“endeavoured” (modern equivalent: “tried” or “attempted”)
“concerned themselves to inquire” (modern equivalent: “took interest in inquiring”)
Q.2.
(a) What is being discussed in the first paragraph of Daniel Defoe’s journal?
In the first paragraph, Defoe discusses the rumors of the plague returning to Holland in 1664. The plague had previously been violent in places like Amsterdam and Rotterdam, and people speculated about its origins, with theories that it was brought from various places like Italy, the Levant, or Cyprus.
(b) How was news about important events circulated during those days?
In those days, news was not spread instantly like today. Since there were no printed newspapers, the information was gathered from letters of merchants or people who corresponded abroad. The news was then passed around by word of mouth.
(c) Why did the rumor about the plague die off?
The rumor died off because the news was kept very private by the government. People began to forget about it and hoped it was not true since there was no significant outbreak at that time.
(d) How was the news about the plague confirmed?
The news about the plague was confirmed when two physicians and a surgeon inspected the bodies of two men who had died in Long Acre. After the inspection, they gave their opinions publicly that the men had died of the plague. This information was then printed in the weekly bill of mortality.
Q.3. Tick the correct answer.
“… the weekly bill of mortality” means:
(b) The weekly news about the deaths.
Vocabulary
1. Choose a word or expression that completes each of the following sentences. One has been done for you.
(a) I can’t tell you the plan because I don’t know about it. (him her it them)
(b) One should learn to defend _______ against bullies. (herself itself himself oneself)
(c) The girls ______ were helping you were probably Rahul’s friends. (Which who that they)
(d) These dresses belong to you. I am sure they are ______. (yours your yours’ theirs)
(e) The fire caused serious _______ to the groups of houses. (damage damages injuries injury)
(f) The board was ______ plans for the tournament. (concerned to concern about concerned at concerned with)
Answers:
(a) I can’t tell you the plan because I don’t know about it. (Correct answer: it)
(b) One should learn to defend oneself against bullies. (Correct answer: oneself)
(c) The girls who were helping you were probably Rahul’s friends. (Correct answer: who)
(d) These dresses belong to you. I am sure they are yours. (Correct answer: yours)
(e) The fire caused serious damage to the groups of houses. (Correct answer: damage)
(f) The board was concerned with plans for the tournament. (Correct answer: concerned with)
Grammar
Idiomatic expression
1. Refer to the lesson ‘From the dairy of Anne Frank’ in your Class X textbook. There are some idiomatic expressions in the text. for Example:
(a) Our entire class is quaking in its boots.
Quake in (one’s boot: to tremble with fear or nervousness
(b) Until then we keep telling each other not to lose heart. Not to lose one’s heart: not to lose hope or not to feel demoralised
Now, look at the idiomatic expressions given below. Use a dictionary to find out the meanings. Make sentences using the expressions.
ali’s fair in love war icing on the cake call the shots chalk and cheese raining cats and dogs breaking the ice
2. Fill in the blanks using the contracted forms of the verbs. One has been done for you.
This is a beautiful flower. Is not it? Isn’t it?
(A) You should not eat so much. You ______ eat so much.
(b) They have written the story. _______ written the story.
(c) Let us go watch a movie. ____ go watch a movie.
(d) He did not play tennis. He _______ play tennis
(e) I could not find my friend in the crowd. I _______ find my friend in the crowd.
(f) Here is your bag. _______ your bag.
(g) I would guide him. ___________ guide him.
(h) They are not rich. They _______ rich.
Answers:
1. Idiomatic expressions:
All’s fair in love and war: Anything is acceptable in the pursuit of love or in conflict.
Sentence: They both fought hard for the promotion, but all’s fair in love and war.
Icing on the cake: An additional benefit that makes a good situation even better.
Sentence: Winning the championship was amazing, but getting a bonus prize was the icing on the cake.
Call the shots: To be in control or make the important decisions.
Sentence: In our group, Sarah calls the shots when it comes to organizing events.
Chalk and cheese: Two things that are completely different.
Sentence: Even though they’re twins, their personalities are like chalk and cheese.
Raining cats and dogs: It’s raining very heavily.
Sentence: We couldn’t go outside because it was raining cats and dogs.
Breaking the ice: To initiate conversation in a social setting to ease tension.
Sentence: He told a joke at the beginning of the meeting to break the ice.
2. Fill in the blanks using the contracted forms of the verbs:
(A) You should not eat so much. You shouldn’t eat so much.
(b) They have written the story. They’ve written the story.
(c) Let us go watch a movie. Let’s go watch a movie.
(d) He did not play tennis. He didn’t play tennis.
(e) I could not find my friend in the crowd. I couldn’t find my friend in the crowd.
(f) Here is your bag. Here’s your bag.
(g) I would guide him. I’d guide him.
(h) They are not rich. They aren’t rich.
Editing
1. Read this quote from Max Muller. There are errors in the text. Find the errors and write the correct word in the space provided.
“If I was asked under what sky the human mind _________ has most fully developed some for its choicest gifts,
has most deeply pondered on the greatest problems ________of life, and has find solutions of some of them which ________ well deserve the attention even of them who have ______ studied Plato and Kant, I should pointed to India. _______.
And if I were to ask me from what literature ______ we who has been nurtured almost exclusively ___________ on the thoughts of Greeks and Romans, and of the Semitic race, the Jewish, may draw the corrective which is most want in order to make our inner life more perfect, _______ more comprehensive , more universal, in fact most truly human a life…. again I should point to India.” _____________
Max Muller
Answers:
Here is the corrected version of Max Muller’s quote:
“If I was asked under what sky the human mind has most fully developed some of its choicest gifts, has most deeply pondered on the greatest problems of life, and has found solutions of some of them which well deserve the attention even of those who have studied Plato and Kant, I should point to India.
And if I were asked from what literature we who have been nurtured almost exclusively on the thoughts of Greeks and Romans, and of the Semitic race, the Jewish, may draw the corrective which is most wanted in order to make our inner life more perfect, more comprehensive, more universal, in fact, most truly human life… again I should point to India.”
Max Muller
Listening
1. Listen to the following YouTube link on “The Siege of Leningrad’ and make notes in the first box. The write a narrative account of it in the second box.
(Source: 8th September 1941: Start of โThe Siege of Leningradโ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5n2ym0LHyRU)
Answers:
I currently can’t access YouTube links, but I can guide you through the process of making notes and writing a narrative based on general knowledge about “The Siege of Leningrad.”
Notes on “The Siege of Leningrad”
Start date: September 8, 1941
End date: January 27, 1944 (872 days)
Location: Leningrad (St. Petersburg), Soviet Union
Key players: German and Finnish forces besieged the city, Soviet Red Army defending
Conditions: Extreme starvation, cold, lack of food and supplies
Civilian suffering: Over a million people died, many from starvation; harsh winters worsened conditions
Food rationing: Minimal food distribution, led to extreme hunger and in some cases, cannibalism
Cultural resistance: Despite hardship, Leningradโs residents kept cultural life alive (music, theatre)
Outcome: Soviet forces finally broke the siege in January 1944
Historical significance: A symbol of resilience and suffering during WWII
Narrative Account of “The Siege of Leningrad”
The Siege of Leningrad, lasting from September 8, 1941, to January 27, 1944, stands as one of the longest and most brutal sieges in human history. During these 872 days, German and Finnish forces completely surrounded the city, cutting off all supplies. The citizens of Leningrad endured unimaginable sufferingโfacing severe food shortages, extreme cold, and constant air raids.
With food supplies dwindling to almost nothing, the people were given minimal rations, barely enough to survive. Starvation took the lives of more than a million people, and the cold Russian winters made survival even harder. Some families resorted to extreme measures to stay alive, including cannibalism in rare cases.
Despite these brutal conditions, the spirit of the people remained unbroken. Leningradโs cultural life persistedโmusicians performed symphonies, artists continued their work, and the population held on with remarkable resilience. After nearly two and a half years, Soviet forces finally broke the siege in January 1944, bringing a much-needed end to the suffering. The cityโs endurance during this time has become a symbol of Soviet resilience and human survival against all odds.
Speaking
1. The following poem is taken from The Diary of Lena Mukhina.
(a) Ask your teacher to recite the poem. Listen to the poem attentively and identify the qualities mentioned.
(b) Discuss these qualities with your partner.
(c) Think of a person who has some of these qualities and talk about them to your partner. You can highlights the incidents and actions of the person that reflect these qualities.
Lena Mukhina’s Diary 22 May 1941-25 May 1942 ‘Remember My Sad Story: Lena Mukhina ‘s Siege Diary’ Consider any day on which you do not discover anything new or learn anything useful a lost day! Anyone can become strong, smart and steadfast. There is only one essential requirement -will power! Will power can conquer anything. A strong-willed person is presistent and determined. People are not born brave, strong and smart. These qualities must be acquired through perseverance with determination, like the ability to read and write.
Answers:
In this activity, you are encouraged to engage with the poem from Lena Mukhinaโs Diary and reflect on its deeper meaning. Hereโs how you can approach each part of the task:
(a) Listen and Identify Qualities
When you listen to your teacher recite the poem, pay attention to the values and characteristics the poem highlights. The qualities mentioned in the poem include:
Learning and Growth: The importance of discovering or learning something new every day.
Willpower: The idea that willpower is essential to achieve success and overcome obstacles.
Perseverance and Determination: A strong will can help a person to be persistent and overcome difficulties.
Bravery, Strength, and Intelligence: These traits are not inherent but developed through hard work and practice.
(b) Discussing the Qualities
Discuss the above qualities with your partner, talking about:
How willpower can help people succeed in difficult situations.
The idea that bravery, strength, and intelligence are not traits we are born with but can be cultivated over time.
The importance of perseverance and determination in achieving goals, no matter how hard they may seem at first.
(c) Talk About Someone with These Qualities
Think of a person in your life, someone you admire, who displays these qualities. Share stories or incidents that show how this person exemplifies willpower, perseverance, bravery, strength, and intelligence.
For example, you might talk about a family member, friend, or even a public figure who has shown resilience in the face of difficulties. You could highlight situations where they used their willpower and determination to overcome challenges, similar to the qualities mentioned in the poem.
This can lead to a meaningful conversation, and you’ll better understand how these qualities can be developed through real-life examples.
Writing
1. You have read in the passage ‘A Journal of the Plague Year’ by Daniel Defoe about how the news of plague was reported in those times. What are the means of reporting today?
2. Write a report on any one of the following -conversation of environment, plantation of trees, waste disposal, water harvesting, and the cleanliness drive under Swachh Bharat Abhiyan carried out in your locality.
Answers:
1. Means of Reporting Today In today’s world, the means of reporting have evolved significantly compared to the times described in “A Journal of the Plague Year” by Daniel Defoe. Back then, news of the plague was spread primarily through word of mouth, town criers, or printed pamphlets, which were slow and often unreliable. However, the modern age has seen a transformation in how information is reported and disseminated:
Television: One of the most common and reliable sources of information. News channels broadcast live reports, interviews, and updates from across the globe.
Internet and Social Media: Platforms like Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and news websites provide instant updates, allowing information to spread within seconds. Journalists and citizens alike can report incidents as they happen.
Newspapers and Magazines: While still in use, printed newspapers are supplemented by their digital versions for quicker access.
Radio: While traditional, it remains an important source of reporting, especially for real-time traffic updates or emergency alerts.
Mobile Applications: With apps dedicated to news and alerts, people receive push notifications about breaking news directly on their phones.
Podcasts and Blogs: Emerging as new forms of media, they offer detailed analysis and personal opinions on various events.
Todayโs reporting is instant, accessible, and often interactive, giving readers and viewers a more dynamic and engaging experience.
2. Report on the Cleanliness Drive under Swachh Bharat Abhiyan in My Locality
Cleanliness Drive Under Swachh Bharat Abhiyan in XYZ Locality
Date: 5th February 2025 Location: XYZ Locality
In alignment with the national campaign Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, a cleanliness drive was organized in our locality on 5th February 2025. The initiative aimed at creating awareness about hygiene and promoting cleanliness among the residents. It was a joint effort by the local municipal corporation, NGOs, and volunteers from the community.
The event commenced early in the morning with a motivational speech by the local councillor, who emphasized the importance of keeping our surroundings clean and the role each citizen plays in achieving this goal. After the briefing, volunteers were divided into groups and provided with gloves, masks, and cleaning equipment.
Key activities carried out during the drive included:
Street Cleaning: Volunteers swept streets, cleared garbage piles, and cleaned drains that were previously clogged.
Waste Segregation: Special attention was given to educating residents about separating biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste. Dustbins for segregating waste were installed at various points.
Tree Plantation: In conjunction with the cleanliness efforts, several saplings were planted along the main road to beautify the area and encourage green practices.
Public Awareness: Posters and banners were placed in strategic locations to spread awareness about cleanliness and its benefits. Awareness sessions were also held for children and adults to promote the “Clean India” mission.
By the end of the day, the locality looked much cleaner, and there was a sense of accomplishment among all the participants. The drive successfully engaged the community and highlighted the need for sustained efforts to maintain cleanliness.
The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan campaign has truly inspired our locality to work together for a cleaner and healthier environment. With continuous efforts, our community hopes to become a model of cleanliness for others to follow.
Project
1. Work in groups of four. Find out about ‘The Bengal famine of 1943’. It was a major famine in the Bengal province in India during World War II. Collect information on the following points on The Bengal famine of 1943 for the project.
(a) Affected areas (s)
(b) Reasons of femine
(c) Relief measures
(d) Pictures, films, etc.
Prepare a poster using pictures and highlighting the information you have collected. Give a title of your choice to the poster and display it in the class.
Answers:
Project: The Bengal Famine of 1943
Title for Poster: “The Bengal Famine of 1943: A Tragic Chapter in History”
(a) Affected Areas:
The Bengal famine of 1943 primarily affected the Bengal province of British India, which is present-day West Bengal and Bangladesh. The most severely hit regions included:
Midnapore
24 Parganas
Rangpur
Khulna
Murshidabad
Tamluk
These areas suffered catastrophic losses in terms of population, food supplies, and agricultural resources.
(b) Reasons for the Famine:
Several factors combined to cause the Bengal famine of 1943:
Crop failure: A poor harvest in 1942 due to natural calamities like floods and cyclone damaged the rice crops.
War-time policies: World War II led to food shortages as large amounts of grain were diverted for military use. The British government prioritized resources for the war effort, leaving the local population without sufficient food supplies.
Inflation and Hoarding: The war economy caused inflation, pushing food prices beyond the reach of common people. Traders and speculators hoarded grain, further worsening the scarcity.
Lack of Government Response: The British colonial government failed to implement timely relief measures and underestimated the crisis.
(c) Relief Measures:
The relief efforts were inadequate and often delayed:
Grain Imports: The British government imported rice from other parts of India and Burma, but the quantities were insufficient to meet the needs.
Relief Camps: Relief camps were set up in Bengal to provide food and shelter, but many were poorly managed and had limited resources.
Private Charities: Several charitable organizations, including the Ramakrishna Mission, provided relief to the affected people. However, the magnitude of the crisis overwhelmed these efforts.
(d) Pictures, Films, etc.:
Pictures: You can find archival images of emaciated people lining the streets, famine camps, and the rural devastation. Some iconic photographs from the time can be used to illustrate the human suffering caused by the famine.
Films: Documentaries and films like “Children of the Famine” and “Distant Thunder” depict the dire situation faced by the people during the Bengal famine. You can use stills from these films to bring the story to life in your poster.
How to Prepare the Poster:
Title: Place the title, “The Bengal Famine of 1943: A Tragic Chapter in History,” at the top of the poster in bold letters.
Images: Include photographs of the famine-stricken areas, emaciated people, and relief efforts. You can arrange these pictures in the center to visually represent the tragedy.
Text Information: Around the images, provide key details about the affected areas, reasons for the famine, and the relief measures. Use bullet points for clarity.
Film Stills: Add a few images or references from films or documentaries that depict the Bengal famine.
Design: Use colors like sepia or black and white for an impactful, historical look. Highlight important facts or statistics using larger fonts or colors.
This poster will not only showcase the information but also create a visual impact by showing the depth of the tragedy through pictures and key facts.
Do you Know
One of the three islands in the Juan Fernandez archipelago, 700 km off the Pacific coast of Chile was discovered in the 16th century. Alexander Selkirk, the Scottish sailor was marooned there or four years and four months. He related his experienced to Daniel Defoe, who wrote his famous adventure book Robinson Crusoe based on the sailor’s experience, since then the island is known as Robinson Crusoe.
There is a seemingly unbelievable true story of the orphaned bear cub, which was found by Polish troops during World War II who travelled with them through Iraq, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Italy and Scotland. During the war, Wojciech Narebski and his fellow Polish servicemen had to lift rates of heavy metal artillery. Fortunately for them, one of the soldiers had superhuman strength: Corporal Wojtek, a Syrian brown bear. When the bear saw that soldiers were struggling, heโd want to helpโฆ heโd come over, grab a crate and carry it to the truck. This can be heavy work, even for a bear. When Wojtek (bear) got tired, he would simply stack one crate on top of the other which also helped the soldiers because they didnโt have to lift the crate off the ground. Of course, Corporal Wojtek (bear) got a reward of honey and marmalade. That was his favourite!
You know, things can happen that you wouldn’t normally think are true. Collect some more stories under the title ‘Sometimes truth is stranger than fiction.’
Here we have solved questions from the class 10 book word and expression 2 of Lesson 3 Two Stories About Flying . Have a look to boost your English language.
Lesson 3 Two Stories About Flying
Let’s Begin
You have read two stories about flying. ‘His First Flight’ is aout how a young bird learns to fly and ‘Black Aeroplane ‘ is a mystery.
1. Read the story, ‘His First Flight’ again. Working in groups of four, answer the following questions selecting the correct option.
Q. 1. The young seagull was afraid of flying because _________
_____________________________________________.
(a) he felt his wings would not stupid him
(b) other bird knew to fly very well
(c) the sea was very large
(d) his mother and father threating him
Q. 2. Why did his family taunt him about his cowardice?
(a) He went with his sisters and brothers.
(b) He was not liked by them at all.
Q. 3. How did the young seagull start flying?
(a) His mother showed him the fish moved away from him to make fly.
(b) His brothers and sisters trained him to fly.
(c) He was hungry and he moved to fly in search of food.
(b) He did not learn to fly at all.
Q. 4. Which of the following statements is not true of the young seagull?
(a) He was lazy and did not want to fly.
(b) He wanted to fly, but was afraid of flying.
(c) His mother, father, brothers and sister helped him fly.
(d) His hunger made him fly.
Q.5. Say whether the following statements about the seagull are true or false.
(a) The young seagull liked to fly with his brothers and sisters.
(b) The young seagull was hungry so he started to fly.
(c) He was scared of flying first.
(d) He flew on his own to get the food.
2. you have another story, The Black Aeroplane’ in the lesson Read the story again and develop at least five multiple choice questions based on the story. Work in pairs and ask your partner to answer them. The questions may be based on the events, persons, reasons and causes of the events, and results in the story.
Your questions.
Answers:
‘His First Flight’ – Multiple Choice Questions
Q1. The young seagull was afraid of flying because ________.
(a) He felt his wings would not support him.
(b) Other birds knew how to fly very well.
(c) The sea was very large.
(d) His mother and father were threatening him.
Correct answer: (a) He felt his wings would not support him.
Q2. Why did his family taunt him about his cowardice?
(a) He went with his sisters and brothers.
(b) He was not liked by them at all.
(c) He refused to fly and stayed on the ledge.
(d) He flew away without learning.
Correct answer: (c) He refused to fly and stayed on the ledge.
Q3. How did the young seagull start flying?
(a) His mother showed him a fish and moved away to make him fly.
(b) His brothers and sisters trained him to fly.
(c) He was hungry, and he moved to fly in search of food.
(d) He did not learn to fly at all.
Correct answer: (c) He was hungry, and he moved to fly in search of food.
Q4. Which of the following statements is not true of the young seagull?
(a) He was lazy and did not want to fly.
(b) He wanted to fly, but was afraid of flying.
(c) His mother, father, brothers, and sister helped him fly.
(d) His hunger made him fly.
Correct answer: (a) He was lazy and did not want to fly.
Q5. Say whether the following statements about the seagull are true or false:
(a) The young seagull liked to fly with his brothers and sisters. False
(b) The young seagull was hungry, so he started to fly. True
(c) He was scared of flying at first. True
(d) He flew on his own to get the food. True
‘The Black Aeroplane’ – Multiple Choice Questions
Q1. Why did the pilot feel happy while flying over France?
(a) He was enjoying the clear night sky.
(b) He was excited to reach his home in England soon.
(c) He saw other planes in the sky.
(d) He was flying a new aeroplane.
Correct answer: (b) He was excited to reach his home in England soon.
Q2. What problem did the pilot face after crossing Paris?
(a) His fuel tank was leaking.
(b) He lost contact with the control tower.
(c) He got lost in a storm.
(d) His compass stopped working.
Correct answer: (c) He got lost in a storm.
Q3. Who guided the pilot through the storm?
(a) A pilot of another black aeroplane.
(b) A control tower officer.
(c) A passenger on board.
(d) His co-pilot.
Correct answer: (a) A pilot of another black aeroplane.
Q4. What did the pilot discover after landing safely?
(a) The control tower had guided him all along.
(b) The black aeroplane was following him all the way.
(c) There was no record of the black aeroplane.
(d) He had lost all his fuel.
Correct answer: (c) There was no record of the black aeroplane.
Q5. Why was the pilot puzzled at the end of the story?
(a) He couldnโt find the black aeroplane on radar.
(b) His plane had no damage from the storm.
(c) There was no one else in the storm to help him.
(d) The airport had no record of his flight.
Correct answer: (c) There was no one else in the storm to help him.
Group Discussion and Pair Work:
Discuss these questions with your group, and in pairs, ask each other the questions about ‘The Black Aeroplane’ to deepen your understanding of the mysterious elements of the story.
Reading Comprehension
Text I
Let’s now read the story of a bus conductor and his passengers with a dog. The story is written by A. G Gardiner.
All about a Dog
It was a bitterly cold night, and even at the far end of the bus the east wind that raved along the street cut like a knife. The bus stopped and two women and a man got in together and filled the vacant places. The young woman was dressed in sealskin, and carried one of those little Pekinese dogs that women in sealskin like to carry in their laps. The conductor came in and took the fares. Then his eyes rested with old malice on the beady eyed toy dog. I saw trouble brewing. This was the opportunity for which he had been waiting and he intended to make the most of it. I had marked him as the type of what Mr. Wells has called the Resentful Employee, the man with a great vague grievance against everything and a particular grievance against passengers who came and sat in his seat while he shivered at the door. โYou must take that dog out,โ he said with sour venom. โI shall certainly do nothing of the kind. You can take my name and address,โ said the woman, who had evidently expected the challenge and knew the reply. โYou must take the dog outโ thatโs my orders.โ โI wonโt go on the top in such weather. It would kill me,โ said the woman. โCertainly not,โ said her lady companion, โYouโve got a cough as it is.โ โItโs nonsense,โ said her male companion.
The conductor pulled the bell and the bus stopped. โThis bus doesnโt go until that dog is brought out.โ And he stepped on to the pavement and waited. It was his moment of triumph. He had the law on his side and the whole bus full of angry people under the harrow. His embittered soul was having a real holiday. The storm inside rose high โShameful!โ โHeโs no better than a German.โ โWhy isnโt he in the army?โ โCall the police. Letโs all report him.โ โLetโs make him give us our fares back.โ Everybody was on the side of the lady and the dog. That little animal sat blinking at the dim lights in happy unconsciousness of the rumpus of which he was the cause. The conductor came to the door, โWhatโs your number?โ said one, taking out a pocket-book with a gesture of terrible thing โThereโs my number,โ said the conductor imperturbably. โGive us our fares back.โ โYou canโt leave us here all night.โ โNo fares back,โ said the conductor. Two or three passengers got out and disappeared into the night. The conductor took another turn on the pavement, then went and had a talk with the driver. Another bus, the last on the road, sailed by indifferent to the shouts of the passengers to stop, โThey stick by each other the villains,โ was the comment. Someone pulled the bell violently. That brought the driver round to the door, โWhoโs conductor of this bus?โ he said and paused for reply. โNone coming,โ he returned to his seat, and resumed beating his arms across his chest. There was no hope in that quarter. A policeman strolled up and looked in at the door. An avalanche of indignant protests and appeals burst on him. โWell, heโs got his rules, you know,โ he said. โGive your name and address.โ โThatโs what heโs been offered, and he wonโt take it.โ โOh,โ said the policeman, and he went away and took his stand a few yards down the street, where he was joined by two more constables. And still the little dog blinked at the lights, and the conductor walked to and fro on the pavement, like a captain on the quarterdeck in the hour of victory. A young woman, whose voice had risen high above the gale inside, descended on him with an air of threatening and slaughter. He was immovable as cold as the night, and as hard as the pavement. She passed on in a fury of impotence to the three policemen, who stood like a group of statuary on the street watching the drama. Then she came back, imperiously beckoned to her โyoung manโ who had sat a silent witness of her rage, and vanished. Others followed. The bus was emptying. Even the dashing young fellow who had demanded the number and who had declared he would see this thing through if he sat there all night, had taken an opportunity to slip away.
Meanwhile the Pekinese party was passing through every stage as of resistance to abject surrender. โIโll go on the top.โ said the sealskin lady at last. โYou mustnโt.โ โI will.โ โYouโll have pneumonia.โ
โLet me take it.โ (This from the man) โCertainly not.โ She would die with her dog. When she had disappeared up the stairs, the conductor came back, pulled the bell, and the bus went on. He stood sourly triumphant while his conduct was savagely discussed in his face by the remnant of the party.
Then the engine struck work, and the conductor went to help the driver. It was a long job and presently the lady with the dog stole down the stairs and re-entered the bus. When the engine was put right, the conductor came back and pulled the bell. Then his eyes fell on the dog, and his hand went to the bell-rope again. The driver looked around, the conductor pointed to the dog, the bus stopped, and the struggle recommenced with all the original features โ the conductor walking the pavement, the driver smacking his arms on the box, the little dog blinking at the lights, the sealskin lady declaring that she would not go on the top and finally going.
โIโve got my rules,โ said the conductor to me when I was the last passenger left behind. He had won his victory, but felt that he would like to justify himself to somebody. โRules,โ I said,โ are necessary things, but there are rules and rules. Some are hard and fast rules, like the rules of the road, which cannot be broken without danger to life and limb. But some are only rules for guidance, which you can apply or wink at, as common sense dictates, like that rule about the dogs. They are not a whip, put in your hand to scourge your passengers with, but an authority for an emergency. They are meant to be observed in the spirit, not in the letter, for the comfort and not the discomfort of the passengers. You have kept the rule and broken its spirit. You may mix your rules with a little goodwill and good temper.โ He took it very well and when I got off the bus he said โGood nightโ quite amiably.
Now, complete the box narrating the story in the correct sequence.
Vocabulary
1. Making adverbs, bitterly, imperturbably, violently, and evidently are some words you have come across in the story. These words and use them in sentences of your own. (Take care of the spelling when you convert these into adverbs.)
‘im’ is the prefix added to the word ‘moveable’. Now, make more words with the prefix in-which are antonyms.
1. mobile -immobile
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
3. In groups of five, create a word-web or collocation chart of words with prefixes ‘il’ and ‘in’.
Example: logical-illogical
Example: secure-insecure
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
5.
5.
Answers:
1. Making Adverbs and Using Them in Sentences:
(a) Angry โ He spoke angrily to his friend after the argument.
(b) Vague โ The instructions were vaguely written, making it hard to understand.
(c) Indignant โ She responded indignantly when accused of cheating.
(d) Threatening โ He looked threateningly at the intruder before calling the police.
(e) Hurry โ They packed hurriedly before the bus arrived.
2. Words with the Prefix ‘im’ or ‘in’:
3. mobile – immobile
4. visible – invisible
5. perfect – imperfect
6. possible – impossible
7. patient – impatient
8. accurate – inaccurate
9. complete – incomplete
10. formal – informal
3. Word-web or Collocation Chart with ‘il’ and ‘in’ Prefixes:
Prefix ‘il-‘
Prefix ‘in-‘
logical – illogical
secure – insecure
legal – illegal
dependent – independent
literate – illiterate
direct – indirect
legitimate – illegitimate
capable – incapable
legible – illegible
sufficient – insufficient
Grammar
A. Phrasal verbs
The sentence below is taken from the text you have read. The phrase in italic is a phrasal verb. A phrasal verb is a combination of words (a verb + a prepositions, for example check in or a verb + an adverb, for example break down). When they are used together, they usually take on a different meaning to that of the original verb.
….Walk away is a phrasal verb which means to move away from.
Find out the meaning of the following phrasal verbs and use them appropriately sentences.
(a) walk in __________________________________
(b) walk out _________________________________
(c) take away _________________________________
(d) take up ___________________________________
(e) take in ____________________________________
(f) take out ___________________________________
(g) give away _________________________________
(h) give in ____________________________________
(i) give up ____________________________________
(j) put in _____________________________________
(k) put away ___________________________________
(I) put out ______________________________________
B. The Passive
Compare the two sentences given below:
Ramesh painted the walls.
The walls were painted by Ramesh.
The first sentence is in active form and the second sentence is in a passive form. When the person doing the action (Ramesh) is the subject, wee use the verb in the active voice. When the subject is what the action is directed at (the walls), we use the verb in the passive voice. In the first sentence we talked about what happened to the walls.
In the passive sentence we use by-agent to add important information, that is by Ramesh. We can leave out by-agent if it does not provide any specific information.
Example:
All the students were given sweets yesterday. My room is cleaned everyday in the morning. A large number of films on wildlife conversation have been made.
Use the words give below and frame sentences using the passive forms of the verbs.
Examples: Rice/cultivate/Gangetic valley and costal region.
Rice is cultivated in Gangetic valley and coastal region.
The documents/sign/principal. (Present Perfect) The documents have been signed by the principal
(c) The case /solve / police and two persons arrest. (Present Perfect)
___________________________________________
(d) Many houses /and lives / destroy /the volcanic eruption in Mt. Etna. (Simple Present)
___________________________________________
(e) The ultraviolet rays /prevent / the ozone layer /entering the earth’s surface. (Simple Present)
___________________________________________
(f) The field / convert /playground. (Present Perfect)
___________________________________________
C. Unscramble the following sentences to make meaningful ones:
(a) records /flying many/who /America aviator /was an /Amelia Earhart / set
(b) the first / across / woman /solo / to fly / the Atlantic Ocean / she / became
(c) a flight/July 1937/the globe/Earhart/disappeared/ to circumnavigate/somewhere/over the/Pacific/in/ during
(d) was never/found/and/she was/officially declared/ plane wreckage/lost/at sea/her
(e) century/her/disappearance/remains/of the/one of the/greatest/unsolved mysteries/twentieth
Answers:
A. Phrasal Verbs
(a) walk in โ to enter a room or building. She didnโt knock; she just walked in without warning.
(b) walk out โ to leave suddenly, often in protest. The workers walked out of the meeting when their demands were ignored.
(c) take away โ to remove something. The waiter took away the dirty dishes after dinner.
(d) take up โ to begin a new activity or hobby. He has recently taken up painting as a way to relax.
(e) take in โ to absorb or understand something. It took me a while to take in all the details of the news.
(f) take out โ to remove or withdraw something. She took out her phone to check the time.
(g) give away โ to donate or distribute freely. They gave away food to the homeless.
(h) give in โ to surrender or yield. After hours of argument, he finally gave in to their demands.
(i) give up โ to stop trying or abandon something. She gave up smoking last year.
(j) put in โ to invest effort or time. He put in a lot of work to finish the project on time.
(k) put away โ to store something in its proper place. She put away her clothes neatly in the wardrobe.
(l) put out โ to extinguish a fire or light. The firefighters managed to put out the fire quickly.
B. The Passive
(a) Taj Mahal / build / Shah Jahan. (Simple Past) The Taj Mahal was built by Shah Jahan.
(b) Malaria virus / transmit / female Anopheles mosquito. (Simple Present) The malaria virus is transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito.
(c) The case / solve / police and two persons arrest. (Present Perfect) The case has been solved by the police, and two persons have been arrested.
(d) Many houses / and lives / destroy / the volcanic eruption in Mt. Etna. (Simple Present) Many houses and lives are destroyed by the volcanic eruption in Mt. Etna.
(e) The ultraviolet rays / prevent / the ozone layer / entering the earth’s surface. (Simple Present) Ultraviolet rays are prevented by the ozone layer from entering the earth’s surface.
(f) The field / convert / playground. (Present Perfect) The field has been converted into a playground.
C. Unscramble the Sentences
(a) Amelia Earhart was an American aviator who set many flying records.
(b) She became the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean.
(c) In July 1937, Earhart disappeared somewhere over the Pacific during a flight to circumnavigate the globe.
(d) Her plane wreckage was never found, and she was officially declared lost at sea.
(e) Her disappearance remains one of the greatest unsolved mysteries of the twentieth century.
Editing
1. Use capital letters, commas, and full stops to edit this paragraph.
In some parts of our country, there are frequent reports about Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) which people claimed to have seen flying in the sky and which are believed to be space ships carrying aliens from other planets some people have given evidences to support their observations they said that they have found mysterious objects in paddy fields. Some others, after seeing a film on space said that they had seen unusual objects flying in the sky. Public panicked there were arguments and discussions all over the country. Police were on red alert Many community centres were established people become more vigilant gradually the number of sightings reduced.
Answers:
In some parts of our country, there are frequent reports about Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs), which people claim to have seen flying in the sky and which are believed to be spaceships carrying aliens from other planets. Some people have given evidence to support their observations. They said that they have found mysterious objects in paddy fields. Some others, after seeing a film on space, said that they had seen unusual objects flying in the sky. The public panicked. There were arguments and discussions all over the country. The police were on red alert. Many community centers were established, and people became more vigilant. Gradually, the number of sightings reduced.
Listening
1. Do you like riddles? Riddles make us think and attempt to slove puzzles through various ways and means. Read this riddle out loud and find answers to it. You can also discuss with your friends. You will notice that we speak out what we think. This is known as Think-aloud protocol. As you solve the riddles, speak out all the ideas that come to your mind to slove it.
Riddle 1
A farmer returns from the market, where he bought a goat, a cabbage and a wolf (what a crazy market). On the way home he must cross a river. His boat and won’t fit more than one of his purchases. He cannot leave the goat alone with the cabbage (because the goat would eat it), nor he can leave the goat alone with the wolf (because the goat would be eaten).
Riddle 2
Three humans, one big monkey, and two small monkeys are to cross a river.
(a) Only humans, one big monkey can row the boat.
(b) At all times, the number of humans on either side of the river must be greater or equal to the number of monkeys on that side (or else the humans will be killed by the monkeys!).
(c) The boat only has room for two (monkeys or humans).
(d) Monkeys can jump out of the boat when it’s on the river bank.
How will they cross the river? Help them out.
Answers:
Riddle 1: The Farmer, Goat, Cabbage, and Wolf
The key to solving this riddle is to make sure that neither the goat is left with the cabbage nor the goat is left with the wolf unsupervised. Here’s how the farmer can successfully cross the river:
Take the goat across the river first and leave it on the other side.
Go back alone to the original side.
Take the wolf across the river, but when you reach the other side, bring the goat back with you to the original side.
Take the cabbage across the river and leave it with the wolf on the other side (the wolf wonโt eat the cabbage).
Go back alone to the original side.
Finally, take the goat across again.
Now, all the itemsโthe goat, the wolf, and the cabbageโare safely across the river!
Riddle 2: Three Humans, One Big Monkey, Two Small Monkeys
To solve this riddle, we need to follow the rules closely and ensure that the humans are always in the majority or equal to the monkeys on both sides. Hereโs how they can cross:
Two humans row the boat across the river first.
One human returns with the boat.
One big monkey and one human cross the river next.
The human who crossed with the monkey returns.
Two humans row across the river again.
One human returns with the boat.
Two small monkeys cross the river together.
One big monkey returns with the boat.
Two humans cross the river again.
One human returns with the boat.
One big monkey and one human cross the river again.
One human returns with the boat.
Two humans finally cross together.
All humans and monkeys are safely on the other side, and the humans were never outnumbered by the monkeys!
Writing
Article Writing
1. ‘Rules are meant to be observed in spirit not only in ‘letter’. Explain what you understand by this statement . Write an article in about 120-150 words on how the rules can be effectively implemented in the society and citizens can follow it in the true spirit. You may use any of the ideas given in the box. Follow the stages involved in the process approach to writing.
(a) Use it in the context of gender (protection of woman’s rights/dowry/female infanticide, etc)
(b)In the context of environment (cutting of trees /poaching /pollution).
(c) Smoking in public /following traffic rules, etc. (add cartoons with fun facts, for example parking in front of no parking sign).
(d) In the context of value and self discipline.
2. You have read and experienced how the little seagull learnt to fly and then the story of the mysterious black aeroplane. You have also read the story, โAll about a dogโ. How were these experiences? You may have also experienced some such situations in your life: learning to ride on a bicycle, watching a cat or any other animal trying to jump over the wall, your own bitter experience in a difficult situation, etc. Think of such an experience and write down the points and develop the ideas into an outline. Write your experiences like a short story.
Answers:
Article Writing:
Rules Are Meant to Be Observed in Spirit, Not Only in Letter
Rules in society are often created for the greater good, but merely following them on paper without understanding their essence defeats their purpose. This idea implies that the true meaning of rules lies not in rigid compliance but in embracing their spirit to bring about positive change. For instance, laws protecting womenโs rights against dowry and female infanticide exist, yet the issues persist in many regions. This is because the focus is on adhering to the law superficially rather than changing societal attitudes.
Similarly, rules regarding environmental protection, such as bans on tree cutting and poaching, can only be successful if people internalize their importance. Citizens should adopt practices that promote harmony with nature and respect for wildlife. The effective implementation of rules requires public awareness, education, and a shift in mindset, so citizens are not only law-abiding but also genuinely committed to creating a better society.
Story Writing:
Learning to Ride a Bicycle
When I was eight, I decided it was time to learn how to ride a bicycle. My father had bought me a bright red bike, and it gleamed in the sunlight, waiting for me to hop on. I was filled with excitement, but a little bit of fear crept in, knowing that balancing on two wheels wasn’t going to be easy.
The first few attempts were nothing short of disastrous. As soon as my father let go, I would wobble uncontrollably and fall. I scraped my knees several times, and frustration began to set in. I wondered if I would ever learn. However, I was determined. I observed other kids who rode their bikes with ease and realized they, too, must have faced challenges when they started.
Then one evening, something clicked. My father gave me a little push, and this time, I felt a strange sense of balance taking over. I pedaled faster, and to my amazement, I was riding all by myself. The wind rushed against my face, and I felt a surge of freedom.
Looking back, learning to ride a bicycle was not just about balancingโit taught me resilience. No matter how many times we fall, we must always get back up, ready to try again.
Project
Go around your neighborhood and talk to people, particularly elders, and collect riddles and puzzles in their languages.
Ask them how and why such riddles could have emerged.
Collet at least 10-15 and write them in an order with information. Find out more about the riddle.
Present it to the class as a chart and oral presentation.
Answers:
Project: Collecting Riddles from the Neighborhood
Objective:
To collect and understand local riddles and puzzles from elders in the neighborhood.
Explore how and why these riddles could have emerged and their significance in local culture.
Steps:
Visit Elders in the Neighborhood:
Talk to grandparents, neighbors, and community elders who are familiar with traditional riddles and puzzles.
Ask them to share 10-15 riddles in their local language.
Inquire about the origin of these riddles and how they were used in the past (for entertainment, teaching lessons, etc.).
Record the Riddles:
Write down each riddle along with its meaning, translation (if needed), and the context in which it was commonly used.
Analyze the Riddles:
Find out why these riddles might have emerged (e.g., for fun, passing down knowledge, or testing intelligence).
Discover any moral, cultural, or educational lessons hidden in the riddles.
Riddle Collection:
Present each riddle with its answer in an ordered format.
Include any interesting stories or traditions associated with the riddle.
Example:
Riddle (in local language): “Ek ghar mein sabke saath rehta hoon, kabhi na bolta hoon. Batao main kaun hoon?”
Translation: “I live in the house with everyone, but I never speak. Who am I?”
Answer: A lock (Tala)
Origin/Usage: Used to teach children the importance of observation.
Riddle (in local language): “Chhoti si hai par ghari ke saath bhaagti hai, din raat kabhi rukti nahi. Batao kaun?”
Translation: “It’s small but runs with the clock, never stops day or night. Who is it?”
Answer: The second hand of a clock.
Origin/Usage: A common riddle used to explain timekeeping.
(Continue with 10-15 riddles)
Create a Chart:
Prepare a neat chart displaying all the riddles, their answers, and the associated information (origin, usage, and lessons).
Use colorful visuals to make the presentation engaging for the class.
Oral Presentation:
Present the riddles one by one to the class, explaining their meaning and origin.
Encourage the class to solve the riddles before revealing the answers.
Share any insights or interesting stories you learned from the elders about the riddles.
Conclusion:
This project will help preserve local traditions and introduce the class to cultural riddles.
You will gain a better understanding of how riddles were used in society and the value they brought to teaching and entertainment.
Here we have presented English Class 10 Words and Expression 2 chapter 2 Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom Solutions. Have a look at the question answer to boost your knowledge.
Let’s Begin
1. You have read the story about Nelson Mandela in your textbook, First Flight, and the struggle of the people of South Africa. Mandela draws our attention to the meaning and importance of freedom and leading a life with freedom.
He states that peers, how freedom and responsibilities Discuss with your peers, how freedom and responsibilities go hand in hand.
Answers:
Nelson Mandelaโs journey, as portrayed in โLong Walk to Freedom,โ beautifully illustrates the deep connection between freedom and responsibility. His experiences and reflections highlight that true freedom is not just about personal liberties, but also about taking responsibility for oneself and society.
Freedom and Responsibility: A Discussion
1. Freedom Comes with Responsibility: Mandela emphasizes that freedom is not just a personal privilege but a collective right that must be safeguarded for all. When individuals gain freedom, they also inherit the responsibility to respect the rights and freedoms of others. This means acting responsibly to ensure that one’s own freedom doesn’t infringe on the freedom of others.
2. Personal Freedom vs. Collective Responsibility: In his autobiography, Mandela describes how, as a young man, he initially sought freedom for himselfโto pursue education, career, and personal goals. However, as he grew older, he realized that true freedom cannot be fully experienced in isolation. His personal freedom was intertwined with the freedom of all South Africans. This realization led him to take on the greater responsibility of fighting for the freedom of the oppressed majority.
3. Responsibility to Fight Injustice: Mandelaโs life teaches us that when people are denied freedom due to injustice or oppression, it becomes their responsibility to challenge these injustices. He himself took on the mantle of leadership to end apartheid, a system that denied freedom to millions based on race. He believed that with freedom comes the moral obligation to use that freedom for the betterment of society.
4. Freedom as a Process, Not a Destination: Mandelaโs journey was long and filled with hardships. He understood that freedom is not achieved overnight and that once obtained, it must be protected through responsible actions. The freedom gained by South Africa after the fall of apartheid brought with it the responsibility to build a fair and just nation. This involves fostering equality, tolerance, and unity.
Conclusion:
In summary, freedom and responsibility are inseparable. While freedom grants individuals the right to live their lives with dignity and choice, it also places upon them the responsibility to ensure that others can enjoy the same rights. Nelson Mandelaโs life reminds us that true freedom is achieved when we take responsibility for ourselves, our actions, and the world around us.
READING COMPRESENSION
Text I
Given below is a speech by Sardar Patel, one of the prominent figures of India’s freedom struggle. This is one of the convocation speeches delivered by him. Read the speech and answer the question that follow.
Sardar Patel’s Call to Youth to build Character and be Disciplined
I must thank you for the affectionate and warm welcome which you have extended to me and for the love and regard which you have shown me by conferring this honour to me. Gifts are of many kinds those achieved by oneโs own endeavour are good and deserved, but no gift should be conferred on one whose worthiness has not been tested. By selecting me without assuring yourself of my fitness for the gift, you have laid me under a heavy debt and, by your injunctions that I should continue to prove worthy of it throughout my life, you have imposed on me a very difficult obligation. At present, I cannot say anything because I am bound by your love and affection; and, therefore, with your blessing and Godโs grace, I pray that I may prove worthy of it. Should I fail, the blame for my failure will be shared by you as well.
On this occasion, I wish to place before you a few thoughts which occur to my mind as incidental to our hard-won freedom. We have now won our freedom. But just as I am doubtful, if I deserved the honour that you have done me, you have also to think whether you have done everything to deserve freedom that you have attained after such a bitter and sustained struggle.
There are people who think that having won freedom, there is nothing more to do about it. Freedom has come to us through sacrifices. Those who made sacrifices tasted the fruit of their efforts and self-denials, but it is for those who are now enjoying freedom to taste its fruit. After the last World War, there is an all-round deterioration in human standards. People have become self-centered. They have forgotten or ignored the wider interests of the country. The essential and noteworthy features of our struggle were: sacrifice, truth, and non-violence. The weapons of the World War were: violence, brute force, political and military moves, and counter moves. As a result of the churning of the ocean, the world has emitted poison. That poison is spreading all over and there is none to swallow it. The countries which were free have managed to digest it somewhat, but we, who have just attained our freedom, it is hard to do the same. Therefore, those who think that having attained freedom they have attained everything have really attained nothing! The freedom that we have won is yet to be consolidated. The foundations of freedom have to be well and truly laid! This one-year old child has to be nursed and nourished, instructed and strengthened. It is for us to do it and we must do it.
In India today, there is no time for useless controversies and unnecessary debates and disputes. One can indulge in these pastimes when one has time and leisure. At present, we have to occupy ourselves with the all absorbing task of making the foundation of our freedom strong and unassailable. We have to reflect on our place in this broken and destructed world and what our duty and obligations are! If we fail to make the best use of our freedom to make it worthwhile and turn it to our advantage and advancements, future generations will heap curses on us. They will say that a spiritualist, a great soul gave us this precious boon, but we did not know how to retain it and lost it.
I should like to urge upon those who train citizens of tomorrow and to those citizens of tomorrow that we have yet to stand on our feet. We must concentrate on one thing alone, viz., how to make our country strong and united. We can make it strong when hearts are pure and when we fully appreciate our duty. Now that foreign rulers have gone, are we in a position to sustain the whole burden that has devolved on us? When we took over from them, the administrative fabric was in tatters. We have to mend and place it. This, in itself, is a heavy responsibility. It is for our universities to train young men to shoulder these responsibilities.
The great university of life is full of experiences, but to make full use of those experiences, all of us students, teachers and professorsโhave to be cautious and on guard. The most essential requisite is character. If your character is lacking and you leave the precincts of the alma mater without your character fully developed, you will be wasting an opportunity of a lifetime. You have to realise that India has to attain its rightful place in the comity of nations. The leadership of Asia would be hers if she conducts herself well and if her citizens make their fitting contribution to nationโs resurgence. Whatever trials and troubles we might have passed through, there is no denying the fact that we have a precious inheritance and the teachings we have received from the departed leaders are great assets for us. India abounds in the resources of nature and manpower. They are awaiting full use. That task must devolve on young men and women. We ourselves were trained in the school of experience. We fought for freedom and we have attained that prize for you. It is now up to you to prove yourself worthy of the same. This you can do only if you work with single-minded devotion to the cause of the country. It is only then that you can deserve this freedom and be proud of it.
The real danger of India lies in our disunity. That poison of communalism was spread in the past. You should draw a curtain over it. Only then could we equip ourselves for the freedom that has come to us. There are still people in the country whose loyalty to India has not settled down. They should and will leave India. This is the occasion for mutual help and mutual cooperation. We must know what our duty is as true citizens. Your teacher has to impart that duty. Unless we learn to shoulder our responsibility in the true spirit of discipline and citizenship we cannot go ahead. We must strengthen our shoulders and our legs so that we can stand erect and bear the burden that has devolved on us. Then alone would we secure the real objective of freedom.
(Source: The Collected Works of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Volume XIII [1 January 1948โ31 December 1948], Editor: P.N. Chopra, Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi)
Complete the sentences given below by choosing the most appropriate word or phrase.
Q. 1. The occasion of the speech of Sardar Patel here is _____________________________.
(a) an address to a public gathering
(b) a convocation address at a university
(c) a speech in Indian Parliament
(d) a speech delivered to civil servants
Q. 2. Patel feels that future generations will help curses on us if ____________________________________.
(a) we fail to protect our freedom
(b) we fail to protect the corrupt people in public life
(c) we wage war against other nations
(d) we understand the need for peace
Q. 3. The first and foremost thing Patel stressed to be done is ________________________________________.
(a) to make the country strong and united
(b) to give employment to everyone
(c) to fight a war against those who oppressed us
(d) to make every citizen feel happy
Q. 4. One major characteristic of university education, as Sardar Patel believes, is ______________________________________.
(a)character
(b) duty
(c) knowledge
(d) power
Q. 5. What did Patel not mean when he said, โYou have to realise that India has to attain its rightful place in the comity of nationsโ? Tick the right answer.
(a) Friendly and cordial relationship with other nations
(b) Group of nations which wage war against other
(c) Community of people
(d) Nations from a continent
Q. 6. ‘India abounds in the resources of nature and manpower’s means ____________________________________________ .
(a) India has a vibrant economy
(b) India’s natural resources and population are a great resources
(c) India’s lack of manpower
(d) Indians are great resources for development
Q. 7. What is the greatest danger for India as Patel believes in his speech?
(a) India has a vibrant economy.
(b) India’s natural resources and population are a great resource.
(c) India’s lack of manpower.
(d) Indians are great resources for development.
Q. 8. Complete the following statement based on your understanding of Patel’s speech.
The first and foremost duty of the young nation is
Answers:
Q. 1. The occasion of the speech of Sardar Patel here is _____________________________. (b) a convocation address at a university
Q. 2. Patel feels that future generations will heap curses on us if ____________________________________. (a) we fail to protect our freedom
Q. 3. The first and foremost thing Patel stressed to be done is ________________________________________. (a) to make the country strong and united
Q. 4. One major characteristic of university education, as Sardar Patel believes, is ______________________________________. (a) character
Q. 5. What did Patel not mean when he said, โYou have to realise that India has to attain its rightful place in the comity of nationsโ? Tick the right answer. (b) Group of nations which wage war against others
Q. 6. ‘India abounds in the resources of nature and manpower’s means ____________________________________________. (b) India’s natural resources and population are a great resource
Q. 7. What is the greatest danger for India as Patel believes in his speech? (d) Indians are great resources for development.
Q. 8. Complete the following statement based on your understanding of Patel’s speech.
The first and foremost duty of the young nation is to build a strong, united country, ensuring the protection and consolidation of the freedom won through sacrifices and striving for the development of both character and discipline in its citizens.
Vocabulary
1. Use the following words and phrase in your own sentences.
2. Sardar Patel called upon young students to understand the meaning of freedom and ways to sustain it. Here are two key words which he stressed upon-‘Freedom’ and ‘Responsibility’. Working in pairs, find words and phrases which convey the feeling of these words and write below.
Freedom
Responsibility
You may have written above at least to eight words for each key word. Using the words write at least five sentences describing “Freedom and “Responsibility’. One has been done for you.
Example: Freedom is not free.
Answers:
Use the following words and phrase in your own sentences:
(a) Precincts: The students gathered within the precincts of the college for their annual cultural festival.
(b) Comity of nations: India aims to maintain peaceful relations within the comity of nations, promoting mutual respect and cooperation.
(c) Unassailable: The evidence provided by the defense was so strong that it left an unassailable argument in the courtroom.
(d) Mutual cooperation: The success of any project depends on the mutual cooperation of all team members, ensuring smooth progress.
Freedom
Independence
Liberty
Autonomy
Choice
Rights
Expression
Opportunity
Self-determination
Responsibility
Accountability
Obligation
Duty
Commitment
Reliability
Care
Leadership
Ownership
Sentences:
Freedom allows individuals to express their opinions without fear of oppression.
With freedom comes the responsibility to respect the rights of others.
True freedom is the ability to make choices while bearing the consequences of those decisions.
Responsibility is about owning up to one’s actions and fulfilling duties with care.
A society thrives when citizens balance their freedom with a strong sense of responsibility towards the community.
Grammar
Use of Articles
1. You have come across the use of articles ‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’ in the lesson. The tasks in textbook give you the idea that the use of ‘the’ with proper noun carries a special meaning. Read the following paragraph from the speech you have read above. The articles are missing in the paragraph. With the help of your partner, fill in the blanks.
________ weapons of _____ world was were: violence, brute force, political and military moves, and counter moves.
As ______ result of ________ churning of the ocean, _______ world has emitted poison. That poison is spreading all over and there is none to swallow it. __________ countries which were free have managed to digest it somewhat, but we, who have just attained our freedom, it is hard to do ___________ same. Therefore, those who think that having attained freedom they have attained everything, have really attained nothing! _______ freedom that we have won is yet to be consolidated.
2. Which article most frequently occurs in the passage? Why is it so? Can you replace it with some other article? Why/Why not? Discuss with your peers and make notes.
(a) _______ boy and _____ girl were shopping in a market. ______ boy was from Kerala and _______ girl was from Nagaland.
(b) Can you turn off ____ light?
(c) He has taken ____ taxi to _____ station?
(d) Is there ______ police station nearby?
(e) M sister works in ______ bank.
(f) He has been looking for _____ job the last seven years.
(g) Would you like to eat ______ apple?
(h) He goes to the theatre once _____ month.
(i) This morning I bought ____ newspaper and ___ magazine. _____ newspaper is on my table and I forgot where I have placed ______ magazine.
(j) We would like to have dinner at _____ good restaurant.
Answers:
Fill in the blanks with suitable articles:
The weapons of the world were: violence, brute force, political and military moves, and counter moves.
As a result of the churning of the ocean, the world has emitted poison. That poison is spreading all over and there is none to swallow it. The countries which were free have managed to digest it somewhat, but we, who have just attained our freedom, find it hard to do the same. Therefore, those who think that having attained freedom they have attained everything, have really attained nothing! The freedom that we have won is yet to be consolidated.
The article that most frequently occurs in the passage is ‘the’.
It is used to refer to something specific or known to the listener or reader, like “the world” or “the freedom.”
You cannot replace “the” with another article in this passage because it is referring to specific concepts that the reader is expected to be familiar with. Replacing it with ‘a’ or ‘an’ would change the meaning by making these nouns non-specific, which would not fit the context.
Fill in the blanks with suitable articles:
(a) A boy and a girl were shopping in a market. The boy was from Kerala and the girl was from Nagaland.
(b) Can you turn off the light?
(c) He has taken a taxi to the station.
(d) Is there a police station nearby?
(e) My sister works in a bank.
(f) He has been looking for a job for the last seven years.
(g) Would you like to eat an apple?
(h) He goes to the theatre once a month.
(i) This morning I bought a newspaper and a magazine. The newspaper is on my table and I forgot where I have placed the magazine.
(j) We would like to have dinner at a good restaurant.
Editing
1. The following passage has an error in each line. Fid the error and write the correct word or words against the line.
I don’t mean that some peoples are born clear headed ______
and is therefore natural writers, whereas others ________
are naturally fuzzy and will never wrote well. ___
Thinking clearly was a conscious act that writers _______
must forced on themselves, as if they were working ______
on any other project that requires logic: makes ______
shopping list or doing an algebra problems. _______
Good writing do not come naturally, ________
though most people seems to think it does. ______
Professional writer are constantly beaded by ________
people who say they’d like to “trying a little _______
writing sometime” – meaned when they retire from their profession. __
Answers:
Here is the corrected passage with the errors and corrections:
I don’t mean that some peoples are born clear-headed. Error: peoples Correction: people
and is therefore natural writers, whereas others Error: is Correction: are
are naturally fuzzy and will never wrote well. Error: wrote Correction: write
Thinking clearly was a conscious act that writers Error: was Correction: is
must forced on themselves, as if they were working Error: forced Correction: force
on any other project that requires logic: makes Error: makes Correction: making
shopping list or doing an algebra problems. Error: shopping list, problems Correction: a shopping list, problem
Good writing do not come naturally, Error: do Correction: does
though most people seems to think it does. Error: seems Correction: seem
Professional writer are constantly beaded by Error: writer, beaded Correction: writers, badgered
people who say they’d like to “trying a little Error: trying Correction: try
writing sometime” – meaned when they retire from their profession. Error: meaned Correction: meaning
Listening
1. Your teacher or any one student will read out the text given below to the whole class. Listen carefully. Working in groups of four, note down in short the important points as you listen. Discuss in your group. Recreate and write the text you have listened to. You need not write the exact text, but the meaning should be nearest to the actual text read out to you. Your teacher will read out the text again for all the groups so that you can check whether you have understood the text well.
Text for listening
A few minutes ago, walking back from lunch, I started to cross the street when I heard the sound of a coin dropping. It wasn’t much but, as I turned my eyes caught the heads of serve other people truing too. A woman had dropped what appeared to be a one rupee coin. The tinking sound of a coin dropping on the pavement garbs attention. Whatever be the value of the coin no one can ignore the sound of it. It got me thinking about sounds again.
Answers:
Here is a recreated version of the text:
A short while ago, as I was walking back from lunch and about to cross the street, I heard the faint sound of a coin falling. It wasnโt particularly loud, but it made me look, and I noticed several others turning their heads as well. A woman had dropped what seemed to be a one-rupee coin. The distinct sound of a coin hitting the pavement catches attention, regardless of its value. No one can ignore it. This made me reflect once more on the impact of sounds.
This version retains the meaning and key points of the original text about the significance of sound and how it draws attention.
Speaking
1. You have read the speeches of Nelson Mandela and Sardar Patel. You know their beliefs and born nation. Discuss with your partner and put down your ideas in what freedom means to you. Prepare an outline.
2. Prepare a speech for the morning assembly reflecting on the following question.
(a) How do you feel today about the country’s freedom?
(b) Are we free and independent?
(c) Are we serious about our responsibilities as citizen?
Answers:
1. Outline: What Freedom Means to Me
Introduction:
Definition of freedom in a personal sense.
Importance of freedom in an individualโs life and society.
Body:
Freedom of Thought and Expression: The ability to voice opinions without fear.
Personal Choices: Having the right to make decisions about oneโs own life.
Social Freedom: Equality regardless of caste, creed, gender, or background.
Political Freedom: The right to participate in governance and shape the future of the nation.
Economic Freedom: Access to resources and opportunities for a decent standard of living.
Responsibility with Freedom: How freedom comes with accountability and the need for responsible behavior.
Conclusion:
How freedom is essential for growth, but maintaining it requires effort and responsibility from all citizens.
2. Speech for Morning Assembly
Good Morning, Respected Principal, Teachers, and my dear friends,
Today, I stand before you to reflect on a few important questions about our countryโs freedom.
How do I feel about our countryโs freedom today? It fills me with pride to know that we live in an independent nation where our ancestors fought courageously for the rights we enjoy today. We can express ourselves, choose our careers, and live freely, thanks to the sacrifices made by our freedom fighters.
But are we truly free and independent? While we have achieved political freedom, the journey to complete independence still continues. True freedom goes beyond the absence of foreign rule. It means being free from inequality, poverty, discrimination, and corruption. In these areas, we still have much work to do. We should strive for a society where everyone is treated equally and has the same opportunities to succeed.
Are we serious about our responsibilities as citizens? Freedom comes with great responsibility. We often speak of rights, but we must also consider our duties towards the nation. As citizens, we must work towards bettering our communities, follow the rules, and contribute to the development of the country. Respecting each otherโs rights, keeping our surroundings clean, and being informed voters are just a few ways in which we can fulfill our responsibilities.
Conclusion: In conclusion, we must remember that freedom is not just a privilege; it is a collective responsibility. Let us cherish it and work together to ensure that our country remains a place where every individual can truly experience freedom.
Writing
1. Make pairs. One of you takes the role of Nelson Mandela and the other becomes the interviewer.
(a) The interviewer prepares a questionnaire on Nelson MandelaโMandela as a person and his contributions to the removal of Apartheid.
(b) The interviewee responds to them. The interviewerโs task is to note down the answers also.
(c) The interviewer, through the questions, tries to get an overview of Mandelaโs life.
2. Make groups of four and find out the background information on Nelson Mandela, Mahatma Gandhi, and Martin Luther King. All three of them fought against all odds and used non-violence to achieve their aim. Choose any two of the above stated and do a comparative study of their principles and lives.
Answers:
1. Interview: Nelson Mandela and the Interviewer
Interviewer: Good morning, Mr. Mandela. It is an honor to speak with you today. Let’s begin by discussing your personal experiences. What motivated you to start your journey of resistance against Apartheid?
Mandela (Interviewee): Thank you. My journey began from witnessing the deep inequality and injustice my people were subjected to. The Apartheid regime was built on racial discrimination, and growing up under that oppressive system fueled my desire to fight for equality. I realized that it was my duty, and the duty of all South Africans, to resist the racial segregation that kept us apart.
Interviewer: You spent 27 years in prison for your beliefs. How did you maintain hope during such a difficult period?
Mandela (Interviewee): It was difficult, but I never lost sight of the greater purpose. Prison taught me patience and discipline, and it was during this time that I reaffirmed my commitment to the cause. I found strength in the knowledge that my struggle was shared by millions of others, and that together we could achieve freedom.
Interviewer: Your leadership was instrumental in ending Apartheid. What do you believe was the key to this success?
Mandela (Interviewee): The key was unity. We knew that violence could not be the answer, so we opted for non-violent resistance, inspired by leaders like Gandhi. It was through dialogue, negotiation, and unwavering resolve that we managed to dismantle Apartheid. Building trust among people of all races was crucial in creating a new, democratic South Africa.
Interviewer: What role did forgiveness play in your approach to leadership after the end of Apartheid?
Mandela (Interviewee): Forgiveness was fundamental. After decades of oppression, our country could have easily been consumed by hatred and revenge. But I knew that in order for us to move forward, we had to forgive, not forget. Forgiveness was necessary for healing and reconciliation. It is what allowed us to build a united nation instead of one torn apart by its past.
Interviewer: Lastly, what message do you want to give to future generations fighting for justice?
Mandela (Interviewee): My message is to never give up on justice, equality, and freedom. The road to achieving it may be long and difficult, but perseverance is key. Also, remember that change can come from non-violent means. Stay true to your principles, unite people, and never lose hope in a better future.
2. Comparative Study: Nelson Mandela and Mahatma Gandhi
Nelson Mandela:
Principles: Mandela was driven by the principles of justice, equality, and non-violence. He fought against racial segregation in South Africa, known as Apartheid, and believed that all people, regardless of their race, deserved equal rights and opportunities.
Key Life Events: He joined the African National Congress (ANC) and became involved in anti-Apartheid movements. He spent 27 years in prison for his activism and emerged as a symbol of the fight for justice. After his release, he led negotiations to dismantle Apartheid and became the first black president of South Africa in 1994.
Approach: Mandelaโs fight for freedom was inspired by non-violent resistance, although at times the movement did use armed resistance as a last resort. His leadership after Apartheid was marked by forgiveness and reconciliation, which helped to heal the wounds of a divided nation.
Non-Violence: Although the ANC initially advocated non-violent resistance, Mandela recognized the need for a mix of strategies. However, in the end, he chose negotiation and non-violence to resolve conflicts and establish democracy in South Africa.
Mahatma Gandhi:
Principles: Gandhi was a strong advocate of non-violence (Ahimsa) and truth (Satyagraha). He believed that peaceful civil disobedience was the most powerful tool in the fight against injustice. His principles influenced many global leaders, including Mandela.
Key Life Events: Gandhi led the Indian independence movement against British rule, organizing mass civil disobedience campaigns such as the Salt March in 1930. His leadership was pivotal in India’s eventual independence in 1947. He was also involved in social reforms, including the fight against untouchability.
Approach: Gandhiโs philosophy of non-violence was absolute. He believed that even in the face of violence and oppression, the use of violence would never bring true freedom. His approach was grounded in moral conviction, faith in humanity, and the belief that love and compassion could change society.
Non-Violence: Gandhi’s adherence to non-violence was unshakeable. He was firm in his belief that violence only begets more violence, and that true freedom could only be achieved through peaceful means. His methods included hunger strikes, boycotts, and civil disobedience.
Comparative Overview:
Leadership through Non-Violence: Both Mandela and Gandhi believed in non-violent resistance as a powerful force for change. Gandhi never wavered in his commitment to non-violence, while Mandela adopted a combination of non-violent and armed resistance but ultimately embraced reconciliation and peaceful negotiation.
Focus on Unity and Reconciliation: Gandhi worked to unite people across religions and castes in India, while Mandela focused on bridging the racial divide in South Africa. Both saw unity as essential for building a just and equal society.
Global Influence: Both leaders have inspired movements for justice and freedom across the world. Mandela was directly influenced by Gandhi’s philosophy of non-violence, and their shared belief in human dignity and justice continues to resonate globally.
In conclusion, while Gandhi and Mandela came from different contexts, their approaches and philosophies shared significant commonalities. Both leaders remind us that non-violence, unity, and compassion are the cornerstones of true freedom.
Project
1. You have learnt about the freedom struggle pf many nations after the Second World war and ow many leaders spearheaded freedom movements in their countries. Based on the learning from different nations. The following are prompts that can help you.
(a) Their thoughts
(b) Their uniqueness
(c) Honestly and integrity
(d) Confidence and leadership qualities
(e) Inspirational speeches
(Hints: You may develop their profiles in chronological order. You may visit the library. Consult social science teachers in your school and elders in your neighbourhood.)
Answers:
Project: Freedom Struggles After the Second World War
In this project, we will explore the freedom struggles of several nations after the Second World War, focusing on the leaders who spearheaded these movements. The leaders chosen for this study exhibited remarkable qualities of leadership, integrity, and courage, and their thoughts and actions have inspired many people worldwide. Below are some prompts that can help you structure your profiles of these leaders in a chronological order.
(a) Their Thoughts
Each leader had a vision for their countryโs freedom and future. Whether it was Nelson Mandela’s dream of a racially equal South Africa or Ho Chi Minh’s fight for Vietnamese independence, their thoughts were always centered around justice, equality, and the freedom of their people.
Example: Nelson Mandela believed in the importance of forgiveness and reconciliation after years of racial oppression. He wanted to build a nation where all races could live peacefully together.
Example: Kwame Nkrumah envisioned a united and independent Africa, free from the colonial rule of European powers.
(b) Their Uniqueness
Each leader had unique approaches to achieving independence. Some, like Gandhi, were known for their commitment to non-violence, while others like Fidel Castro led armed revolutions.
Example: Mahatma Gandhi pioneered the concept of Satyagraha, which emphasized non-violent civil disobedience.
Example: Sukarno of Indonesia uniquely blended nationalism with socialism, aiming to establish a nation that could thrive without foreign intervention.
(c) Honesty and Integrity
Integrity and honesty were defining characteristics of these freedom fighters. They gained trust and support from the masses because of their commitment to truth and justice.
Example: Gandhi was known for his transparent leadership and his adherence to truth, which earned him the title of Mahatma (Great Soul).
Example: Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya maintained a strong moral stance during the fight against British colonial rule, advocating for the rights of his people.
(d) Confidence and Leadership Qualities
Confidence and an ability to lead were essential for mobilizing people during these difficult times. The leaders demonstrated exceptional leadership by inspiring the masses and maintaining morale during their respective freedom struggles.
Example: Ho Chi Minh led Vietnam with great confidence during the resistance against French colonialism and later against the United States during the Vietnam War.
Example: Nelson Mandela displayed extraordinary leadership during his imprisonment and after his release, leading the negotiations to end Apartheid in South Africa.
(e) Inspirational Speeches
Many of these leaders gave powerful and inspiring speeches that resonated with their people and beyond. Their words motivated millions to join their causes and to believe in the possibility of freedom.
Example: Nelson Mandela’s speech upon his release from prison: “I have walked that long road to freedom. I have tried not to falter; I have made missteps along the way. But I have discovered the secret that after climbing a great hill, one only finds that there are many more hills to climb.”
Example: Gandhiโs speech during the Quit India Movement of 1942: “Do or die. We shall either free India or die in the attempt; we shall not live to see the perpetuation of our slavery.”
Developing Profiles in Chronological Order
India (1947) โ Mahatma Gandhi
Thoughts: Freedom through non-violence, truth, and self-reliance.
Uniqueness: Non-violent resistance through Satyagraha.
Honesty: He lived a life of simplicity and truth.
Leadership: Mobilized millions with peaceful protest methods.
Inspirational Speeches: Quit India movement.
Indonesia (1945) โ Sukarno
Thoughts: Independence from Dutch colonialism, socialism, and unity.
Uniqueness: Emphasis on national unity and socialism.
Honesty: Advocated for social welfare and equality.
Leadership: Successfully led Indonesia to independence.
Inspirational Speeches: Proclaimed Indonesian independence in 1945.
Vietnam (1945) โ Ho Chi Minh
Thoughts: Independence from French rule and later, American intervention.
Uniqueness: Blended nationalism with Marxist-Leninist ideology.
Honesty: Worked tirelessly for the cause of his people.
Leadership: Led Vietnam through two major wars, uniting the country.
Inspirational Speeches: Declaration of Independence from France in 1945.
Ghana (1957) โ Kwame Nkrumah
Thoughts: Pan-Africanism, economic self-reliance.
Uniqueness: First African nation to gain independence.
Honesty: Advocated for the well-being of African nations.
Leadership: First President of Ghana and a key figure in African independence movements.
Inspirational Speeches: Encouraged African unity.
South Africa (1994) โ Nelson Mandela
Thoughts: End of racial discrimination, equality, and justice for all.
Uniqueness: Reconciliation post-Apartheid.
Honesty: Spent 27 years in prison for his beliefs.
Leadership: Guided South Africa to its first democratic election.
Inspirational Speeches: Address upon his release from prison.
Consultation and Resources
Visit the school library for books on these leaders and their nations’ struggles for independence.
Consult your social science teachers to gain deeper insights into the historical events of the time.
Engage with elders in your neighborhood who may have lived through these historical moments or have knowledge of them.
This project will provide a comprehensive overview of the various freedom struggles post-World War II and the qualities of the leaders who spearheaded them, highlighting their thoughts, leadership, and lasting impact on their nations and the world.
Here we have presented Class 10 English words and expressions 2 solution chapter 1.Increase your english knowledge with this book. Chapter name is ‘A letter to God’.
Letโs Begin
1. You have read about Lencho in ‘A Letter to God’, First Flight, textbook in English for class X. How has the story of Lencho moved you? What do you think about Lencho’s faith in God and his attitude towards the officials in the post office? Discuss his actions with your friends. Why does he do so?
2. The summary of the story of Lencho is given below. The sequence of the story is jumbled up.
Read the story again and rearrange the jumbled sentences to make a coherent story.
Write the correct order in numbers in the column
Jumbled sentences
But it rained heavily and hailstorm thrashed his corn field and all the corn was destroyed.
He wrote To Godโ on the envelope and posted it.
Lencho predicated it will rain and it did. He and his wife were happy.
Lencho felt desperate but believed that God would help him.
Their corn field was longing for water.
The postman and the postmaster laughed at Lenchoโs letter but were surprised by the faith of the man.
He wrote a letter to God asking for a hundred pesos to sow his field again and to survive util the next crop came up.
After some days, Lencho went to the post office to receive the money as the postmaster watched him.
He immediately went to the counter and asked for a pen and paper, wrote a few lines and posted the letter.
Lencho, his wife and their children lived in a lonely house in a valley.
When the postmaster opened the letter, it said โOh! Thanks for sending the money. But I have received only seventy Pesos. Next time you please send the money directly to me. The people at the office are a bunch of crooks. They have taken the thirty pesos.
HE opened the letter and was happy to find the money. He counted and found it was only seventy pesos.
The postmaster collected about 70 pesos from his colleagues and sent it to Lencho.
Answers:
1. Discussion on Lenchoโs faith and attitude:
Lencho’s story in ‘A Letter to God’ reflects his unshakeable faith in God. His complete belief that God would help him, despite the loss of his crops due to the hailstorm, is admirable. However, Lenchoโs attitude towards the post office officials reveals his naivety. He could not imagine that the officials, moved by his faith, collected money to help him. Instead, he assumed that the officials had stolen some of the money. This highlights his innocence and blind trust in God but also his lack of understanding of human kindness. Lenchoโs unwavering belief in divine help is touching, but his suspicion towards the post office workers seems unfair, especially when they were the ones who tried to assist him.
Lenchoโs actions show how deep his faith in God is, and his inability to recognize human effort mirrors the story’s theme of faith and irony. He doesnโt thank the post office workers, as he believes they stole part of the money, which adds to the ironic twist of the story. This raises questions about his awareness of human kindness and whether such pure faith can also make someone blind to the good actions of others.
Correct order of the story
Lencho, his wife and their children lived in a lonely house in a valley.
Their corn field was longing for water.
Lencho predicted it will rain, and it did. He and his wife were happy.
But it rained heavily, and a hailstorm thrashed his cornfield, destroying all the corn.
Lencho felt desperate but believed that God would help him.
He wrote a letter to God asking for a hundred pesos to sow his field again and to survive until the next crop came up.
He wrote “To God” on the envelope and posted it.
The postman and the postmaster laughed at Lenchoโs letter but were surprised by the faith of the man.
The postmaster collected about 70 pesos from his colleagues and sent it to Lencho.
After some days, Lencho went to the post office to receive the money as the postmaster watched him.
He opened the letter and was happy to find the money. He counted and found it was only seventy pesos.
He immediately went to the counter, asked for a pen and paper, wrote a few lines, and posted the letter.
When the postmaster opened the letter, it said, โOh! Thanks for sending the money. But I have received only seventy pesos. Next time, please send the money directly to me. The people at the office are a bunch of crooks. They have taken the thirty pesos.โ
Reading Comprehension
Text I
Given below is a story of the tailor who has been known for his skills in cheating and stealing. Read in groups of four or in pairs. You may discuss the events and incidences of the story with your friends and write them in a sequential manner.
The Trader and the Tailor
There was a tailor who was known for beating others in the art of being light-fingered and thievery. A trader swore that even with a hundred attempts, the tailor would not be able to take a coil of thread from him without his knowledge.
The trader was told that many others, more intelligent than him, had been beaten by the tailor. They said he should not imagine himself so great, for his ego would only give him worse troubles in competition with the tailor. Still, the trader became more competitive and made a wager that the tailor would not be able to rob him of anything.
He wagered an Arab horse with those who taunted him. If the tailor failed to steal, then they would have to give him a horse instead. That night, the trader lay awake troubled by the situation and could not sleep a wink.
In the morning, he put a piece of satin cloth under his arm and went to the bazaar and entered the shop and saluted the cunning rogue warmly. The tailor sprang up from his seat and welcomed the trader, inquiring about his health with cordiality exceeding even that of the trader, planting in his heart great feelings of affection for him. When the trader heard these songs of sweetness from the tailor, he flung down the piece of silk saying, โCut this into a coat for me and make it wide below my navel so as not to hamper my legs and tight about it to show off my figure.โ
The tailor answered, โO! kindly man, I will do you a hundred services,โ and accepted the order. He measured the satin and inspected the working surface and all the time chatted away to the trader in idle gossip, about other amirs and of bounties and gifts he had received from them, and about misers and their mean ways, and made the trader laugh with hysterics. During this beguiling talk, he was snipping away with his scissors rapidly, cutting as fast as his lips moved.
The trader was laughing, the tailor was cutting, the trader closed his eyes in joy, the tailor cut extra pieces, tucking them under his thighs, hidden away from all but God. From his delight at the tailorโs tales, the traderโs former boast went out of his mind. What satin? What boast? What wager? The trader was drunk on the jokes told by the tailor.
Then the tailor told such an incredible story that the trader fell over on his back with laughter. The tailor swiftly stitched a swatch of the satin to the hem of his underpants while the trader was paying no attention at all, greedily sucking with every guffaw at the jests the tailor told. The tailor continued to tell funnier and funnier tales and jokes until the trader was completely within his power.
With his eyes shut and his reason vanished, the bewildered and boastful trader was drunk with joy. And the tailor continued to cut, filching yet more of the beautiful cloth, with nothing to stop him now. And yet the trader begged for more.
You who becomes the slave of the jest, no story is more laughable than you yourself, think on this at the edge of your grave. How long will you listen to the lies of this world that leave your mind and spirit unhinged? The Universal Tailor will cut and stitch the hems of a hundred travellers, silly as children.
Eventually the tailor became bored with the whole story and told the trader that he better leave before another tale was told, โFor if I tell another one, the coat will be too tight for you, and you will stop laughing and weep tears of blood.โ
Rumi (Abridged)
Did you enjoy the story of ‘The trader and the Tailor?
The story is summarised below. Read the story again with your friend and complete the paragraph using short sentences with the given hints.
Once there was a tailor who was known for ______________ (cheat and thievery). He could cheat anyone with his cunning way of deceiving people. A trader challenged that the tailor would not be able to cheat him. He ________ (go) the tailor with ________ (satin). The tailor ___________. (welcome). The trader ____________ (please) by the tailor’s praise. He told to make a coat for him. The tailor __________(praise) funny tales and the trader forgot _______ (bet). The tailor started snipping _____ and ________ (hide) Eyes of the trader _______ (tears and joy) and yet the trader kept on asking for _____ (stories). At last, the tailor told the trader that ________ (tight) and ___________ (weep -blood).
Answers:
Yes, I enjoyed the story of “The Trader and the Tailor.” It has an engaging blend of humor and wisdom, showing how even the most confident people can be deceived by clever manipulation. The tailorโs cunning, coupled with the traderโs overconfidence, adds a layer of irony and teaches a lesson about ego, deceit, and the consequences of becoming too absorbed in distractions.
Here is the summary of the story, completed with short sentences:
Once there was a tailor who was known for cheating and thievery. He could cheat anyone with his cunning way of deceiving people. A trader challenged that the tailor would not be able to cheat him. He went to the tailor with satin. The tailor welcomed him warmly. The trader was pleased by the tailor’s praise. He told him to make a coat for him. The tailor praised him and told funny tales, and the trader forgot about the bet. The tailor started snipping the satin and hiding the pieces. Eyes of the trader were filled with tears of joy, and yet the trader kept on asking for more stories. At last, the tailor told the trader that the coat would be too tight and he would weep tears of blood.
The story is an insightful one about human nature, overconfidence, and the power of manipulation through words.
Grammar
1. You have come across Relative Clauses in the lesson. ‘A Letter to God.’ Read about the relative clauses again. Complete the sentences given below in the table by adding the most
Contains meaning of words stitches clothes tell lies won the best actor award this year hit a century is faithful
Need to fill in the application Is a crook Help themselves Won the nobel prize Believe in hard work
(a) A tailor is a person who stitches clothes.
(b) A dictionary is a book ________________
(c) The book is about a scientist ______________
(d) What is the name of the player ____________
(e) I don’t like people ___________
(f) What is the name of the actor ______
(g) Students ____________ should meet the principal in her office.
(h) Friends of the trader thought the tailor ________ and can cheat anyone.
(i) Lencho _________ thought God would help him.
(j) Those _______ will succeed.
(k) God helps those _______
Answers:
(a) A tailor is a person who stitches clothes.
(b) A dictionary is a book which contains the meaning of words.
(c) The book is about a scientist who won the Nobel Prize.
(d) What is the name of the player who hit a century?
(e) I don’t like people who tell lies.
(f) What is the name of the actor who won the best actor award this year?
(g) Students who need to fill in the application should meet the principal in her office.
(h) Friends of the trader thought the tailor was a crook and can cheat anyone.
(i) Lencho who was faithful thought God would help him.
(j) Those who believe in hard work will succeed.
(k) God helps those who help themselves.
Editing :
1. Suppose Lencho gets a hundred pesos in his envelope. He writes a letter to God expressing his gratitude. However, he has missed a word in each line. Help him with those words so that his letter is complete.
Dear God !
Thank for
(a) sending a hundred pesos help.
(b) I am very for this kind gesture.
(c) You were my only and your
(d) help has my faith in you.
(e) This money will help me until the crop
(f) and I promise to hard in the future.
Sincerely yours,
Lencho
Answers:
Here is the edited version of Lencho’s letter with the missing words added:
Dear God!
Thank you for
(a) sending a hundred pesos as help.
(b) I am very grateful for this kind gesture.
(c) You were my only hope and your
(d) help has restored my faith in you.
(e) This money will help me until the crop grows
(f) and I promise to work hard in the future.
Sincerely yours, Lencho
Listening
1. Here is an interesting story. The story has been told in two ways. Story A has all the odd sentences (1,3,5,โฆ) and story B has the even sentences (2,4,6,โฆ). Working in pairs, one of you take up Story A and the other take up Story B. The person with Story A will read out the first sentence and the partner (person with story B) will write in the space provided. Then the person with Story B will read sentence two and the partner will write in the space for sentence two. Likewise complete the whole story. Once the story is completed, both of you will read out to each other to check whether you have listened carefully .to your partner and written the complete story.
Story A the Race
Story B The Race
1. Every evening the animals of the Machlipatti used to sit under the banyan tree.
1.
2. _______________________
2. One day kho-kho, the rabbit was feeling bored.
3. He said, โLets run a reace!โ โWho will run a race with you?
3. _________________________________
4. ____________________________
4. No one can run faster than you,โ said Bahlu, the bear, eating a mango.
5 Choo-Choo, the rat, shouted, โNo, heโs not the fastest runner.
12. After running half the distance, Kho-Kho looked back but Choo-Choo was nowhere to be seen.
13. โHe must be far behind.โ
13. ____________________________________
14. ____________________________________
14. When he was near the finishing point, Choo- Choo jumped over Kho-Khoโs shoulder and touched the neem tree first.
15. He shouted, โIโve won the race! Iโve won the race!โ
15. __________________________________
16. __________________________________
16. Everyone cheered for Choo-Choo
Answers:
Story A:
Every evening the animals of the Machlipatti used to sit under the banyan tree.
(Person with Story B will write) One day kho-kho, the rabbit was feeling bored.
He said, โLetโs run a race!โ โWho will run a race with you?”
(Person with Story B will write) No one can run faster than you,โ said Bahlu, the bear, eating a mango.
Choo-Choo, the rat, shouted, โNo, heโs not the fastest runner.”
(Person with Story B will write) I can run faster than him.”
Everyone laughed at him.
(Person with Story B will write) Then it was decided to have a race between Kho-Kho and Choo-Choo.
The animals got excited about the race.
(Person with Story B will write) Coocku, the cock crowed to start the race.
Kho-Kho and Choo-Choo started running.
(Person with Story B will write) After running half the distance, Kho-Kho looked back but Choo-Choo was nowhere to be seen.
โHe must be far behind.โ
(Person with Story B will write) When he was near the finishing point, Choo-Choo jumped over Kho-Khoโs shoulder and touched the neem tree first.
He shouted, โIโve won the race! Iโve won the race!โ
(Person with Story B will write) Everyone cheered for Choo-Choo.
Speaking
1. Lencho, the main character in the story, is a farmer. HE supports his family through farming. The conflict in the story happens when a hailstorm strikes the field and destroyed his farm. All the hard work, for nothing! The entire land is wrecked by catastrophe. There is no one wo can help. Lencho’s complete faith in God is amazing during the calamity.
So, one type of conflict dominating in the story is man versus nature. Discuss with your partner the natural calamities that play havoc in the lives of people. Collect photography and make a visual presentation to share in the class.
2. Try writing a small poem on the topic man versus nature. Read the aloud the poem with the required stress and intonation, Given below is a poem written by Norman Littleford, which may help you think and compose.
Man Vs Nature
The heavens roared with thunder as lighting filled the skies was this god getting angry or Nature’s big surprise. Is Mother Nature telling us the best way that she can to stop the interference and abuse she gets from man. We marvel at her beauty each time we look around then their natural burial ground. We forgot that Nature gives us all that keeps us living we take it all and still want more but never think of giving. We build across the countryside progressing every day but Mother Nature can’t progress for man is in the way.
Noman Littleford
Answers:
Part 1: Discussion on Natural Calamities
Natural calamities, such as floods, earthquakes, cyclones, and droughts, can cause immense destruction in people’s lives. Like Lencho’s situation in the story where his crops are destroyed by a hailstorm, many farmers and individuals worldwide face similar challenges. Natural disasters often lead to loss of livelihood, property damage, and even displacement of entire communities. Discuss with your partner how different calamities impact people’s lives, especially in rural areas where agriculture is the main source of income.
Collecting photographs of floods, wildfires, earthquakes, or droughts can help visualize the scale of damage these disasters cause. You can create a visual presentation highlighting how these events disrupt lives, livelihoods, and the environment. This presentation can be shared with the class to raise awareness about the real-life struggles faced by people during natural calamities.
Part 2: Writing a Poem on “Man vs Nature”
Here’s a small poem based on the topic “Man versus Nature,” which reflects on how human activities often interfere with nature’s balance:
Man and Natureโs Struggle By (Your Name)
Beneath the sun’s soft, golden light, The earth begins its daily fight. With natureโs wind, the trees do bend, But man builds walls that never end.
The rivers once flowed free and clear, Now slowed by dams we engineer. The forests tall, now cut to ground, Nature’s cries are the only sound.
The storms, the quakes, the fires so wild, Nature strikes back, no longer mild. Yet still, we take more than we give, Forgetting itโs from her we live.
So pause, reflect, and understand, We must live gently on this land. For nature fights, and always will, If we forget her gentle skill.
This poem highlights the ongoing conflict between manโs progress and natureโs resilience. Now, read it aloud with appropriate stress and intonation, making sure to emphasize words that reflect the tension and the beauty of nature.
Writing
1. The tailor here is a cheat, but Lencho in the story, ‘A Letter to God’, is naive and simple. He has immense faith in God. How do you distinguish between Lencho and the tailor? What makes them different? Working in pairs, list the actions and qualities of Lencho and the tailor and draw their character sketches.
He received 70 pesos and he thought 30 pesos and been stolen.
__________________________________
Now, Write the character sketch of Lencho and the tailor.
2. Writing a portrait or description of a person
Read the following description about two persons, Raavi and Mohini.
Raavi
Mohini
A portrait or a picture of a handsome young man in full sleeves shirt. Raavi is an engineer in a manufacturing firm. He likes to make, fix, and repair things. He loves to watch television and goes to the movies thrice a month. He is congenial and supportive. He does not like to play, but goes for a morning walk everyday.
A portrait or a picture of a middle-aged lady who is a singer. She studied music and become a playback singer. She likes to be with people and participates in social functions. She loves music and reading books. She is firm and a lady with a purpose. She does not get time to exercise.
Now, write a description of any one of the above based on the details given. You may follow the process approach to writing. First, you read the given information in the box and make a list of describable (adjectives) points used for each person, in your own words. Secondly, take the help of these points to develop an outline in sentence form. Thirdly, use the outline and prepare the first draft of the description of the person and then edit the draft. Prepare the final copy after making all changes. The table below gives you ideas on how the Process Approach is helpful for improving your writing.
Writing: The Process Approach
The Process
What do you do?
Brainstorming
Note down as many ideas as you can about a given topic. Then arrange the ideas in a sequence.
Outlining
Create an outline of your writingโ which ideas will go first, how will they be supported by evidence, will there be a picture, etc.
Drafting
Write the first draft; here the focus is on the content and not the form
Revising
Revise the first draft, improve it. Add or delete ideas and improve the language.
Proofreading
Proofread the draft with the help of the teacher; here the focus is on the form and not the content.
Final draft
Write the final draft now.
Answers:
1. Distinguishing between Lencho and the Tailor:
Actions and Qualities of Lencho and the Tailor:
Action
Lencho
Tailor
Lost all his crops
Helpless and prays to God for help
The tailor is not involved in farming, his actions are unrelated.
Prays to God
Reveals his immense faith in God
The tailor doesn’t show such faith, and is focused on his material gain.
Receives 70 pesos but thinks 30 were stolen
Shows suspicion towards others but blames it on human dishonesty, not God.
The tailor would deceive for personal profit, without remorse.
How he manages the situation
Writes a letter to God, relying on divine intervention.
Cheats others to manage his own situation, focusing on self-benefit.
Harmful to others?
No, his actions donโt harm anyone intentionally.
Yes, he harms others by cheating for his own gain.
How others perceive him
As a simple, honest, and naรฏve man with unwavering faith in God.
Others likely see him as dishonest and untrustworthy.
Judgment of his character
He is innocent, straightforward, but lacks understanding of human intentions.
The tailor is crafty and greedy, valuing money over honesty.
Character Sketch of Lencho: Lencho, the protagonist of the story ‘A Letter to God’, is a simple and naรฏve farmer. He has immense faith in God and believes that God will help him in any situation. When he loses his crops to a storm, he does not lose hope but writes a letter to God, asking for money to survive. His actions show his helplessness but also his strong belief in divine intervention. Lenchoโs simplicity is evident when he receives 70 pesos and believes that the rest of the money (30 pesos) was stolen by the post office workers, yet he does not question Godโs integrity. He is hardworking, honest, and religious, but his lack of worldly knowledge makes him suspect the wrong people. Despite his simplicity, Lencho’s unshakeable trust in a higher power sets him apart as a man of faith.
Character Sketch of the Tailor: The tailor is the complete opposite of Lencho. He is depicted as a cheat, someone who deceives others for his personal gain. His actions reveal a lack of integrity and honesty. The tailor prioritizes his own profit over fairness and morality. Unlike Lencho, who trusts in God and does not harm anyone, the tailor is crafty and manipulative, harming others by exploiting their trust. His behavior reflects greed and a focus on material wealth. People likely view him as untrustworthy and dishonest, characteristics that stand in sharp contrast to Lenchoโs innocence and simplicity.
2. Description of Raavi:
Adjectives/Describable Points:
Handsome
Young
Engineer
Likes to make and fix things
Watches TV and goes to movies
Congenial and supportive
Goes for a morning walk but doesn’t like playing
Outline:
Raavi is a handsome young man who works as an engineer in a manufacturing firm.
He has a passion for creating, fixing, and repairing things, showcasing his practical and inventive nature.
Although he enjoys watching TV and movies, going to the cinema thrice a month, he does not like playing sports.
Raavi is congenial and supportive, making him well-liked by his peers.
He stays active by going for a morning walk every day, which helps him maintain his health.
Draft: Raavi is a handsome young engineer who works in a manufacturing firm. He enjoys using his skills to create, fix, and repair things, reflecting his practical and inventive personality. While he loves watching television and going to the movies at least three times a month, he is not very interested in playing sports. However, he makes sure to stay active by taking a morning walk every day. Raavi is known for being congenial and supportive, which makes him popular among his colleagues and friends. His friendly nature and enthusiasm for helping others add to his appealing personality.
Final Copy: Raavi is a handsome and energetic young man, working as an engineer in a manufacturing firm. He has a natural talent for making, fixing, and repairing things, which showcases his practical and creative skills. Despite not being fond of sports, Raavi keeps himself physically active by going for a morning walk every day. He enjoys his leisure time by watching television and frequently visiting the cinema. Known for his congenial and supportive personality, Raavi is well-respected and liked by those around him. His warmth and willingness to help others make him a standout individual in both his personal and professional life.
Project
1. You may have come across some people in your neighbourhood who might have inspired you with their actions, Talk to them about-
their childhood, their education, job, their likes and dislikes.
their contribution to the enrichment of their village or town, job, country, etc.
their interesting features and characteristics.
Request for their pictures, Based on the collected information, write their portraits and present it to the class. You may read on ‘How to do project work?’ given below.
How to do project work in the English language classroom?
In addition to the textbook activities, project work could be used as an effective strategy to promote collaborative ways of language learning where we work together in groups to do an activity. We collect information, ideas; observe the language being used; use language in real life situations; exchange views and debate on ideas; write the ideas into a report; edit our writing and produce the report in a suitable form. This helps in constructing ideas and analysing critical judgments of the peers to arrive at a decision or conclusion. It would be of much benefit to learners, if projects planned are of an interdisciplinary nature.
Designing and managing projects
There are many ways students can be initiated to carry out projects.
Read books, newspapers, listen to the radio, watch TV, consult websites and encyclopedia, talk to people, observe events and proceedings, interview people, record audio/ video, collect pictures and illustrations, interpret them, and report.
Write field notes to remember and organise the data collected.
Bring your own ideas to the class and have a class discussion.
Use language meaningfully and precisely. If the meaning of learning is โmeaning makingโ, the purpose is achieved fully while doing projects.
Learners should do the projects in group independently. They should not ask their parents to do these or buy readymade products available in the market.
They may seek information or some help from parents or elders.
Planning, writing the draft and editing
Having collected the required data, information and ideas, plan and organise the data and interpret them to write the draft. It could be posters, a script of a play (enact and direct a play), songs, essays, etc. Editing is an important part of writing the report. Students should be made aware of process approach involved in writing a good piece of work. Then present it to the whole class or to the school during the assembly or on special occasions (in case of play, songs, etc.).
Answers:
Project: Portrait of an Inspirational Person in My Neighborhood
Step 1: Identifying the Person
In your neighborhood, there might be people who inspire you with their actions and contributions. For this project, you need to talk to one such person who stands out because of their dedication, unique qualities, or contribution to the community.
Step 2: Conducting the Interview
Childhood: Ask them about their upbringing, where they grew up, their early experiences, and their family background. Were there any events or challenges during their childhood that shaped their current values and behavior?
Education: Explore their educational journey. Did they face any difficulties or opportunities that influenced their career or personal growth?
Job: Talk about their job or occupation. How did they choose their career path? How do they feel about their work? How have they contributed to their profession, and how do they help others through their job?
Likes and Dislikes: Get to know their personal preferences. What hobbies or interests do they have? What motivates them or gives them joy? Are there any things they avoid or dislike?
Contribution to Society: Discuss their role in enriching the community, village, town, or country. Have they been involved in any projects, events, or social work? How have they made a difference in the lives of others?
Unique Characteristics: Observe their interesting traits. What makes them special? Do they possess certain skills, habits, or characteristics that set them apart?
Request for Pictures: Ask them if you can take or use their picture for the project.
Step 3: Organizing and Analyzing the Information
Write field notes during or after the conversation to remember important details. Then organize the data into categories like childhood, education, job, contributions, etc. Analyze what makes this person inspirational and unique.
Step 4: Writing the Portrait
After gathering all the information, draft the portrait in a meaningful and engaging way. The portrait could be divided into the following sections:
Introduction: Briefly introduce the person, their role in the community, and why they are inspirational.
Childhood and Education: Describe their early life, schooling, and any significant events that shaped them.
Career and Contributions: Discuss their job and how they contribute to the development of the village, town, or country. Highlight any specific social or community projects they have worked on.
Likes, Dislikes, and Personality Traits: Provide insights into their hobbies, interests, and unique characteristics. Mention any qualities that make them stand out, such as kindness, leadership, perseverance, etc.
Conclusion: Summarize why this person is a role model and what makes them an important figure in the community.
Step 5: Editing
After completing the first draft, review it carefully. Make any necessary changes to improve the structure, clarity, and accuracy. Use appropriate language, grammar, and punctuation. Ensure that the portrait is coherent and engaging.
Step 6: Presentation
Prepare the final copy of the portrait, ensuring that all edits are done. You can also include the personโs picture, if available, to make the presentation more personal and engaging. Present this portrait to your class or during school assembly, and share the inspiring story with your peers.
Example: Portrait of Mrs. Sunita Verma, a Social Worker
Introduction: Mrs. Sunita Verma is a remarkable woman who has made significant contributions to our local community through her tireless social work. Her passion for helping others and her selfless service have earned her immense respect among the villagers.
Childhood and Education: Born in a small village, Mrs. Vermaโs childhood was full of challenges. She lost her father at a young age and was raised by her mother, who instilled strong values of kindness and empathy. Despite financial struggles, she completed her education with the help of scholarships and later pursued a degree in social work.
Career and Contributions: After completing her education, Mrs. Verma began working for an NGO that focuses on womenโs empowerment and education in rural areas. She has organized literacy programs for underprivileged women, initiated vocational training, and helped establish self-help groups for women to become financially independent. Her efforts have transformed many lives, especially those of women who lacked basic education and employment opportunities.
Likes, Dislikes, and Personality Traits: Mrs. Verma is a person of great integrity and compassion. She loves reading books on social justice and spends her free time organizing community workshops. Her dislike for inequality and injustice is what drives her to keep working hard. Known for her perseverance and calm demeanor, she handles even the toughest situations with grace.
Conclusion: Mrs. Vermaโs dedication to improving the lives of others makes her a true inspiration. Her unwavering belief in the power of education and empowerment has touched many hearts, making her an essential figure in our villageโs progress.
Here Class 9 English NCERT book words and expressions Unit 8 solutions is presented so to increase knowledge and provide solution to the NCERT book.
Reading Comprehension
Read the following text and answer the questions that follow.
Interview with a Detective
His appearance was clean, cool and deliberately ambiguous. Under the sanctuary of his aviators, his eyes silently scanned the room. He is a Manhattan-based, third-generation private detective whoโs been in the business for more than three decades โ specialising in surveillance and being an overall mystery-tinged badass. We asked him everything weโve ever wanted to know about the profession.
Interviewer : So, what exactly do you do?
Detective : I do a lot of surveillance. Basically, someone who wonders, โWhat is this other person up to?โ If itโs insurance company (surveying someone on workersโ compensation), theyโll ask, โIs he back working?โ Things like that. Another very common request is locating people, and it could be for a lot of reasons. I had a case recently, a man hadnโt been in touch with his mother for 20 years and I helped him find her.
Interviewer: What kind of skills make for a good PI (Private Investigator)?
Detective :Patienceโ Number one. You have to pay attention. You have to be the kind of person, if you sit in front of a door watching it for six hours, and you havenโt seen your guy. You have to plan accordingly, and be willing to make sacrifices in order to stay out there. Itโs not a job for people who want to slack off.
Interviewer : If you need to locate someone, what’s the ideal information you need to start?
Detective: Usually, this is what I tell people, โIf you want to find someone, I need the name with the exact spelling, the DOB if you know it, the social security number, and a last known, official address where theyโve lived within the past 15 years.โ Because that means theyโll be in our database.
Interviewer: DO most private investigators a relationship with local police?
Detective: : I would say thatโs kind of a myth. Most cops wouldnโt even do it in the first place, because they know how serious a violation it is.
Interviewer: Do most private eyes carry guns?
Detective : I don’t think so. We don’t kill people but help them.
Interviewer: What do films and television shows get wrong about being a PI?
Detective : The big difference is, the things you see in films do happen to private detectives, but they’re shrinking down maybe 20 years of adventure into an episode. After 30 years, I probably have one movie worth of experiences.
(Adapted from https://www.thrillist.com/โฆ/private-detective-interviewquestions-you-ve-always-want)
1. What is the profession of the person being interviewed?
2. Complete the following sentence. As soon as the detective entered the room, he
(a) examined the place carefully.
(b) was vague and uncertain.
(c) knew what he was doing.
(d) got ready for the interview.
3. Which of the following was not a part of the job of the detective?
(a) to wander about
(b) to find lost people
(c) to carry guns
(d) to keep a watch
4. According to the detective, there are some qualities that ae essential in his profession. What are these and why are they essential?
5. What information should the PI have in order to locate someone?
6. In the sentence given below the word ‘aviators’ means sunglasses. Now choose the appropriate meaning for the underline word from the option given.
Under the sanctuary of his aviators, his eyes scanned the room.
(A) shelter
(b) shade
(c) hideout
(d) refuge
Answers:
What is the profession of the person being interviewed? The person being interviewed is a private detective.
Complete the following sentence: As soon as the detective entered the room, he (a) examined the place carefully.
Which of the following was not a part of the job of the detective? (c) to carry guns
According to the detective, there are some qualities that are essential in his profession. What are these and why are they essential? The essential qualities in the detective’s profession are patience and attention to detail. These qualities are crucial because surveillance work often involves long hours of waiting and observation. The detective must be able to stay focused and alert even when nothing seems to be happening, ensuring they donโt miss anything important.
What information should the PI have in order to locate someone? The PI should have the following information to locate someone:
Name with the exact spelling
Date of Birth (DOB)
Social Security Number (if available)
Last known official address where the person lived within the past 15 years.
In the sentence given below, the word ‘aviators’ means sunglasses. Now choose the appropriate meaning for the underlined word from the options given. Under the sanctuary of his aviators, his eyes scanned the room. (d) refuge
Text II
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay
Do you know who is Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay? He was a Bengali writer. He is remembered for his most famous creation of a fictional detective, Byomkesh Bakshi.
He was actively involved with Bengali cinema as well as Bollywood. He wrote different forms of prose: novels, short stories, plays and screenplays. Besides, he wrote many songs and poems. However, his forte was short stories and novels. He also wrote historical fiction and supernatural stories.
Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay started writing Byomkesh stories in 1932 at the age of 33. He has written 32 Byomkesh stories. He continued to write till his death in 1970. He portrayed himself as a narrator of his stories named Ajit Bandhopadhyay who is also a companion of Byomkesh Bakshi. In some stories Ajit also investigates in the absence of Byomkesh. These stories are written in traditional Bengali language and have now been translated into other languages.
His stories are very engrossing and consist of a series of events. Byomkesh solves cases from international drug racket to household mysteries and crimes. Byomkesh identifies himself as Satyanweshi meaning โtruth seekerโ rather than a detective. Where he stands out from other legendary detectives like Hercule Poirot or Sherlock Holmes is that he is more concerned with truth than with the law.
(Source: An excerpt from โA well-known literary figure of Bengalโ/The Asian Age online: http://dailyasianage.com/news/109713/a-we-known-literaryfigure-of-bengal)
(a) Short stories and novels (b) Poems and songs (c) Historical fiction (d) All of the above
3. State whether true or false
(a) Byomkesh is a โtruth seekerโ. (b) Byomkesh is a detective like Hercule Poirot and Sherlock Holmes. (c) Byomkesh is concerned with truth rather than with the law. (d) Byomkesh follows law to solve his cases.
5. What is the role of Ajit in Byomkesh stories?
6. Find the antonyms of the words given below. All of them are given in the text.
Who among the following is not a detective? (b) Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay
Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay is known for his (a) Short stories and novels
State whether true or false (a) Byomkesh is a โtruth seekerโ. True (b) Byomkesh is a detective like Hercule Poirot and Sherlock Holmes. False (He identifies himself as a ‘truth seeker’ rather than a detective.) (c) Byomkesh is concerned with truth rather than with the law. True (d) Byomkesh follows law to solve his cases. False
What is the role of Ajit in Byomkesh stories? Ajit Bandhopadhyay plays the role of a narrator in Byomkesh stories. He is also a companion of Byomkesh Bakshi and, in some stories, investigates in the absence of Byomkesh.
Find the antonyms of the words given below. All of them are given in the text. (a) Natural – Supernatural (b) Fact – Fiction (c) Passively – Actively (d) Discontinued – Continued (e) Presence – Absence (f) Modern – Traditional (g) Unconcerned – Concerned
Vocabulary
1. The following words and phrases and occur in the Passages. Try to guess the meaning. Match the words with their meaning. You may refer a dictionary later.
Database
The act of going against or refusing to obey a law, an agreement, etc.
Violation
Open to more than one interpretation; not having one obvious meaning.
surveillance
A structured set of data held in a computer, especially one that is accessible in various ways.
insurance
Close observation, especially of a suspected spy or criminal.
ambiguous
an agreement made with a company or the Government provides a guarantee of compensation for specified loss, damage, illness, or death in return for payment of a specified premium
forge
an action or event regarded as morally or legally wrong and causing general public outrage.
sinister looking
to make an illegal copy of something in order to deceive.
scandal
suggesting evil or harm
2. The contextual meaning of โsanctuaryโ in the comprehension passage I is โshadeโ. The same word โsanctuaryโ is used in a variety of sentences given below. They have different meanings in different contexts. Refer to a dictionary and write the meanings.
(a) Banitaโs home was a sanctuary for runaway kids.
(b) The refugees found sanctuary when they reached India.
(c) The sanctuary contains the altar of sacrifice.
(d) I found sanctuary in the cave to save myself from the storm.
(e) Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary is a protected area for tigers.
3. Use the following Pair of opposites in sentences. One has been doe for you.
lose/gain
You’ve nothing to lose, but what have you to gain?
(a) hot/cold
(b) beautiful/ugly
(c) smart/foolish
(d) lonely/busy
(e) great/little
(f) live/die
Answers:
1. Match the words with their meanings:
Database: A structured set of data held in a computer, especially one that is accessible in various ways.
Violation: The act of going against or refusing to obey a law, an agreement, etc.
Ambiguous: Open to more than one interpretation; not having one obvious meaning.
Surveillance: Close observation, especially of a suspected spy or criminal.
Insurance: An agreement made with a company or the Government to provide a guarantee of compensation for specified loss, damage, illness, or death in return for payment of a specified premium.
Forge: To make an illegal copy of something in order to deceive.
Sinister looking: Suggesting evil or harm.
Scandal: An action or event regarded as morally or legally wrong and causing general public outrage.
2. The contextual meaning of โsanctuaryโ in different sentences:
(a) Banitaโs home was a sanctuary for runaway kids. Meaning: A safe or protective place.
(b) The refugees found sanctuary when they reached India. Meaning: Protection or a place of safety.
(c) The sanctuary contains the altar of sacrifice. Meaning: A sacred or holy place.
(d) I found sanctuary in the cave to save myself from the storm. Meaning: A place of shelter or refuge.
(e) Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary is a protected area for tigers. Meaning: A nature reserve or wildlife protection area.
3. Use the following pairs of opposites in sentences:
(a) Hot/Cold The weather was extremely hot in the afternoon but became cold by evening.
(b) Beautiful/Ugly The rose is beautiful, but the thorns on its stem can be ugly.
(c) Smart/Foolish It’s smart to plan ahead, but it’s foolish to ignore important details.
(d) Lonely/Busy He felt lonely in the big city, but he kept himself busy with work.
(e) Great/Little A great effort is often needed to achieve even a little success.
(f) Live/Die Everyone hopes to live a fulfilling life before they die.
Grammar
An affirmative sentence can be changed into a negative sentence without changing the meaning of the original sentence. Look at the examples given below.
You may be comfortable, but I am not. /You may not be uncomfortable, but I am.
Few people take the trouble to visit me. /People generally do not take the trouble to visit me.
Better be quick. /Better not be late.
1. Change affirmative sentence into negative sentences without changing the meaning. One has been done for you.
I know all the answers. /There are no answers that I don’t know.
(a) All the member liked the programme.
(b) I am free to go places and do nothing.
(c) I am free to go places and do nothing.
(d) The farmer was too weak to walk.
(e) She is always on time.
(f) The intruder was foolish to let Gerrard go.
2. Let us look at the sentence given below.
I am glad you are pleased to see me.
Here, ‘to see’ is an example of the infinite form of a verb. The infinite form of a verb is usually preceded by ‘to’.
Choose the words from the box and complete the sentences given below.
(a) Before we begin I would like you ________________ my place.
(b) I’II be glad ___________________________ you.
(c) You mean ____________________ with me?
(d) But are you sure it’s going _____________ you?
(e) Those are just the things I want ______________________.
(f) Be willing to make sacrifices in order ____________________ out there.
(g) Anju asked Hemant ________________ Rs. 100 to avoid a scene.
(h) Well, tell him ___________________________________ directly.
Answers:
1. Change affirmative sentences into negative sentences without changing the meaning:
(a) All the members liked the programme. None of the members disliked the programme.
(b) I am free to go places and do nothing. I am not bound to stay in one place or do something.
(c) The farmer was too weak to walk. The farmer was not strong enough to walk.
(d) She is always on time. She is never late.
(e) The intruder was foolish to let Gerrard go. The intruder was not wise to let Gerrard go.
2. Complete the sentences using the words from the box:
(a) Before we begin I would like you to clear up my place.
(b) I’ll be glad to assist you.
(c) You mean to stay with me?
(d) But are you sure it’s going to help you?
(e) Those are just the things I want to change.
(f) Be willing to make sacrifices in order to stay out there.
(g) Anju asked Hemant to pay Rs. 100 to avoid a scene.
(h) Well, tell him to phone up directly.
Editing
Some words are missing in the passage given below, indicated by โ/โ. Rewrite the passage by providing the missing words, and using appropriate punctuation marks in the space given below.
Sherlock Holmes is/ fictional private detective, the first scientific detective, created/ British author Sir arthur conan doyle. He is a โconsulting detectiveโ in the stories written by Sir Doyle. Holmes is known for his skills of observation, knowledge of forensic science, / logical reasoning. He employs all these while investigating cases for/ wide variety of clients. Sir Doyleโs four novels and 56 short stories, excluding one, are set in the victorian or edwardian eras, between about 1880 and 1914 Most are narrated by Dr Watson, Holmesโs friend. he is also his biographer/ usually accompanies Holmes during his investigations/ often shares quarters with him at the address of 221B Baker Street, london, where many of the stories begin. Sherlock Holmes is arguably/best known fictional detective, with guinness World Records listing him as the โmost portrayed movie characterโ in history The stories have been adapted into stage/ radio plays, television films video games, and other media for over one hundred years. Many have believed Holmes to be not a fictional character/ a real individual because of his popularity/ fame. widely considered a British cultural icon, the Character and Stories have had a profound/ lasting effect on mystery Writing and popular culture/a Whole.
Answers:
Sherlock Holmes is a fictional private detective, the first scientific detective, created by British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. He is a โconsulting detectiveโ in the stories written by Sir Doyle. Holmes is known for his skills of observation, knowledge of forensic science, and logical reasoning. He employs all these while investigating cases for a wide variety of clients. Sir Doyleโs four novels and 56 short stories, excluding one, are set in the Victorian or Edwardian eras, between about 1880 and 1914. Most are narrated by Dr. Watson, Holmesโs friend. He is also his biographer, who usually accompanies Holmes during his investigations and often shares quarters with him at the address of 221B Baker Street, London, where many of the stories begin. Sherlock Holmes is arguably the best-known fictional detective, with Guinness World Records listing him as the โmost portrayed movie characterโ in history. The stories have been adapted into stage and radio plays, television films, video games, and other media for over one hundred years. Many have believed Holmes to be not a fictional character but a real individual because of his popularity and fame. Widely considered a British cultural icon, the character and stories have had a profound and lasting effect on mystery writing and popular culture as a whole.
Listening
Listen to the story of Shibi Rana nd answer the questions that follow.
There are many stories in our mythology when gods have disguised themselves in the forms of human beings, birds, etc. This is done either to test the efficiency and ability of the kings or to see if people are happy and contented on earth. This is another aspect of changing the identity. Let us listen to story of King Shibi.
There was a great king, Shibi Rana who had immense power then, even gods in heavens were amazed. They feared that Shibi might take away their kingdoms. They devised a plan to test his sense of justice. So they decided to reach Shibiโs kingdom in disguise.
One day, Shibi Rana was sitting on his throne. His courtroom was surrounded by majestic gardens. There came a scared dove flying to him and it was followed by a fierce looking eagle. The king gave shelter to the dove and saved her. The eagle argued that the king has taken away his food โ the dove. It would starve. The king assured the eagle that he would give equal quantity of any other food. The eagle asked for King Shibiโs flesh. The magnanimous king agreed with a smile. A balance was brought in the court. It was soon found that with each addition of the kingโs flesh the dove grew heavier. The equal balance was not arrived at. But the king remained calm and unperturbed.
The Gods in the guise of dove and eagle were assured of Shibiโs righteousness. The forms of the eagle and the dove soon disappeared. In their place stood Indra, the king of the Gods and Agni, the God of fire smiling and blessing the king for his benevolence and greatness.
1. Why were the Gods heaven afraid of king Shibi?
2. What made the eagle angry?
3. What did the eagle demand?
4. Was the eagle satisfied?
5. Who were in the disguise of the eagle and the dove?
6. King Shibi was blessed for his:
Answers:
Why were the Gods in heaven afraid of King Shibi? The Gods in heaven were afraid of King Shibi because of his immense power. They feared that Shibi might take away their kingdoms.
What made the eagle angry? The eagle was angry because King Shibi gave shelter to the dove and saved her, which took away the eagle’s food.
What did the eagle demand? The eagle demanded that the king give him an equal quantity of food to replace the dove, and specifically asked for King Shibi’s flesh.
Was the eagle satisfied? No, the eagle was not satisfied at first, as even with the kingโs flesh, the balance with the dove was not equal. However, this was part of the test of Shibiโs righteousness.
Who were in the disguise of the eagle and the dove? Indra, the king of the Gods, was in the disguise of the eagle, and Agni, the God of fire, was in the disguise of the dove.
King Shibi was blessed for his: King Shibi was blessed for his benevolence, righteousness, and sense of justice.
Speaking
1. In a group of four, discuss and take down notes based on the discussion.
Theft in the digital age. Theft that occurs when someone uses anotherโs unique personal details like his/her name, credit card numbers, without his/her permission, to commit fraud or other crimes.
2. You may talk to the manager of a Bank, Cyber crime cell, etc., about ‘online identity theft’ cases and measures to avoid them.
Discuss this in groups of four in the class.
Prepare posters on creating awareness about online identify theft.
Answers:
Discussion: Theft in the Digital Age
Definition: Theft in the digital age involves using someoneโs personal details like name, credit card numbers, social security numbers, or other sensitive information without their permission to commit fraud, financial theft, or other crimes.
Key Points for Discussion:
Types of Online Identity Theft:
Phishing: Fraudsters pose as legitimate entities (banks, companies) to steal information.
Credit Card Fraud: Stealing card information to make unauthorized purchases.
Hacking: Breaking into personal accounts to misuse data.
Social Media Scams: Extracting personal information shared on platforms for identity theft.
Consequences:
Financial loss to the victim.
Damage to the personโs credit score or financial standing.
Legal issues and personal reputation damage.
Common Methods Used by Cybercriminals:
Fake websites and email scams.
Weak passwords and data breaches.
Unauthorized access to public Wi-Fi networks.
Malware and spyware attacks.
Prevention Measures:
Use strong, unique passwords for different accounts.
Enable two-factor authentication for added security.
Regularly monitor bank statements and credit reports.
Avoid sharing sensitive information on social media.
Stay updated on the latest cyber threats and scams.
Talking to Experts (Bank Manager/Cyber Crime Officer)
Questions to Ask:
What are the most common cases of online identity theft seen in your institution?
How do you guide customers to protect their online identity?
What are the legal steps taken when identity theft occurs?
What role does the cybercrime cell play in preventing online fraud?
What preventive measures should individuals take to avoid becoming victims of identity theft?
Poster Ideas: Creating Awareness About Online Identity Theft
Poster 1: “Stay Safe Online”
Headline: “Protect Your Online Identity!”
Content:
Use strong, unique passwords.
Donโt share personal information online carelessly.
Beware of phishing scams.
Enable two-factor authentication.
Visuals: An illustration of a locked computer with security shields around it.
Poster 2: “Watch Out for Phishing!”
Headline: “Donโt Fall for Fake Emails!”
Content:
Always check the email address of senders.
Avoid clicking on suspicious links.
Never share personal or financial information through emails.
Visuals: A fake email with a red warning sign.
Poster 3: “Online Security Tips”
Headline: “Simple Steps to Protect Your Identity”
Content:
Monitor your accounts regularly.
Use a password manager for secure passwords.
Avoid using public Wi-Fi for sensitive transactions.
Visuals: An illustration of a shield protecting personal data.
Poster 4: “Cybercrime is Real”
Headline: “Report Any Suspicious Activity”
Content:
Contact your bank immediately if you suspect fraud.
Report phishing emails to the cybercrime cell.
Stay alert and informed about the latest scams.
Visuals: A person reporting an online fraud with a hotline number for assistance.
Writing
1. Sometimes we think about what we are like and how each of us is differences and attitudes to life. Write in about 300-400 words what you are like, your identity and what you enjoy doing and how do you envision yourself in future.
2. Complete the following story. It has to be a scary story that terrifies people. Give a suitable title to your story.
I stopped my scooter in front of an old and dilapidated building. A haggered, skinny old man with drooping shoulders came towards me. โDonโt go in, Sirโ, he whispered. โIt is dangerousโฆโ
Answers:
1. My Identity and Future Vision
Everyone has a unique identity shaped by experiences, values, and dreams. I see myself as a person who values kindness, creativity, and curiosity. I enjoy discovering new things, whether itโs learning a new skill, reading books, or simply observing the world around me. This curiosity keeps me open to new experiences and fuels my desire to grow as a person.
I believe in living life with a positive attitude, no matter what challenges come my way. I approach every situation with optimism, believing that there is always a way forward. I cherish the moments of peace and happiness in my everyday lifeโspending time with family, enjoying music, and writing down my thoughts. I often find joy in little things, like a cup of tea, a good movie, or an evening walk.
One of my key strengths is my adaptability. I am comfortable with change and view it as an opportunity to evolve. Whether itโs tackling new responsibilities or learning something out of my comfort zone, I am always willing to adapt and persevere. My ambition is to continually improve myself, both professionally and personally.
Looking ahead, I envision myself as someone who makes a positive impact on others, possibly by teaching or mentoring. I want to be a person who inspires others to dream big, work hard, and stay resilient in the face of adversity. In terms of my career, I aspire to establish myself in a field that not only challenges me intellectually but also allows me to help others grow and succeed.
In the future, I see myself leading a balanced lifeโwhere I pursue my professional goals but also find time for my personal passions, like music, travel, and connecting with people from different walks of life. Ultimately, I hope to look back with pride on the journey Iโve taken, having made meaningful contributions to the world while remaining true to who I am.
2. Title: The Haunting at Grey Manor
I stopped my scooter in front of an old and dilapidated building. A haggard, skinny old man with drooping shoulders came towards me. โDonโt go in, Sir,โ he whispered. โIt is dangerousโฆโ
Curiosity gripped me, and despite his warning, I felt drawn to the building. “Why is it dangerous?” I asked, but the man only shook his head and muttered, “Some things are better left unknown.”
Ignoring his ominous words, I pushed open the creaking gate and made my way inside. The wind howled through the broken windows, and the once grand house now stood in eerie silence, its walls covered in dust and decay. As I stepped inside, I felt a chill in the air. The house was colder than it should have been, almost as if it had its own climate.
A long corridor stretched out before me, lined with old portraits. The faces in the paintings seemed to follow me with their eyes, their expressions frozen in time but unnervingly alive. Each step I took echoed in the stillness, heightening my unease.
I reached the end of the hallway, where a heavy wooden door stood slightly ajar. A flicker of movement caught my eye from within. With a pounding heart, I pushed the door open to reveal a room filled with antique furniture and a large mirror mounted on the wall. But there was something wrong with the reflection. The room in the mirror looked the sameโexcept for one detail. In the reflection, a shadowy figure stood in the corner, watching me.
I spun around, but there was no one in the room with me. Trembling, I looked back at the mirror. The figure was still there, moving closer. My pulse raced as the temperature in the room plummeted. I tried to move, but my feet felt rooted to the floor.
Suddenly, the figure in the mirror stepped out. It was no longer just a reflectionโit was real, and it was coming for me. Its hollow eyes locked onto mine as it whispered, โYou shouldnโt have come here.โ
Panic surged through me, and I bolted from the room, my footsteps pounding as I raced back down the corridor. The door slammed shut behind me with a deafening bang, as if the house itself was sealing my fate.
I made it outside, gasping for breath, the cold air of the night stinging my face. The old man was still there, watching me with sad eyes. โI told you,โ he said quietly, โthe house doesnโt let go of those who enter. It always calls them back.โ
I never returned to that place, but every night since then, I hear the whispers in my dreams. The shadows of Grey Manor still follow me, waiting for the day I can no longer resist their call.
Project
1. Going digital means more transparency, saving of papers, accountability and ease of transaction. The Government has initiated the programme โDigital Indiaโ. Collect more information about this programme. You can interview people, collect photographs, anecdotes, data, etc. Prepare a report based on your findings.
2. Prepare a street play (nukkad natak) on how someone was duped by an unknown person when he/she was trying to withdraw money from the ATM. And how the bank manager helped him/her in getting back the money. What precautions did the bank manager suggest to avoid such incidents in future? Enact the nukkad natak in your school assembly/ community hall/park, etc.
Answers:
1. Project Report on ‘Digital India’ Programme
Title:Digital India: Towards a Transparent and Digitally Empowered Nation
Introduction: The Digital India programme was launched by the Government of India on July 1, 2015, with the aim of transforming India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy. The initiative seeks to provide internet access to all citizens, enhance digital infrastructure, promote e-governance, and boost digital literacy. The project intends to ensure that government services are made available to citizens electronically by improving online infrastructure and increasing internet connectivity, especially in rural areas.
Objectives of Digital India:
Digital Infrastructure as a Core Utility: Every citizen should have access to high-speed internet as a core utility.
Governance and Services on Demand: Digital platforms provide services in real time through online and mobile platforms.
Digital Empowerment of Citizens: Digital literacy is to be promoted, ensuring that citizens can access digital resources and services.
Key Initiatives under Digital India:
BharatNet: Providing broadband connectivity to all gram panchayats in India.
DigiLocker: A secure cloud-based platform to store and access documents and certificates.
UMANG App: A unified mobile application that provides access to over 1,200 government services across various departments.
Aadhaar: The biometric identity system which is integrated with many services to enhance transparency and accountability.
BHIM App: A digital payment app based on Unified Payment Interface (UPI), promoting cashless transactions.
Common Service Centres (CSCs): Facilitate the delivery of e-services in rural areas and act as a link between the government and citizens.
Findings from Interviews:
Government Officerโs View: The officer explained how the Digital India programme is helping reduce corruption by promoting transparency in governance. He highlighted the ease of access to government services, such as applying for birth certificates, land records, and pensions, online.
Shop Ownerโs Experience: A small grocery store owner shared how digital payments, like UPI and mobile wallets, have simplified transactions, reducing dependency on cash. However, he also expressed concerns about cybersecurity and online fraud.
A Villagerโs Perspective: A villager explained how CSCs have empowered them by providing digital services such as Aadhaar registration, bank account opening, and PAN card applications in remote areas.
Data and Statistics:
More than 500 million internet users have been connected under the BharatNet project.
DigiLocker has more than 10 million users who store their documents online.
The number of digital transactions through BHIM and UPI crossed 2 billion per month by 2024.
Conclusion: The Digital India programme is transforming India by making services more accessible, transparent, and efficient. It has brought convenience, but there is still a need to focus on issues such as data privacy, digital literacy, and cybersecurity to ensure the programme’s success. Going digital not only promotes transparency and accountability but also contributes to the country’s sustainable development by reducing the use of paper and enhancing ease of transaction.
2. Street Play (Nukkad Natak) on ATM Fraud and Prevention
Title:Beware of ATM Frauds โ Be Smart, Be Safe!
Characters:
Ravi: The person who got duped at the ATM.
Unknown Fraudster: The criminal who tricks Ravi.
Bank Manager: A helpful manager who helps Ravi recover his money.
Crowd/Passersby: They watch and react during the play.
Scene 1: Outside the ATM
(Ravi approaches the ATM with his ATM card in hand.)
Ravi: (To himself) “I need to withdraw some money. Iโll just use the ATM quickly.”
(As he begins his transaction, a stranger (the fraudster) approaches him, looking over his shoulder.)
Fraudster: “Excuse me, brother. Is the ATM not working properly? Sometimes it hangs. Can I help you?”
Ravi: (Unsuspecting) “It seems to be working fine. Iโm just entering my PIN now.”
(The fraudster tries to look at the PIN as Ravi enters it.)
Fraudster: “Oh! Looks like thereโs a network issue. Why donโt you try again? Meanwhile, let me check if I can help.”
(The fraudster subtly swaps Raviโs card with a fake one.)
Ravi: “Wait, why did the screen just go blank? Oh no! My card isnโt working anymore.”
Fraudster: “Donโt worry, I think the machine has kept your card. Letโs leave. You can call the bank later.”
(The fraudster leaves with Raviโs original card and quickly withdraws money using it at another ATM.)
Scene 2: At the Bank
(Ravi rushes to the bank, looking worried. He meets the bank manager.)
Ravi: “Sir, something terrible has happened. I tried to withdraw money at the ATM, but a stranger was there and now my card isnโt working. I just checked my balance, and money has been withdrawn from my account!”
Bank Manager: “Calm down, let me help you. First, letโs block your card immediately.”
(The manager calls the bank’s customer service and blocks Raviโs card.)
Bank Manager: “Now, tell me everything that happened. Did the person ask for your PIN or take your card?”
Ravi: “Yes, he was near me while I was entering my PIN. I didnโt realize it at first, but he might have swapped my card.”
Bank Manager: “This is a common ATM fraud. These fraudsters pretend to help you and then steal your card and PIN. Let me file a complaint, and I will alert the cybercrime cell as well.”
Scene 3: Advice from the Bank Manager
Bank Manager: “Ravi, Iโll do my best to help you recover your money, but in the future, be very careful at ATMs. Here are some important precautions to avoid such incidents:”
Do not share your PIN or let anyone stand close to you while youโre using the ATM.
Always cover the keypad with your hand while entering your PIN.
Check for any suspicious devices around the ATM card slot or keypad.
Never accept help from strangers at the ATM.
If the ATM seems faulty, contact your bank immediately and do not leave your card with anyone.
Ravi: “Thank you so much, Sir. Iโll be more careful next time.”
Scene 4: Public Awareness
(Ravi and the bank manager address the crowd watching the play.)
Ravi: “Friends, I was careless, and it cost me. But you can protect yourself by following the precautions the manager just shared.”
Bank Manager: “Remember, itโs better to be cautious than to lose your hard-earned money. Letโs stay vigilant and prevent such frauds together.”
(The crowd applauds, and the play ends with a message on the importance of online safety and ATM precautions.)
This nukkad natak can be performed in school assemblies, community halls, or parks to raise awareness about ATM frauds and precautions to avoid them.
Here we have presented Class 9 English NCERT book words and expressions Chapter 8 solutions. Increase your English language knowledge from here.
Do you know?
A river in New Zealand has become the first in the world to be recognized as a living entity with the legal status of a 170- year battle by the local Maori people.
The nation’s parliament passed a bill to allow Whanganui River- known by the Maoris as Te Awa Tupua -to represent its own interests and advocate on its own behalf.
This is a unique judgement for sustaining the health and well-being of the river.
(Source: Adapted from The Guardian International Edition, 16 March 2017)
1. Collect information on similar judgements being taken in the context of river Ganga, and discuss in class.
2. Talk about the condition of Bagmati river in Kathmandu written by Vikram Seth.
Answers:
1. Similar Judgements in the Context of River Ganga
In 2017, the Uttarakhand High Court in India declared the Ganga and Yamuna rivers as “living entities,” granting them the same legal rights as humans. This landmark decision was made in an effort to protect these rivers, which hold immense cultural and religious significance but have been severely polluted over the years.
The court appointed the Chief Secretary and the Advocate General of Uttarakhand as the legal guardians of the rivers, responsible for their protection and conservation. The judgement was intended to ensure that harm or pollution caused to the rivers could be treated as an offense against a living person.
However, this decision was later challenged, and the Supreme Court of India stayed the judgement. Despite this, the declaration raised awareness about the urgent need for effective action to restore and protect the Ganga’s health and cleanliness.
Key Points for Classroom Discussion:
The challenges faced by the Ganga, including industrial pollution, sewage disposal, and deforestation.
The role of community involvement and government initiatives like the “Namami Gange” project.
The impact of granting rivers legal rights and the responsibility it places on the state and individuals.
2. Condition of the Bagmati River in Kathmandu (As Discussed by Vikram Seth)
Vikram Seth, the renowned Indian author, mentions the Bagmati River in Kathmandu, Nepal, in his writings. Bagmati is considered a sacred river by both Hindus and Buddhists, flowing through the heart of the Kathmandu Valley. However, the river has suffered from pollution, encroachments, and unchecked urban development, making it one of the most polluted rivers in the region.
Vikram Seth’s writings reflect the irony of how such a spiritually significant river has been reduced to a waste dump. The river once played a crucial role in Kathmandu’s cultural and religious life, but its current state is a result of rapid urbanization, lack of environmental planning, and neglect.
Points to Talk About in Class:
The cultural and religious significance of the Bagmati River to the people of Kathmandu.
The current pollution issues faced by the river, including untreated sewage and industrial waste.
The efforts (or lack thereof) by local authorities and environmental activists to restore the river.
How urbanization and neglect of natural resources are leading to environmental degradation globally.
Both the Ganga and Bagmati rivers face similar issues of pollution and degradation, highlighting the importance of sustainable management and legal recognition for the protection of natural resources.
Reading Comprehension
Read the following and answer the question that follow.
Text I
When we think of tourism, we think primarily of people who are visiting a particular place for sightseeing, visiting friends and relatives, taking a vacation, and having a good time. They may spend their leisure time engaging in various sports, sunbathing, talking, singing, taking rides, touring, reading or simply enjoying further. We may include in our definition of tourism people who are participating in a convention, a business conference, or some other kind of business or professional activity. Those who are taking a study tour under an expert guide or doing some kind of scientific research or study are also doing tourism. These visitors use all forms of transportation from hiking in a wilderness park to flying in a jet to an exciting city. Transportation can include taking a chairlift up a Colorado mountainside or standing at the rail of a cruise ship looking across the blue Caribbean. Whether people travel by one of these means or by car, motor coach camper, train, motorbike or bicycle, they are taking a trip and thus are engaging in tourism. (Adapted from Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies by Charles R. Goeldner and J.R. Brent Ritchie, p. 4)
1. Tourism is about taking a tour
(a) to a place under an expert guide
(b) for hiking in remote places
(c) for visiting a place for sightseeing
(d) Al of the above
2. By ‘hiking in Wilderness’ the author means
(a) taking a long distance walk in abandoned areas
(b) walk in the forest areas
(c) marathon in uninhabited areas
(d) sprinting in abandoned, uninhabited areas
3. A cruise ship is
(a) a large ship that carries people on voyages of pleasure.
(b) a big ship that carries people and goods on special mission.
(c) a large watercraft for carrying passengers from one point to another.
(d) a large ship that carries mail, goods and first aid facilities.
4. What all activities do tourists engage in?
5. What are the forms of transportation tourists use for visiting places?
Answers:
1. Tourism is about taking a tour (d) All of the above (Visiting places for sightseeing, hiking in remote areas, and touring under expert guides all form parts of tourism activities.)
2. By ‘hiking in Wilderness’ the author means (b) walk in the forest areas (โHiking in Wildernessโ refers to taking long walks in natural, often remote, forested areas.)
3. A cruise ship is (a) a large ship that carries people on voyages of pleasure (A cruise ship is designed for recreational trips where passengers enjoy leisure activities during the voyage.)
4. What all activities do tourists engage in? Tourists engage in a variety of activities such as sightseeing, visiting friends and relatives, taking vacations, playing sports, sunbathing, talking, singing, taking rides, touring, reading, attending conventions, business conferences, professional activities, study tours, and scientific research.
5. What are the forms of transportation tourists use for visiting places? Tourists use various forms of transportation, including hiking, flying by jet, taking chairlifts, traveling by cruise ships, cars, motor coaches, campers, trains, motorbikes, and bicycles.
Read the excerpt answer the following questions.
Text II
Following is an excerpt from the travelogue, The innocents Abroad by Mark Twain.
A little after noon on that distinguished Saturday I reached the ship and went on board. All was bustle and confusion. The pier was crowded with carriages and men; passengers were arriving and hurrying on board; the vesselโs decks were encumbered with trunks and valises; groups of excursionists, arrayed in unattractive traveling costumes, were moping about in a drizzling rain and looking as droopy and woebegone as so many molting chickens. The gallant flag was up, but it was under the spell, too, and hung limp and disheartened by the mast. Altogether, it was the bluest, bluest spectacle! It was a pleasure excursionโthere was no gainsaying that, because the program said soโit was so nominated in the bondโbut it surely hadnโt the general aspect of one.
1. Why is Saturday describe as that distinguished Saturday?
(a) because the much awaited Saturday has come when the voyage has to start.
(b) because Saturday was a holiday.
(c) because it is on Saturday that people were allowed to board the ship.
(d) because it is in the afternoon on Saturday that ship would start the voyage.
2. Who are excursionists?
(a) They are the research students.
(b) They are pilgrims.
(c) They are musicians.
(d) They are tourists on a leisure trip.
3. What was the mood of the people o the ship?
4. What was the author looking forward to?
Answers:
Why is Saturday described as that distinguished Saturday?
(a) because the much-awaited Saturday has come when the voyage has to start.
Who are excursionists?
(d) They are tourists on a leisure trip.
What was the mood of the people on the ship?
The mood of the people on the ship was gloomy and disheartened. The passengers were described as “moping about in a drizzling rain,” looking “droopy and woebegone,” similar to “molting chickens.” This suggests that they were feeling down and perhaps disillusioned or disappointed by the atmosphere, which was far from the expected excitement of a pleasure trip.
What was the author looking forward to?
The author was looking forward to a pleasure excursion, as it was described in the program. However, he seemed to be disappointed by the reality of the situation, as the mood and atmosphere on the ship were not matching the joyful expectations of a pleasure trip. Despite the anticipation of a fun and exciting voyage, the author found the scene rather bleak and uninviting.
Vocabulary
1. Match the phrasal verbs in Column A with the meaning in Column B.
A
B
Look for look up to Lok forward to Look up
To try to find a piece of information Await eagerly Having a great deal of respect for a person Search
2. Rewrite the following words by removing the suffix ‘age’.
(a) carriage
(b) coverage
(c) hermitage
(d) marriage
3. Rewrite the following words by adding the suffix ‘ful’
(a) beauty
(b) colour
(c) duty
(d) revenge
(e) help
(f) mouth
(g) mercy
Answers:
Match the phrasal verbs in Column A with the meanings in Column B:
A
B
Look for
Search
Look up to
Having a great deal of respect for a person
Look forward to
Await eagerly
Look up
To try to find a piece of information
Rewrite the following words by removing the suffix ‘age’:
(a) carriage โ car (b) coverage โ cover (c) hermitage โ hermit (d) marriage โ marry
Rewrite the following words by adding the suffix ‘ful’:
1. Red the following passage carefully. What is the event described in the passage? Guess when it took place. Underline and name the tenses in the following passage.
This is a good place to enrich ourselves about plant species which are environment friendly. The residents could gather a lot of information about horticulture at the event.
Several sates from north India are represented at this event and the florists showcase the best of their horticulture at the show. The organisers said that several events are lined up for Sunday and these include dance, drawing, painting and a fashion show competition, among others. As many as 85 stalls have been put up by florists, gardening equipment wholesalers and seed retailers. Entry to the show has been made free for all. However, this year, itโs the pollution control plants that have been grabbing all eyeballs. All plants emit oxygen, but it was established in a study conducted by National Aeronautics and Space Administration back in 1989 that some indoor plants could be extremely useful in controlling the air pollution by acting as a โvacuum cleanerโ against the pollutants and absorbing them. Detox plants, which act as โvacuum cleanersโ inside the house, are a hit in the ongoing event. Nature enthusiasts are preferring them for pollution control as well as interior decoration.
(Source: Hindustan Times, Saturday, 24 Feb. 2018)
Answers:
The event described in the passage is a horticulture show where residents can learn about plant species, especially pollution control plants. It seems to have taken place around February 2018, as per the source mentioned.
Present Simple Tense:
“This is a good place to enrich ourselves about plant species.”
“The residents could gather a lot of information.”
“Several states from north India are represented at this event.”
“The florists showcase the best of their horticulture at the show.”
“These include dance, drawing, painting, and a fashion show competition.”
“As many as 85 stalls have been put up.”
Past Simple Tense:
“It was established in a study conducted by National Aeronautics and Space Administration back in 1989.”
Present Perfect Tense:
“Entry to the show has been made free for all.”
“It has been grabbing all eyeballs.”
Present Continuous Tense:
“Detox plants, which act as โvacuum cleanersโ inside the house, are a hit in the ongoing event.”
Editing
1. Punctuate the following passage with appropriate punctuation marks.
Kathmandu is vivid mercenary religious with small shrines to flower-adorned deities along the narrowest and busiest streets with fruit sellers flute sellers hawkers of postcards shops selling western cosmetics film rolls and chocolate or copper utensils and nepalese antiques film songs blare out from the radios car horns sound bicycle bells ring stray cows low questioningly at motorcycles vendors shout out their wares This passage is taken from the text โKathmanduโ by Vikram Seth. You can compare and check your rewritten passage with the passage in the textbook and see how far you are correct.
Answers:
Here is the passage punctuated with appropriate punctuation marks:
Kathmandu is vivid, mercenary, and religious, with small shrines to flower-adorned deities along the narrowest and busiest streets. Fruit sellers, flute sellers, hawkers of postcards, shops selling Western cosmetics, film rolls, and chocolate, or copper utensils and Nepalese antiques, fill the streets. Film songs blare out from the radios, car horns sound, bicycle bells ring, stray cows low questioningly at motorcycles, and vendors shout out their wares.
This version follows standard punctuation rules to make the passage clearer and more readable.
Listening
Listen to the passage and answer the question that follow.
A Visit to Bhitarkanika
The sun was warm but the sea breeze kept up its cooling effect all along. Soon the steamer turned away and anchored near a creek by the river. The muddy fringe and the mangrove vegetation declared the gateway to the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary in Odisha. The steamer could not negotiate these creeks at low tide, so a similar motorboat was hired to ferry us to the Dangmal forest rest-house in the heart of the mangrove forest. From the motorboat we had a good look at a large crocodile basking in the sun. The boat moved on, taking us deeper into the forest. Here we felt as though we had stepped into a time warp. In this awesome and mysterious place, birds of extraordinary plumage appeared before us. For the moment we revelled in the magnificence of nature which had us completely in its thrall. Among the birds, the kingfishers were the stars of the show. Crocodiles, large and small, slid into the water at our approach. Through the foliage we could see chital deer delicately browsing on fresh outcrops of leaves. A herd of wild boar was spotted searching for succulent roots. High above us, open-billed storks stood sentry-like following our progress through their remarkable kingdom. The evening sun was beginning to paint the tree-lined horizon crimson and gold and a brooding silence enveloped us all.
(Source: Steps to English, Workbook for Class IX, NCERT, 2003)
1. Where was the author going?
2. Where was the forest rest-house? How did the group manage to get there?
3. Which creature did they see first?
4. What does the author mean by ‘the magnificence of nature?
5. How are the kingfishers and the open-billed storks described?
6. What were the chital deer and the wild boar doing when the motor went past them?
Answers:
Where was the author going? The author was going to the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary in Odisha.
Where was the forest rest-house? How did the group manage to get there? The forest rest-house was located in the heart of the mangrove forest. The group managed to get there by taking a motorboat after the steamer could not navigate the creeks at low tide.
Which creature did they see first? The first creature they saw was a large crocodile basking in the sun.
What does the author mean by ‘the magnificence of nature’? The author refers to the awe-inspiring beauty and grandeur of nature in the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, which captivated them completely.
How are the kingfishers and the open-billed storks described? The kingfishers were described as the “stars of the show,” indicating they were the most striking or prominent birds. The open-billed storks were described as standing sentry-like, watching the group’s progress through the forest.
What were the chital deer and the wild boar doing when the motor went past them? The chital deer were delicately browsing on fresh outcrops of leaves, and the wild boar were searching for succulent roots.
Speaking
Prepare a short speech on the following and share it in the school assembly.
1. “Travelling -it offers you a hundred roads to adventure, and gives your heart wings”.
“Travelling -it leaves you speechless, then turns you into a storyteller.”
(Ibn Batuta, a 14th century traveller)
“Travel is fatal prejudice, bigotry, and narrow-mindedness, and many of our people need it sorely on these accounts. Broad, wholesome, charitable views of men and things cannot be acquired by vegetables in one little corner of the earth all one’s lifetime.
(Mark Twain, The Innocents Abroad)
2. The tourism sector can be aligned with the policies of sustainable development.
Answers:
Speech on the Importance of Travelling and Tourism in Sustainable Development
Good morning, respected principal, teachers, and my dear friends!
Today, I stand before you to talk about something that fills our hearts with joy, excitement, and a sense of adventureโtravelling. Travelling, as Ibn Batuta beautifully expressed, “leaves you speechless, then turns you into a storyteller.” It offers you not just one, but a hundred roads to adventure, filling your heart with wings. Each journey teaches us something new, opening doors to different cultures, experiences, and perspectives.
As Mark Twain said, “Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, and narrow-mindedness.” Through travel, we learn to understand and accept people from diverse backgrounds, which broadens our outlook and helps us develop a more charitable view of the world. It is not just about visiting places; it is about expanding the horizons of our minds. When we step out of our comfort zones, we gain insights that make us more empathetic and understanding. Travel truly enriches our lives in ways that staying in one corner of the world can never do.
Now, letโs talk about the tourism sector and its connection to sustainable development. In todayโs world, where climate change and environmental conservation are key concerns, it is crucial to align the tourism sector with sustainable policies. Sustainable tourism aims to minimize the impact of travel on the environment and local cultures while contributing to the well-being of local communities. It involves respecting natural resources, preserving cultural heritage, and ensuring that tourism benefits local people economically.
By promoting eco-friendly tourism practices, such as reducing plastic waste, conserving energy, and supporting local businesses, we can ensure that the beauty and diversity of our planet are preserved for future generations. We, as responsible travelers, can contribute to this by making conscious choices during our trips.
In conclusion, travelling opens up our minds and hearts, allowing us to experience the world in all its richness. At the same time, we must travel responsibly, ensuring that our journeys promote sustainability and care for the environment. As young ambassadors of the world, letโs embrace the joy of travelling while also being mindful of our impact on the planet.
Writing
1. Read/watch the advertisements on tourism. You can also watch the Kerala Tourism advertisement film ‘A Reading Room With a View’ which is on the cultural diversity of Kerala. The film is awarded the best film in 60 second category at the prestigious Kyoorius Awards.
Now create an advertisement for your city or state for promoting tourism.
2. Write a paragraph describing a journey, imaginary, or you have undertaken.
You can follow the steps given below.
1. Prepare an itinerary.
2. You can make use the following expression, phrases and proverbs frequently used by the travellers.
Jetlag, itchy feet, hit the road, time table, on the home stretch, call it a day, book in advance, travel over, travel through, travel light, any port in a storm, stopover, etc.
Advertisement for Promoting Tourism in My City
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Are you an adventure seeker? Trek through lush green hills, take a boat ride on serene lakes, or enjoy the thrill of water sports. For those with an artistic soul, immerse yourself in the rich cultural heritage with traditional music, dance, and art exhibitions. Our mouthwatering cuisine will surely leave you craving more!
Make Delhi your next travel destination and experience the charm of this hidden treasure. Book your trip now and let the adventure begin!
A Journey I Undertook
Last summer, I hit the road for an exciting adventure to the hill station of Manali. The journey was a perfect escape from the daily grind, and with my itchy feet, I couldnโt wait to explore the serene landscapes. I had booked my trip well in advance to avoid any last-minute hassle, and I planned a simple itinerary.
Day 1 was all about traveling light as I reached Manali after a quick stopover in Kullu. Jetlag wasn’t an issue, and I was immediately swept away by the beauty of snow-covered mountains and the fresh mountain air. On Day 2, I traveled through the scenic roads, witnessing breathtaking views, and took a cable car ride to Solang Valley. I knew I was on the home stretch of an unforgettable journey when I reached the peaceful monastery on the last day, where I spent hours just soaking in the tranquility.
Though it was time to call it a day and head home, the memories of the trip will remain with me forever. The charm of Manaliโs landscapes and its peaceful aura made it a journey worth every mile!
Project
1. You have read about the mesmerising effect of the music of flute on Vikram Seth in ‘Kathmandu’.
Do you know the instruments for Sufi music differ from one culture to another? In Turkey, Iran and North Africa, the most prominent instrument is the ‘Ney’ which is the reed flute. In Sufi music the ‘Ney’ is accompanied by string instruments like saz, santoo, rubab, etc.
Create a class magazine on music and artists. Some suggestions are given below.
Give a suitable name to the magazine
Collect information on the commonly used musical instruments in the following categories: ย Indian classical music ย Ghazal singing ย Bharatnatayam, Chau and Kathak dance ย Folk music ย Jazz
Collect photographs of musical instruments.
Prepare brief biographical sketches of musicians, dancers, costume designers, artists, etc. You can meet some of them or collect information from sources like books, Internet, magazines, newspapers, etc.
2. Plan a trip to the North-east region of the country by road. Explore the various possibilities of the travel, Also, create a map of your travel.
Famous Jazz Artists: Louis Armstrong, Miles Davis, Duke Ellington
Jazz in India: Collect information on the growth of Jazz in India and famous jazz artists like Louis Banks.
Biographical Sketches:
Collect information from books, online sources, and interviews (if possible). Include details about their journey, achievements, and influence on the music and art world.
Photographs:
Include relevant images of musical instruments, artists, and dancers from each category.
2. Road Trip to the North-East Region of India
Itinerary:
Day 1: Start from Guwahati, Assam โ Visit Kamakhya Temple, explore Umananda Island
Day 2: Travel to Shillong, Meghalaya โ Visit Elephant Falls, explore Mawlynnong Village (Asia’s cleanest village)
Day 3: Head to Cherrapunjee โ See Nohkalikai Falls, Double Decker Living Root Bridge
Day 4: Journey to Kaziranga National Park, Assam โ Enjoy a safari and explore the park
Day 5: Travel to Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh โ Visit Tawang Monastery, Sela Pass
Day 6: Visit Ziro Valley, Arunachal Pradesh โ Explore the beautiful landscapes and meet Apatani tribal people
Day 7: Return to Guwahati, Assam
Map of Travel:
Create a detailed map showing the road route starting from Guwahati, covering Shillong, Cherrapunjee, Kaziranga, Tawang, Ziro, and back to Guwahati.
Travel Notes:
Explore local cuisines, customs, and the culture of the North-East.
Plan for stopovers, and travel light to manage hilly terrains.
Make bookings for accommodation in advance for a smoother experience.
Here we have presented Class 9 English NCERT book words and expressions chapter 7 solutions. Read the below post to boost your understanding of English language.
You have read about Santosh Yadav, the youngest woman in the world to have conquered Mount Everest in 1992. You must have heard or read about Poorna, who at the age of 13 years 11 months, became the youngest girl in the world to have scaled the Mount Everest in 2014, with sheer determination and willpower. You would have also read about Maria Sharapova who bagged the Womenโs Singles crown at Wimbledon in 2004. She was determined, tough, competitive, hard-working with unwavering desire. Both of them had big dreams from the very young age.
1. Do you have the passion to do something other than your studies like these two icons have? (Be it music, dance, theatre, trekking, watersport, painting, football, cricket, etc.)
2. Do you find any difficulty in pursuing your parents?
3. Who gives you support and encouragement to go ahead with your provided.
Answers:
1. If we look at examples like Santosh Yadav and Poorna, we realize that it’s really important to follow our passion beyond studies. I also have some hobbies and interests besides my studies, like I enjoy music, painting, and trekking.
2. Sometimes, it can be a bit challenging to convince parents that we want to focus on our passions along with studies. But once they see our dedication and hard work, they start supporting us.
3. My family and friends are the ones who give me the most support and encouragement. They inspire me to follow my dreams and balance my hobbies with my studies.
Reading Comprehension
Read the following carefully. Based on your reading, answer the following questions in the space provided.
Text I
On 3 August 1996, Leander Paes became the first Indian to win an individual medal in 44 years when he defeated Fernando Meligeni of Brazil in an exciting match in the Centennial Olympic Games at Atlanta. Paes ranked 31 places below the Brazilian, played with gusto and determination against a player who has two ATP tour titles under his belt, and clinched the bronze medal. He was given a standing ovation when Paes raised his hand in triumph and said a silent prayer. Leanderโs father had won a bronze medal in the Munich Olympics 1972 as a member of the Indian hockey team. It is creditable to Leander Paes as he got it in an individual event. Later he dedicated the medal to his coach and his doubles teammate. โThey have helped me out and given me advice and kept me in good frame of mind. This medal doesnโt just show my efforts; it shows the efforts of the whole team.โ Paes was recognised as a prodigy by Vijay Amritraj in the โ80s. Even so, Paesโ true mentor has been Naresh Kumar, the former Indian Davis Cup Captain. His incredible Davis Cup record speaks for itself. While it may be said that some of his Davis Cup victories were achieved because he was playing on his favourite surface, grass and enjoyed home support. But at Atlanta, Paes had none of these advantages except his coach, close family members and the expatriates. While Davis Cup victories bring in good cash rewards and ATP (Association of Tennis Professionals) points, there he was playing for just a medal. Paes explains it all when he says, โWhen I am playing for my country I donโt expect anything.โ That straightaway sets him apart. He succeeds because of his willingness to take his chances, swift reflexes and mental strength, and the fact that he does not accept defeat easily.
1. Leander’s victory at Atlanta is significant because
2. His father’s Olympic triumph in 1972 was different from his own because it was
3. Leander gave credit to his coach and his teammate in doubles for his victory help him?
4. If you are required to sum up Leander’s qualities as a player, which one would you like to highlight and why?
5. In India, while registering his victories in Davis Cup one could say that he won because
6 At Atlanta he won because
Answers:
1. Leander’s victory at Atlanta is significant because Leander Paes became the first Indian to win an individual Olympic medal in 44 years, which is a great achievement, particularly in an individual event, and despite being ranked lower than his opponent.
2. His father’s Olympic triumph in 1972 was different from his own because it was in a team event as his father won the bronze medal as part of the Indian hockey team, while Leander’s victory was in an individual event, making his achievement more personal and singular.
3. Leander gave credit to his coach and his teammate in doubles for his victory help him? Leander acknowledged that his coach and doubles teammate helped him by offering advice, keeping him mentally strong, and supporting him throughout the tournament, which contributed to his success.
4. If you are required to sum up Leander’s qualities as a player, which one would you like to highlight and why? I would highlight his mental strength and determination because these qualities allowed him to overcome higher-ranked opponents and prevail even without external advantages like playing on his preferred surface.
5. In India, while registering his victories in Davis Cup one could say that he won because He was playing on his favorite surface, grass, and had the support of the home crowd, which gave him an advantage in his Davis Cup victories.
6. At Atlanta he won because Leander displayed incredible determination, mental strength, and a willingness to take risks, despite not having the home advantage or his preferred surface to play on. He was driven purely by his desire to win for his country.
Read the following poem and answer the question that follow.
Text II
Where The Mind is Without Fear
Where the mind id without fear and the head is held high; Where knowledge is free.
Where the world has not been broken up into fragments By narrow domestic walls;
Where words come out from the depth of truth; Where tireless striving stretches its arms towards perfection;
Where the clear stream of reason has not lost its way Into the dreary desert sand of dead habits;
Into ever-widening thought and action;
Into that heaven of freedom, my Father, let my country awake
Rabindranath Tagore
1. Given here are certain ideas from the poem โWhere the mind is without fearโ by Rabindranath Tagore. Identify the lines from the poem that refer to these and write the lines in the space given below.
(a) Everybody should be able to learn.
(b) There ought not be a division people on the basis of caste, class, creed, religion or any other such basis.
(c) People should be honest and speak out their heart.
(d) Actions should stem from logic and superstitions and beliefs, leading to progress.
(f) The poet’s is addressing ____________________ so that ___________________________
2. This poem was written by Rabindranath Tagore much before India attained freedom. What, do you think, is the significant of these lines in the context of his time?
Answers:
1. Identify the lines from the poem:
(a) Everybody should be able to learn: “Where knowledge is free.”
(b) There ought not be a division among people on the basis of caste, class, creed, religion, or any other such basis: “Where the world has not been broken up into fragments by narrow domestic walls;”
(c) People should be honest and speak out their heart: “Where words come out from the depth of truth;”
(d) Actions should stem from logic and not superstitions or beliefs, leading to progress: “Where the clear stream of reason has not lost its way into the dreary desert sand of dead habits;”
(f) The poet’s is addressing God (my Father) so that his country may awake into a heaven of freedom.
2. Significance of these lines in the context of his time: Rabindranath Tagore wrote this poem during a time when India was under British colonial rule, facing various forms of oppression and division. The significance of these lines lies in their call for freedomโnot just political freedom, but intellectual, social, and moral freedom. He envisioned a country where people could think and act freely without fear, where divisions based on caste, creed, and religion would no longer exist, and where truth and reason would guide progress. These ideas were radical and essential during his time as India was striving for both independence and a more inclusive, progressive society.
Vocabulary
1. Suggest a word for each sentence/phrase correctly. Refer to the chapter ‘Reach for the top, Part I’ given in your textbook, Beehive. The paragraph numbers where these words are used, are given in brackets.
(a) A state of happiness and satisfaction.
(b) An action or way of behaving that is usual in tradition.
(c) A word or statement that expresses agreement or confirmation.
(d) The ability to withstand or adversity.
(e) Final stage of something you’re been working towards.
3. Playing with the words; How many words can you make from the words given below?
Vocabulary
1. vocal
1. labour
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
5.
5.
6.
6.
4. An idiomatic expression is a group of words with a special meaning. The individual words in the expression do not what they otherwise stand for.
Example: Maria Sharapova cannot be โpigeon-holedโ or categorised. Her talent, unwavering desire to succeed and readiness to sacrifice have lifted her to the top of the world.
Here pigeon-holed does not mean that there is a hole for the pigeon to its nest. Bu it means that someone or something belongs to a particular type or group; is categorised, especially without knowing much about them.
Now, consult a dictionary and match the following idiomatic expressions given in Column โAโ with their meanings in Column โBโ.
Column A
Column B
Eager beaver
Something of someone provides a lot of money for little effort
Cash cow
Very careless in the way a person moves or behaves
Kangaroo court
Wait and be patient
Bull in a china shop
A keen and enthusiastic person who works very hard
Hold your horses
An unofficial court or meeting that disregards current laws and conducts unfair trails
Answers:
Vocabulary Answers:
(a) A state of happiness and satisfaction – Contentment
(b) An action or way of behaving that is usual in tradition – Custom
(c) A word or statement that expresses agreement or confirmation – Affirmation
(d) The ability to withstand or adversity – Resilience
(e) Final stage of something you’re been working towards – Culmination
Word Formation from the words “vocal” and “labour”:
From ‘vocal’:
Vocal
Love
Coal
Vial
Clav
Alto
From ‘labour’:
Labour
Boil
Ball
Rob
Blur
Alor
Idiomatic Expressions:
Column A
Column B
Eager beaver
A keen and enthusiastic person who works very hard.
Cash cow
Something or someone provides a lot of money for little effort.
Kangaroo court
An unofficial court or meeting that disregards current laws and conducts unfair trials.
Bull in a china shop
Very careless in the way a person moves or behaves.
Hold your horses
Wait and be patient.
Grammar
In the chapter “Reach for the Top” in Beehive, you have read that two clauses in a sentence have their own subject and verb or verb phrase. One part of the sentence (or one clause) tells us why or when something happened.
Examples:
I read Sherlock Holmes while I was on holiday. It was raining heavily when I got home in the evening. I will phone you when I go to the clinic. Can I borrow your book when you have finished it?
1. Match each of the sentence halves given below to make meaningful sentences.
He was found guilty of driving
When she tripped over.
I get a pain in my knee
When the mother left.
The boy started to cry
I switched on the emergency light.
Rainy was walking went out,
When you cross my house.
When the lights went out,
While he was under the influence of alcohol.
You will see the river
When I walk up the stairs
2. Make one sentence combining the two statements given below.
Example:
It’s getting dark. Let’s go home before that. Let’s go home before it gets dark.
(a) She must clean the room.
I won’t enter the room until this is done.
______________________________________________ until
He was found guilty of driving while he was under the influence of alcohol.
When she tripped over, she hurt her ankle.
I get a pain in my knee when I walk up the stairs.
When the mother left, the children started to cry.
The boy started to cry when he lost his toy.
I switched on the emergency light when the lights went out.
Rainy was walking when you cross my house.
When the lights went out, I switched on the emergency light.
You will see the river when you cross my house.
When I walk up the stairs, I get a pain in my knee.
2. Combine the sentences:
(a) She must clean the room. I won’t enter the room until this is done. I won’t enter the room until she has cleaned it.
(b) I will do the cooking. Then I will come to your house. I will do the cooking and then I will come to your house.
(c) I will go to the library. When I finish my homework, I will go to the library when I finish my homework.
(d) Evening came. They rested. They rested when evening came.
(e) The salesman came. Rita was eating her breakfast. Rita was eating her breakfast while the salesman came.
(f) We went to see the play with grandfather. Do you remember? Do you remember when we went to see the play with grandfather?
Editing
1. In each of the following sentences you have to remove or add a word or a phrase to make the sentence in grammatically correct. Write the correct sentence in the space given below.
(a) Maria Sharapova liken to be dancing. singing and fashion.
(b) She has love for pancakes with chocolate spread and fizzy drinks.
(c) Maria had to be leave her mother behind in Siberia at age of one.
(d) She put with insults and humiliation in order to realise dream of becoming a tennis star.
(e) Her dream was to be number one world tennis.
2. There are spelling errors in the paragraph given here. Correct the spelling errors and rewrite the paragraph with appropriate punctuation marks in the given space.
Savitribai Phule
โAwake Arise, and Educate. Smash traditions-Liberateโ
First female teacher of Indias first womens school, founder of the modern Marathi poetry at a time when womens potential and celibre were underrestimmated she worked for the uplifftment and educasion of females in the country with her husbands help. she opened a school for untouchable girls Orrthodox individuals from the upper cast used to mock at her eforts and throw stones and dung on her everttheless she continued with her teaching the British govenment honoured her contribution to eduction later on.
Answers:
1. Editing Sentences:
(a) Maria Sharapova likes to be dancing, singing, and fashion. Correct sentence: Maria Sharapova likes dancing, singing, and fashion.
(b) She has love for pancakes with chocolate spread and fizzy drinks. Correct sentence: She loves pancakes with chocolate spread and fizzy drinks.
(c) Maria had to be leave her mother behind in Siberia at age of one. Correct sentence: Maria had to leave her mother behind in Siberia at the age of one.
(d) She put with insults and humiliation in order to realise dream of becoming a tennis star. Correct sentence: She put up with insults and humiliation in order to realize her dream of becoming a tennis star.
(e) Her dream was to be number one world tennis. Correct sentence: Her dream was to be number one in world tennis.
2. Correcting Spelling and Punctuation:
Savitribai Phule
โAwake, Arise, and Educate. Smash traditions – Liberateโ
The first female teacher of Indiaโs first womenโs school, founder of modern Marathi poetry, at a time when womenโs potential and caliber were underestimated, she worked for the upliftment and education of females in the country with her husbandโs help. She opened a school for untouchable girls. Orthodox individuals from the upper caste used to mock her efforts and throw stones and dung at her. Nevertheless, she continued with her teaching. The British government honored her contribution to education later on.
Listening
Your teacher or classmate will read the excerpt given below. Listen to it carefully and answer the question.
Harvard-MIT researcher, Hugh Herr, is familiar with the obstacles faced by amputees. A world-class mountain climber at the age of 17, Herr and a friend were trapped in a snowstorm while ascending New Hampshireโs Mount Washington in 1982. After three days without food or camping gear, the two were rescued, but frostbite cost Herr both his legs, which were amputated just below the knee. Herr was fitted with prostheses, but he soon discovered that they were developed for walking on flat surfaces, and not for taking on advanced functions like climbing or running. With the same determination that he once applied to climbing, he set out to create a better prosthetic leg. He worked with an engineering shop to fashion his own prostheses, tinkering with customised sockets and lighter materials. He even designed artificial feet specially made for climbing rock (built flat and narrow for getting a toehold in cracks and ice featuring sharp spikes). โI experienced a tremendous amount of pain from prosthetic limbs at firstโ, Herr says. โSo I decided to go back to school and learn about physics and engineering to try to solve these problems.โ Herr obtained a Masterโs degree in mechanical engineering from MIT in 1993 and a doctorate in biophysics from Harvard five years later. After struggling for a decade to come up with a better prosthetic limb, just getting the knee to market will be a personal triumph for Herr โ yet another mountain conquered. โItโs been a long roadโ, he says. โBut I think Iโm finally in a position to make a difference.โ (Adapted from โBorn to Runโ, Evan Ratliff, Span, Sep.โOct. 2002, Steps to English, Workbook for Class X, NCERT, 2003, p. 43)
1. What happened to Hugh Herr at the age of 17?
2. What happened to both of his legs?
3. What were the two things he was unable to do with the prostheses?
4. Why did he decide to go back to school?
5. What degrees did he get from MIT and Harvard?
Answers:
1. What happened to Hugh Herr at the age of 17? At the age of 17, Hugh Herr was trapped in a snowstorm while climbing Mount Washington in New Hampshire. After three days without food or camping gear, he was rescued, but he lost both of his legs due to frostbite.
2. What happened to both of his legs? Both of his legs were amputated just below the knee due to frostbite.
3. What were the two things he was unable to do with the prostheses? With the prostheses, Herr was unable to perform advanced functions like climbing or running, as the prostheses were only developed for walking on flat surfaces.
4. Why did he decide to go back to school? He decided to go back to school to learn about physics and engineering to try and solve the problems he faced with his prosthetic limbs, especially the pain he experienced from them.
5. What degrees did he get from MIT and Harvard? Herr obtained a Masterโs degree in mechanical engineering from MIT in 1993 and a doctorate in biophysics from Harvard five years later.
Speaking
1. In a group of three, read aloud the dialogues. You are Kiran and your two partner are Sunita and Sarita Then fill in the table given below.
Sunita : What kind of things do you like to do in your free time?
Kiran : I like playing basketball. I play on a city team every Saturday afternoon. t hep me stay fir and happy. I have made some good friends!
Sarita : I didn’t know that. How long have you been playing?
Kiran : For about a year now. But it’s not only thing I like to do. I also enjoy painting. It’s great for relieving stress.
Sunita : Really? Are you good at it?
Kiran : Not too bad. But I’m not a Picasso or Rembrandt. How about you guys? What do you like to do in free time?
Sarita : Well, a couple of times a month I go up to Widow Mountain with some buddies and go hang gliding.
Sunita : No way! You do? That sounds dangerous! Arenโt you scared?
Sarita : Not at all. Itโs fascinating. Itโs so beautiful up there. I feel as free as a bird. You should try it sometime.
Sunita : It sounds awesome, but I think Iโm too much of a scared cat to try it.
Kiran : Wow! I might want to try it sometime. Do you think I could?
Sarita : Sure, how about this Saturday? Iโll let you know the details later.
Kiran : Sounds great! I canโt believe Iโm going to do it. Sunita, by the way, you never told us what you do in your spare time.
Sunita : Well, uh, I like to knitโฆAnd you know I canโt go very farโฆ But I am going to convince my parents to let me join Karate classes. It will be great self defence.
Names
List of Interests
Why do they find these interesting?
Sarita
Kiran
Sunita
2. Work in pairs. Imagine you are Sunita. You are trying to convince your father to let you join the Karate classes.
You can use the given clues for the conversation. Take turns to be Sunita and her father.
Want to learn Karate
Girls to stay at home
Friends are into sport
Who will help mother?
Felt out of place no doing anything sporty
School work may suffer
Decided to take up Karate
Going out may be unsafe
Keep me physically fit
No real benefit, expenses
Class in the nest society
May be called unfeminine
Great self-defence, you can see these videos
Oh, thatโs nice, my daughter will be no less.
You can write the conversation here.
Answers:
1. List of Interests
Names
List of Interests
Why do they find these interesting?
Sarita
Hang gliding
It’s fascinating, beautiful, and she feels free as a bird.
Kiran
Playing basketball, painting
Keeps her fit and happy, relieves stress, and makes friends.
Sunita
Knitting, Karate (wants to join)
Self-defense, physical fitness, and keeping her safe.
2. Conversation (Sunita convincing her father)
Sunita: Dad, Iโve been thinking. I really want to join Karate classes.
Father: Karate? But girls should stay at home. You donโt need to learn such things.
Sunita: But all my friends are into sports, and I feel left out. I want to do something active, something that keeps me physically fit.
Father: Hmm, I understand that. But who will help your mother at home if you go out?
Sunita: I promise Iโll help her when Iโm at home. Besides, I think this will be great for self-defense. Youโve seen those videos, right? Karate can help me stay safe.
Father: But going out for classes may be unsafe. And I still donโt see the real benefit. It’s a lot of money too.
Sunita: Dad, Iโll be learning something valuable. Karate will give me confidence, and itโs also a good workout. The class is in the next society, so itโs really safe, and itโs not far at all.
Father: I see. But arenโt you worried about your school work suffering?
Sunita: No, Iโll make sure my studies donโt suffer. Iโve decided to take up Karate because I donโt want to feel like Iโm not doing anything sporty. It will actually help me stay more focused.
Father: Hmm, well, I suppose if itโs important to you, and it will help you feel better about yourself, I wonโt stand in your way.
Sunita: Oh, thank you, Dad! You wonโt regret it. I really appreciate your support.
Father: Well, I guess my daughter wonโt be any less than anyone else. Go ahead, and make the most of it!
Writing
1. Given below is some information about Saina Nehwal and Sania Mirza. You can visit your school library and search the Internet to collect more information and to find out if it is correct. Write a short motivational article for your school magazine using these details. The article can aim towards encouraging girls to take up sports.
Saina Nehwal
Sania Mirza
From Hisar in Haryana
Indian professional tennis player
Her family shifted to Hyderabad when was very young.
Born in Mumbai
First trained with Nani Prasad, Stadium was 25 kms away from home
Family moved to Hyderabad sometime after her birth.
Then coached by S.M. Arif, Vimal Kumar and P. Gopichand
Started earning lawn tennis from her father at the age of six.
Professional badminton singles player
Started participating in the ITF tournaments in 2001.
World no. 2 in 2009 formerly world no. 1 in 2015
Won three titles in 2002 to be identified as an upcoming player.
Right-handed player with many international titles
Turned profession in 2003, and won several titles including the Girlโs Doubles title at Wimbledon.
Has seen both ups and downs
Has been injured and recovered.
First Indian woman to win an Olympic medal
Won several doubles titles in WTA. Formerly ranked as Indiaโs no. 1 doubles player by WTZ.
Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award. Arjuna award, has received the Padma Bhushan in 2016
Times Magazineโs 2016 list-Saina one of the most influence people in the world. Has been awarded the Arjuna Award and the Padma Shree.
3. The chapter “Reach for the Top” Part I ends with the sentence “Santosh collected and brought down 500 kilograms of garbage from the Himalayas.”
You May have visited different tourist places and picnic spots. However, the beauty of the Nature is spoiled by waste and garbage thrown unmindfully by tourists.
As a conscious and responsible citizen of national, Write a letter to the editor of a national newspaper. Therein you may highlight the issue and measures for creating awareness about curbing environment pollution. Discuss with your classmates how ‘Swachh Bharat Abhiyan’ can be promoted.
Answers:
Motivational Article for School Magazine
Empowering Girls through Sports: The Stories of Saina Nehwal and Sania Mirza
Sports have long been seen as a domain dominated by men, but two incredible women, Saina Nehwal and Sania Mirza, have broken these barriers and set new standards for girls across the country. Their journeys, filled with hard work, dedication, and resilience, are a testament to the power of perseverance and passion.
Saina Nehwal, a professional badminton player, hails from Hisar, Haryana. Her family shifted to Hyderabad when she was young, where she started her training under the guidance of Nani Prasad and later, renowned coaches like S.M. Arif, Vimal Kumar, and P. Gopichand. Despite the 25 km distance to the stadium from her home, she never let the challenges deter her. Saina became the first Indian woman to win an Olympic medal and was ranked world no. 1 in 2015. Her list of accolades includes the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, Arjuna Award, and the prestigious Padma Bhushan.
Sania Mirza, another beacon of hope, was born in Mumbai and moved to Hyderabad with her family. She picked up lawn tennis at the tender age of six under the guidance of her father. Sania turned professional in 2003 and achieved remarkable success in international tennis, including winning the Girlโs Doubles title at Wimbledon and several WTA doubles titles. Sania has been a symbol of resilience, recovering from injuries and coming back stronger. She has also been recognized with the Arjuna Award and the Padma Shree.
Both Saina and Sania have shown that sports are not just for men. Theyโve faced hurdles, experienced ups and downs, and yet emerged victorious, becoming role models for millions. Their stories are an inspiration for girls everywhere to believe in their potential and pursue their dreams, both in sports and life. If they can break the stereotypes and rise to the top, so can you.
Girls, letโs take inspiration from these incredible women. Sports can keep you fit, strong, and confident. Whether itโs badminton, tennis, or any other sport, itโs time to break boundaries, challenge norms, and show the world what youโre capable of!
Letter to the Editor on Environmental Pollution and Tourist Behavior
Subject: Need for Public Awareness on Environmental Pollution in Tourist Spots
Date: February 6, 2025
To, The Editor, [Newspaper Name], [City, State].
Sir/Madam,
I would like to draw your attention to an issue that has been plaguing many of our beautiful tourist spotsโenvironmental pollution caused by the careless disposal of waste by tourists. While it is heartening to see people enjoy the beauty of nature, the litter and garbage left behind by visitors are slowly destroying these pristine locations.
Recently, I visited a popular hill station and was disheartened to see plastic bottles, food wrappers, and other forms of waste scattered all around. This irresponsible behavior not only ruins the aesthetic beauty of the place but also harms the local ecosystem. The waste is not biodegradable and poses a serious threat to wildlife and the environment.
I believe it is high time we create greater awareness among the public about keeping tourist spots clean. The ‘Swachh Bharat Abhiyan’ has made some progress in promoting cleanliness, but more needs to be done, especially at tourist locations. Some steps that can be taken include:
Setting up more waste disposal bins at popular tourist spots to encourage proper waste disposal.
Strict fines and penalties for littering to deter careless behavior.
Public awareness campaigns through advertisements, social media, and local guides to educate tourists about the importance of preserving nature.
Involving local communities to take ownership of keeping their surroundings clean and encouraging eco-tourism.
It is also essential to introduce educational programs in schools and colleges to instill a sense of environmental responsibility in the younger generation. If we start today, we can preserve our natural heritage for future generations.
I hope my letter reaches concerned authorities and readers, encouraging them to act responsibly towards the environment and maintain the cleanliness of our cherished tourist destinations.
By discussing such issues in classrooms and communities, we can promote the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and bring about a cleaner, greener India.
Project
1. In January 2018, the President of India awarded 112 amazing “First Ladies” for being first in their respective fields. Find out the achievements of some of them.
A class board can be prepared with your contributions.
Make a college of the “First Ladies”, their struggle, endveaorde and achievements. Display it in the class.
Your group can make PowerPoint presentation of their life, struggle, society, inspiration and achievements.
2. Even now girls have to struggle for getting education and participating in games. They are victims of child marriage, harassment, etc. Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao is an initiative by the Government of India for ensuring survival, protection and education of the girl child. As a citizen of India what will be your contribution in promoting girls, education and safeguarding their interest?
Prepare posters, write slogans and draw charts to create awareness in the society.
Answers:
Project 1: “First Ladies” Achievements
In January 2018, 112 “First Ladies” were recognized by the President of India for being pioneers in their fields. Some of them broke societal barriers, fought discrimination, and made significant contributions. Here’s how you can work on the project:
Step-by-Step Process for the Class Board and Collage:
Research and Collect Information:
Divide your group and assign each person 4-5 “First Ladies” to research.
Find details about their life struggles, achievements, and how they became pioneers in their fields.
Examples of “First Ladies” include Mithali Raj (first woman cricketer to score 6000 runs in ODIs), Bachendri Pal (first Indian woman to climb Mount Everest), etc.
Prepare the Collage:
Create a collage that includes pictures, short biographies, and achievements of these women.
Use a mix of colored papers, cutouts, and printed materials to make the collage visually appealing.
Make a PowerPoint Presentation:
Use PowerPoint to present their life stories, struggles, societal challenges, and the impact they made.
Highlight how they broke barriers, served as inspiration, and contributed to societal progress.
Include photos, videos, and quotes from these women to make the presentation engaging.
Present in Class:
Display your collage and PowerPoint presentation in the class.
Explain the significance of these “First Ladies” and discuss their journey towards achieving success.
Project 2: Contribution to Girls’ Education and Safety
Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao is an initiative aimed at empowering girls, ensuring they receive education, and protecting their rights. As responsible citizens, we all can contribute to this cause by raising awareness in various ways.
Step-by-Step Process for Posters, Slogans, and Charts:
Prepare Posters:
Design colorful posters with motivating images and messages encouraging girls’ education and against child marriage and harassment.
Example poster idea: Show a girl in school with the caption, โEducated Girls, Strong Nation.โ
Write Slogans:
Think of strong and inspiring slogans to raise awareness. Here are a few examples:
“Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao โ Every Girlโs Right to Education!”
“Girls in Schools, Not as Brides!”
“An Educated Girl Empowers Her Family and Society!”
Draw Awareness Charts:
Create charts highlighting the benefits of girls’ education and the challenges they face, like child marriage, discrimination, and harassment.
Example chart: Show data comparing educated vs. uneducated girls and how education reduces societal issues.
Involve the Community:
Organize awareness sessions or school events to engage students, parents, and the community to support the cause.
Display the posters, slogans, and charts at these events to spread the message.
By promoting awareness through these activities, you can actively contribute to safeguarding girls’ interests and encouraging their participation in education and society.
Here we have presented Class 9 English NCERT book words and expressions chapter 6 solutions. This is best source for NCERT English solutions. Read the below to increase your English language base.
Read the following passage and answer the question that follow.
Text I
I must have been about seven when my father left Porbandar for Rajkot to become a member of the Rajasthanik Court. There I was put into a primary school, and I can well recollect those days, including the names and other particulars of the teachers who taught me. As at Porbandar, so here, there is hardly anything to note about my studies. I could only have been a mediocre student. From this school I went to the suburban school and thence to high school, having already reached my twelfth year. I do not remember having ever told a lie, during this short period, either to my teachers or to my school-mates. However, I used to be very shy and avoided all company. My books and my lessons were my sole companions. To be at school at the stroke of the hour and to run back home as soon as the school closedโthat was my daily habit. There is an incident which occurred at the examination during my first year at high school and which is worth recording. Mr Giles, the educational Inspector, had come on a visit of inspection. He had set us five words to write as a spelling exercise. One of the words was โKettleโ. I had misspelt it. The teacher tried to prompt me with the point of his boot, but I would not be prompted. It was beyond me to see that he wanted me to copy the spelling from my neighbourโs slate, for I had thought that the teacher was there to supervise us against copying. The result was that all the boys, except myself, were found to have spelt every word correctly. I could never learn the art of โcopyingโ. Yet the incident did not in the least diminish my respect for my teacher. I was by nature, blind to the faults of elders. Later I came to know of many other failings of this teacher, but my regard for him remained the same. Two other incidents belonging to the same period have always clung to my memory. As a rule I had distaste for any reading beyond my school books. The daily lessons had to be done, because I disliked being taken to task by my teacher as much as I disliked deceiving him. Therefore I would do the lessons, but often without my mind in them. Thus, when even the lessons could not be done properly, there was of course no question of any extra reading. But somehow my eyes fell on a book purchased by my father. It was Shravana Pitribhakti Nataka. I read it with intense interest. One of the pictures I was shown was of Shravana carrying, by means of slings fitted for his shoulders, his blind parents on a pilgrimage. The book and the picture left an indelible impression on my mind. (An excerpt from The Story of My Experiments with Truth, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi)
2. Answer the following questions in brief. (30 words)
(a) Where did Mohandas complete his primary education?
(b) Who were Mohandas Gandhi’s sole companions in his childhood.
(c) Which incident given in the passage reflects Mohandas’s honesty?
(d) Which two things did Mohandas dislike the most?
(e) What did the picture of Shravana convey to Mohnadas Gandhi?
(f) Pick out five qualities and traits which young Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi had. One is done for you.
Absolutely non-judgemental, couldn’t see the bad qualities of his teacher.
3. Locate words from the passage with similar meaning.
(a) reduce ______________ (b) only one ______________ (c) dupe ______________ (d) permanent effect ______________________
Answers:
2. Answer the following questions in brief:
(a) Where did Mohandas complete his primary education? Mohandas completed his primary education in Rajkot after his father left Porbandar for Rajkot.
(b) Who were Mohandas Gandhi’s sole companions in his childhood? Mohandas’s sole companions in his childhood were his books and his lessons.
(c) Which incident given in the passage reflects Mohandas’s honesty? The incident where Mohandas did not copy the spelling of “Kettle” from his neighborโs slate reflects his honesty.
(d) Which two things did Mohandas dislike the most? Mohandas disliked being scolded by his teacher and deceiving his teacher.
(e) What did the picture of Shravana convey to Mohandas Gandhi? The picture of Shravana carrying his blind parents on a pilgrimage conveyed the message of selfless duty and respect for parents, which left a lasting impression on Mohandas.
(f) Pick out five qualities and traits which young Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi had. One is done for you.
Absolutely non-judgemental, couldn’t see the bad qualities of his teacher.
Honest
Shy
Disciplined
Reserved
3. Locate words from the passage with similar meaning:
(a) reduce โ diminish (b) only one โ sole (c) dupe โ deceiving (d) permanent effect โ indelible
Text II
Indra Krishnamurthy Nooyi is an Indian American business executive. She is the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Pepsico. She is one among the worldโs most powerful women. She delivered the following speech at the Rashtrapati Bhawan on 14 December 2013. She was named one of the 25 Greatest Living Legends by NDTV, and was awarded by the then President of India, Pranab Mukherjee at the Rashtrapati Bhawan.
Read the speech delivered by Indra Nooyi and answer the questions that follow.
Mr President and NDTV, thank you very much for this incredible honour. Malcom Gladwell in his book, Outliers says: โWho you are cannot be separated from where you came from.โ I left India 35 years ago, went to the USA and had tremendous success in the meritocracy. But none of that could have happened if I would not have had wonderful upbringing very much here in India. So I have a lot to thank India for. Now my three lessons I would like to share with you. First, please be a lifelong student. You know when we were kids, we used to ask questions like โWhy is the sky blue?โ, โWhy the birds flying so high?โ But for some reasons, as we get older, that curiosity goes away. And if we are happy with the knowledge we have, then we are actually going to atrophy. So, please remain a lifelong student, donโt lose that curiosity. Second, whatever you do, throw yourself into it, throw your head, heart and hands into it. I look at my job not as a job, I look at it as a Calling, as a Passion and I donโt care about the hours, about the hardships, because to me everything is a joy. So whatever you do, please look upon it as a Calling, a Passion, not as a job, not as something temporary. The third and the most important one, please help others rise. Greatness comes not from a position, but from helping build a future. All of us in position of power have an obligation to pull others up. You know, as I stand here today, I look at my responsibility not as accepting an honour, I look upon it as accepting a challenge and a responsibility, an obligation to actually make it possible for people who are younger to come up and achieve levels of greatness, so they too can be on the stage sometime in the future. (Source: Speech delivered by Indra Nooyi at the Rashtrapati Bhawan on 14 December 2013)
1. What has Malcom Gladwell said in his book, that Indra Nooyi is refering to in her speech?
2. What according to Indra Nooyi helped her achieve great success?
3. What is the first lesson that Indra Nooyi has talked about in her speech?
4. What element should we have to be a lifelong student?
5. How does she look at her job?
6. What is her third lesson? Why is it important?
7. What obligation does she talk about in her speech?
Answers:
1. What has Malcom Gladwell said in his book, that Indra Nooyi is referring to in her speech?
Malcom Gladwell says in his book Outliers, “Who you are cannot be separated from where you came from.” Indra Nooyi refers to this to emphasize the importance of her upbringing in India.
2. What according to Indra Nooyi helped her achieve great success?
According to Indra Nooyi, her wonderful upbringing in India helped her achieve great success in the meritocracy of the USA.
3. What is the first lesson that Indra Nooyi has talked about in her speech?
The first lesson Indra Nooyi talks about is to be a lifelong student. She stresses the importance of maintaining curiosity throughout life.
4. What element should we have to be a lifelong student?
To be a lifelong student, we should have curiosity. We must continue asking questions and seeking knowledge even as we grow older.
5. How does she look at her job?
Indra Nooyi looks at her job not as a job, but as a calling and a passion. She dedicates her heart, head, and hands to it with joy and commitment.
6. What is her third lesson? Why is it important?
Her third lesson is to help others rise. She believes greatness comes not from position but from helping others achieve success, and it is important because it helps build a better future for everyone.
7. What obligation does she talk about in her speech?
Indra Nooyi talks about the obligation of those in positions of power to help others rise and achieve greatness. She sees it as a responsibility to support younger people in reaching their potential.
Vocabulary
1. Make noun forms of the given words. One has been done for you.
Example:
happen (happerning)
(a) know _______________________________
(b) accept ______________________________
(c) separate _____________________________
(d) oblige _________________________________
(e) achieve _______________________________
2. Take words from the box given below and match the words that go long with them. You may use some of the words more than once.
tune
paper
system
fine
water
communal
news
heart
sound
study
black
kill
felt
proof
tour
joy
harmony
3. You would have come across some words from Indian languages used in the chapter โMy Childhoodโ in your textbook, Beehive.
Example: pucca
Look up the dictionary in the English language and find ten words which are of Indian origin. Two are done for you:
Expand the News Headline into three to four sentences of a short article. Use passive voice whenever it is required.
Example:
(a) Mumbai flooded with rain water
Yesterday Mumbai was hit by interested rain. The city is flooded with rain water now. Water is being pumped out from the roads. The residents are requested by the Municipal Corporation to remain indoors.
(b) The fire caused by crackers
(c) Bank robbed in broad daylight
(d) Taxes lowered for some commodities
3. Phrasal Verb
In this lesson ‘My childhood’ in your textbook, Beehive the verb ‘break out’ is used by combing a verb (break) with a preposition (out) denoting the meaning ‘to begin’ Many more phrasal verbs can be formed with the same verb ‘break’ joining with other prepositions.
They are-
break into break away break open break down break up
Now replace the underline words with a phrasal verb from the list given above using the correct form.
(a) The passengers were troubled when the bus stopped due to engine failure.
(b) Neha’s relationship with Rohan came to an end over a very silly matter.
(c) The burglar in spite of all security, entered Mr Khan’s house and took away all valuables.
(d) The child attempted to leave the mother’s grasp. but she held fast.
(e) The new director to discard to discard the age-old practices in the office.
Answers:
2. Passive Voice
(b) The fire caused by crackers The fire was caused by crackers. It was noticed by the authorities in the evening. Several houses were damaged by the flames. A fire brigade was called immediately to control the situation.
(c) Bank robbed in broad daylight A bank was robbed in broad daylight yesterday. The robbers were not caught on the spot. The police have started an investigation to find the culprits. Several CCTV footages are being examined by the police to trace them.
(d) Taxes lowered for some commodities Taxes were lowered for some commodities by the government. The decision was made to ease the burden on common people. Several items have become more affordable now. The new tax rates are being implemented from this month.
3. Phrasal Verbs
(a) The passengers were troubled when the bus stopped due to engine failure.
The passengers were troubled when the bus broke down due to engine failure.
(b) Neha’s relationship with Rohan came to an end over a very silly matter.
Neha’s relationship with Rohan broke up over a very silly matter.
(c) The burglar, in spite of all security, entered Mr Khan’s house and took away all valuables.
The burglar, in spite of all security, broke into Mr Khan’s house and took away all valuables.
(d) The child attempted to leave the mother’s grasp, but she held fast.
The child attempted to break away from the mother’s grasp, but she held fast.
(e) The new director decided to discard the age-old practices in the office.
The new director decided to break with the age-old practices in the office.
Editing
Use capital letters, full-stops, commas and inverted commas whenever necessary in the following story. Some words are also wrongly spelt. Check the spelling errors and correct hem.
once the Fairies of the Trees set out to choose their dwelling places some were wise in making their choices and some were foolis the wise fairies shunned the trees that stood alone in the open fields, and settld in a thick forest. but the foolish ones said, Why should we crowd together in a forest Let us go and live in lonely trees near villages, where humans will bring us gifts. One night a greate tempest swept over the countri the lonely trees were blown down, and the foolis fairys became homeless; but the great, dense forest resisted the fury of the storm. The wise fairies said to the foolish ones Peopl should stand together like a dense forest. It is only the solitary tree, growing unprotekted in the open field that is overthrown by a silly thing like a storm
Write the correct story
Here the Correct story:
Here is the corrected version of the story:
Once the fairies of the trees set out to choose their dwelling places. Some were wise in making their choices, and some were foolish. The wise fairies shunned the trees that stood alone in the open fields and settled in a thick forest. But the foolish ones said, “Why should we crowd together in a forest? Let us go and live in lonely trees near villages, where humans will bring us gifts.”
One night, a great tempest swept over the country. The lonely trees were blown down, and the foolish fairies became homeless; but the great, dense forest resisted the fury of the storm. The wise fairies said to the foolish ones, “People should stand together like a dense forest. It is only the solitary tree, growing unprotected in the open field, that is overthrown by a silly thing like a storm.”
Listening
Given below is an extract from Malala Yousafzaiโs speech at the UN General Assembly on 12 July 2013. Malala Yousafzai is a young Pakistani girl who was shot at by the Taliban because she wanted to study. She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2014 for her struggle for the right of all children to education.
The teacher or one of your classmates will read out the extract. Answer all the question after listening to the extract.
Honourable UN Secretary General Mr Ban Ki-moon, respected President of the General Assembly Vuk Jeremic, honourable UN envoy for global education Mr Gordon Brown, respected elders and my dear brothers and sisters: Assalamu alaikum. Today it is an honour for me to be speaking again after a long time. Being here with such honourable people is a great moment in my life and it is an honour for me that today I am wearing a shawl of late Benazir Bhutto. I donโt know where to begin my speech. I donโt know what people would be expecting me to say, but first of all thank you to God for whom we all are equal and thank you to every person who has prayed for my fast recovery and new life. I cannot believe how much love people have shown me. I have received thousands of good-wish cards and gifts from all over the world. Thank you to all of them. Thank you to the children whose innocent words encouraged me. Thank you to my elders whose prayers strengthened me. I would like to thank my nurses, doctors and the staff of the hospitals in Pakistan and the UK and the UAE government who have helped me to get better and recover my strength.
โฆ There are hundreds of human rights activists and social workers who are not only speaking for their rights, but who are struggling to achieve their goal of peace, education and equality. Thousands of people have been killed by the terrorists and millions have been injured. I am just one of them. So here I stand, one girl among many. I speak not for myself, but so those without a voice can be heard. Those who have fought for their rights โฆTheir right to live in peace. Their right to be treated with dignity. Their right to equality of opportunity. Their right to be educated. โฆ the compassion I have learned from Mohamed, the Prophet of Mercy, Jesus Christ and Lord Buddha. This the legacy of change I have inherited from Martin Luther King, Nelson Mandela and Mohammed Ali Jinnah. This is the philosophy of non-violence that I have learned from Gandhi, Bacha Khan and Mother Teresa. And this is the forgiveness that I have learned from my father and from my mother. This is what my soul is telling me: be peaceful and love everyone โฆ Thank you.
1. Why did the Taliban shoot Malala?
2. Why was Malala awarded the Nobel Peace Prize?
3. Who all did Malala thank in her speech and why?
4. What are the activities and social workers struggling for?
5. What rights did she talk about in her speech? Tick the right answers.
(a) right to live in peace
(b) right to have treated with dignity
(c) right to have a safe home
(d) right to equality of opportunity
(e) right to fight for self
(f) right to be educated
6. From whom did Malala learn
(a) compassion
(b) the philosophy of non-violence
(c) forgiveness
Answers:
1. Why did the Taliban shoot Malala?
The Taliban shot Malala because she wanted to study and was advocating for the right to education for all children, especially girls, which the Taliban opposed.
2. Why was Malala awarded the Nobel Peace Prize?
Malala was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2014 for her struggle to secure the right to education for all children, particularly girls.
3. Who all did Malala thank in her speech and why?
Malala thanked:
God, for equality and her recovery.
Everyone who prayed for her recovery and sent good wishes.
The children whose innocent words encouraged her.
Elders whose prayers strengthened her.
Her nurses, doctors, and the staff of the hospitals in Pakistan, the UK, and the UAE government for helping her recover.
4. What are the activities and social workers struggling for?
Human rights activists and social workers are struggling to achieve peace, education, and equality.
5. What rights did she talk about in her speech? Tick the right answers.
(a) โ right to live in peace (b) โ right to be treated with dignity (c) โ right to have a safe home (d) โ right to equality of opportunity (e) โ right to fight for self (f) โ right to be educated
6. From whom did Malala learn:
(a) Compassion: From Mohamed, the Prophet of Mercy, Jesus Christ, and Lord Buddha.
(b) The philosophy of non-violence: From Gandhi, Bacha Khan, and Mother Teresa.
(c) Forgiveness: From her father and mother.
Speaking
1. Prepare five slips with the following words written on them. The class will be divided into 4 groups. Each group will be asked to pick up a slip and discuss the topic for 5 minutes. Finally, one representative from the group will make a brief presentation on the topic.
1. ancestral house
2. secure childhood
3. primary school
4. social barriers
5. communal harmony
Some words given in the box below may be helpful. You can use any in her words that are appropriate to the topic.
ancient large emotional upbringing inequality system tradition friendship
Answers:
1. Ancestral House
Key ideas:
An ancient or large family house passed down through generations.
It holds emotional value due to family traditions and memories.
Often serves as a symbol of upbringing and family tradition.
Importance of preserving the familyโs history and system of values.
2. Secure Childhood
Key ideas:
Upbringing in a safe, supportive environment fosters friendship and confidence.
Having a secure childhood ensures emotional and mental stability.
Freedom from inequality or fear, enabling growth and development.
A foundation for strong bonds, traditions, and positive experiences.
3. Primary School
Key ideas:
The first step in the formal education system.
Focus on basic learning and friendship building.
A place where social skills and values such as equality are taught early in life.
Can shape a childโs upbringing and future development.
4. Social Barriers
Key ideas:
Inequality based on caste, gender, or economic status.
These barriers create divisions and hinder progress and unity.
Education and awareness can help reduce these barriers.
Tradition can sometimes both maintain and challenge these barriers.
5. Communal Harmony
Key ideas:
Ensuring peaceful coexistence among different communities and religions.
Promotes equality and reduces social barriers.
A key factor in building friendship, mutual respect, and cooperation.
Essential for national unity and upbringing in a diverse society.
Writing
1. In 2010, the United Nations declared Dr A.P.J Abdul Kalam’s birthday (15th October) as World Students’ Day. Write an article on the importance of the youth/young students in the making of a New India. (120-150 words)
Answers:
The Importance of Youth in Building a New India By Ravi Sharma,
The youth are the backbone of any nation, and in a country like India, with its vast and vibrant population of young minds, their role is crucial in shaping the future. Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, fondly remembered as the “Missile Man of India,” believed that the youth have the power to transform the nation. This belief led to the declaration of his birthday as World Students’ Day by the United Nations in 2010, celebrating the potential of young learners.
Young students are not just the future workforce; they are the thinkers, innovators, and leaders who will drive India toward progress. Their energy, creativity, and passion are essential in addressing challenges like poverty, unemployment, and climate change. With access to education, technology, and opportunities, India’s youth can bring about sustainable development, social reform, and economic growth, making the dream of a New India a reality.
The future lies in their hands, and with the right guidance, they will build a stronger, prosperous India.
Project
1. Collect your favourite quotations by M.K. Gandhi, Dr Abdul Kalam, Mother Teresa, Lal Bahadur Shastri, J. Krishnamurti, any other personalities that you admire. Make a collage for display in the monthly wall magazine of your class.
Answers:
Steps for the Project:
Choose Your Favorite Quotations:
Collect famous and inspirational quotes from the following personalities:
Mahatma Gandhi: “Be the change you wish to see in the world.”
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: “Dream is not what you see in sleep, it is the thing which doesn’t let you sleep.”
Mother Teresa: “Not all of us can do great things. But we can do small things with great love.”
Lal Bahadur Shastri: “Jai Jawan Jai Kisan.”
J. Krishnamurti: “It is no measure of health to be well adjusted to a profoundly sick society.”
Add quotes from any other personalities you admire.
Design the Collage:
Materials: Use colored papers, printed quotes, magazines, scissors, glue, markers, and decorative items.
Layout: Arrange the quotes in a creative pattern or theme, perhaps around a central image or symbolic design like a tree of knowledge.
Visuals: Include small pictures or drawings of these personalities or relevant symbols to enhance the design.
Decorate:
Add borders, color backgrounds, or doodles to make the collage more vibrant and visually engaging.
You can also use calligraphy or bold fonts to highlight the quotes.
Display:
Once completed, display the collage on the wall magazine. You can label it “Words of Wisdom” or “Inspiration Corner.”
This will not only inspire your classmates but also reflect your admiration for these great personalities.
Here we have presented Class 9 English NCERT book words and expressions Chapter 5 solutions. Have a look to increase your English language knowledge.
Reading Comprehension
Read the passage given below and answer the question that follow.
Text I
The Miraculous Escape
I had been very wealthy and prosperous and was leading a very comfortable life. I had all the worldly pleasure with me. But soon I became bored of my idle life. The urge to go on a voyage became stronger and stronger day by day. It haunted me like anything. So one day I bored a ship and went trading from island to island with other merchants.
When we started, the fourth weather day of the voyage, our ship was caught in a terrific/terrible continued for several days and drove us near an island. The captain of the ship was reluctant to cast anchor at the port as it was a much dreaded place.
The violent waves of the sea had exhausted us. We were all tired and hungry so we went in search of food and water. We were fortune enough to find fruit trees and a stream of fresh and cool water which gave us strength and energy and relieved us from hunger. It had started getting dark. As we were tired we went to sleep but were soon startled by a rustling noise which came from a very long and huge python like serpent gliding swiftly towards us. We ran to save our lives but the serpent was quick enough to swallow one of my companions. We kept running till we had covered a good enough distance from the serpent. We felt a bit relieved but at the same time sad as we had lost a friend of ours. We took shelter on the top of a tree and thought ourselves to be safe. But we were mistaken for we had hardly slept a little time when we heard a hissing sound which alarmed and frightened us. Coiling itself round the tree, the serpent reached my other companion who was positioned somewhat lower than me on the tree. It swallowed him and went away. Terror stricken I clung to the branch of the tree tightly and I did not know when I fell asleep. It was daylight when I awoke. I climbed down. It seemed to me that I had no courage left. It took me no time to realise that if I would not think of a way to escape soon, I would be a dead man. It was just a matter of time when I would also be swallowed like my two other companions. The instinct to prevent oneโs life is greater than any fear or frustration. I thought I should spare no means to save myself. I collected a lot of dry wood and bushes and tied them into a bundle with reeds. I arranged them in a circular structure round the tree and tied some of them with the branches of the tree. In this way I made a tent like structure in which I sat after dusk and securely tied from within. I had the satisfaction that whatever I could do I did it to prevent myself. This time when the serpent arrived he crept round the tree but he could not penetrate the defensive structure I had made around me. It just sat and waited the whole night like a cat that waits for the mouse to emerge out of its hole. At dawn the serpent crept back but I dared not come out of my fortress. I lay there half dead and almost suffocated. When the Sun began to shine, I came out of my wooden fortress. I was so desperate that I ran towards the seashore. When I was about to jump into the sea, I saw a ship sailing at some distance. I shouted wildly, I took off my shirt and waved it too, which attracted the sailors on the ship and a rescue boat was immediately sent for me. This was my miraculous escape from the deadly serpent. (Source: Anonymous) Discuss what effect did the story have an you? What would you have done, if you were in the narratorโs place? Does it teach you how to save yourself from danger? Now based on your reading of the story, answer the questions that follow. You may read the story again.
1. What made the narrator go on a voyage?
(a) He was rich and satisfied with his life.
(b) He felt bored of his life.
(c) He had urge to go on a voyage.
(d) He was adventurous.
2. How did the narrator and his friend feed themselves?
(a) They ate fish.
(b) They could not find anything to eat.
(c) They ate fruits to survive.
(d) They ate the food they had brought with themselves.
3. The narrator and his companions were on the tree. The serpent sawallowed his companions but not the narrator. why?
4. How did the narrator save himself from the serpent?
5. Find the words in the story which mean the nearest to the words given below.
1. What made the narrator go on a voyage? (b) He felt bored of his life.
2. How did the narrator and his friend feed themselves? (c) They ate fruits to survive.
3. The narrator and his companions were on the tree. The serpent swallowed his companions but not the narrator. Why? The narrator was positioned higher up on the tree than his companions, which made it harder for the serpent to reach him. Additionally, the narrator had created a defensive structure around himself, which protected him from the serpent.
4. How did the narrator save himself from the serpent? The narrator gathered dry wood and bushes, tied them into a bundle with reeds, and made a tent-like structure around the tree. He securely tied himself inside, preventing the serpent from reaching him. The serpent waited around the tree but could not penetrate the structure, and the narrator survived.
5. Find the words in the story which mean the nearest to the words given below: (a) rich (First para) โ wealthy (b) moved (Second para) โ gliding (c) tired (Third para) โ exhausted (d) scared (Fifth para) โ frightened (e) urge (Fifth para) โ haunted
6. Now find words in the story which mean the opposite of the given words: (a) poor (First para) โ wealthy (b) weak (Third para) โ strength (c) enforce (Third para) โ relieved (d) insecurely (Sixth para) โ securely (e) offensive (Sixth para) โ defensive
Vocabulary
1. The story of Miraculous Escape has a number of words which describe the narrator’s feeling of fear and getting tired of the journey. List the words of the two feelings and experiences.
Fear
Getting tired
Terrific,
Exhausted
2. Can you now add suffix which can mean or relate to the word ‘fear’? First one has been done for you.
Fear
(a) fearsome
(e) fear
(b) fear
(f) fear
(c) fear
(g) fear
(d) fear
(h) fear
Answers:
1. Words describing the narrator’s feelings of fear and getting tired of the journey:Fear:
Exhausted
Tired
Weak
2. Relieved (after finding food and water)
Suffixes related to the word ‘fear’: (a) Fearsome (b) Fearful (c) Fearless (d) Fearfully (e) Fearfulness (f) Feared (g) Fearing (h) Fearsome
Grammar
Reported Speech: Reported questions
1. You have learnt how to report questions from direct to indirect speech. Here is a paragraph with direct speech questions. Read them carefully and report into indirect speech. Rewrite the paragraph in the space given below.
Once an old man asked a young boy, โWho do you think are the most intelligent people?โ The young man said in return, โWho do you think so?โ The old man said, โHow can sons and daughters be intelligent without learning from their parents?โ The young man said, โHow did you as a parent learn?โ The old man said, โWhy are you hijacking my question by asking me back?โ The young man said, โDidnโt you know that you as a parent, now have learnt all the things on your own?โ The old man said, โHow do you say that we all learnt from others?โ The young man said, โWhy do you ask me about how to operate electronic gadget all the time?โ The old man said, โWhy canโt I ask you because I have paid for the gadget you use?โ
2. Now here is a set sentences given in indirect speech Change them into direct speech.
Indirect Speech
Direct Speech
(a) Romesh asked Lata whether she could go with for a picnic the next day.
(a) Romesh
(b) Lata replied why had he asked her question him.
(b) Lata
(c) Romesh asked Lata why she was questioning him.
(c) Romesh
(d) Lata replied there was no use visiting the place she had seen before.
(d) Lata
(e) Romesh asked Lata what was wrong in visiting the same place again for the place was not the same.
(e) Romesh
Answers:
1. Indirect Speech:
Once an old man asked a young boy who he thought were the most intelligent people. The young man replied asking who he thought so. The old man replied that sons and daughters could not be intelligent without learning from their parents. The young man then asked how the old man, as a parent, had learned. The old man replied by asking why the young man was hijacking his question by asking him back. The young man remarked that didnโt the old man know that, as a parent, he had learned all things on his own. The old man responded by asking how the young man could say that they had all learned from others. The young man asked why the old man asked him about how to operate electronic gadgets all the time. The old man replied asking why he couldnโt ask, as he had paid for the gadgets the young man used.
2. Direct Speech:
(a) Romesh asked Lata, “Can you go with me for a picnic the next day?”
(b) Lata replied, “Why have you asked me this question?”
(c) Romesh asked Lata, “Why are you questioning me?”
(d) Lata replied, “There is no use in visiting the place I have seen before.”
(e) Romesh asked Lata, “What is wrong in visiting the same place again? The place is not the same.”
Editing
1. Some of the prepositions are incorrectly used in the following story. Correct them and read the story aloud. The rewrite the story in the space given below.
The Dog and His Bone
A hungry dog while searching about food found a bone. He picked it out and held it tightly in his mouth and ran out into the woods, to a safe place to enjoy it in ease. He growled and frowned at anyone who attempted to take it over. He chewed the bone for a very long time and this made him quite thirsty. He came to a stream to quench his thirst. He trotted around the footbridge and happened to glance into the water. He saw his own reflection in the water. Thinking it was another dog with a bigger bone, he growled and scowled towards it. The reflection growled and scowled back. Being greedy by nature, he wanted that bone too. He snapped his sharp teeth at the image on the water. He barked at the other dog, hoping to scare him into giving that bone. His own big bone fell with a splash, went over of sight, the moment he opened his mouth to bite!
2. Rearrange each of the words to make sentences. Use appropriate punctuation marks.
(a) when I gave her, the bad news, she turned pale
(b) become rotten, as it has, the apple, donโt eat
(c) great friends, last quarrel, after their, they became
(d) first and only novel, after her, got a prize, she became famous
Answers:
1. Corrected Story:
The Dog and His Bone
A hungry dog, while searching for food, found a bone. He picked it up and held it tightly in his mouth and ran into the woods to a safe place to enjoy it in peace. He growled and frowned at anyone who attempted to take it away. He chewed the bone for a very long time, which made him quite thirsty. He came to a stream to quench his thirst. He trotted around the footbridge and happened to glance into the water. He saw his own reflection in the water. Thinking it was another dog with a bigger bone, he growled and scowled at it. The reflection growled and scowled back. Being greedy by nature, he wanted that bone too. He snapped his sharp teeth at the image in the water. He barked at the other dog, hoping to scare him into giving up that bone. His own big bone fell with a splash and went out of sight the moment he opened his mouth to bite!
2. Rearranged Sentences:
(a) When I gave her the bad news, she turned pale.
(b) Donโt eat the apple as it has become rotten.
(c) After their last quarrel, they became great friends.
(d) She became famous after her first and only novel got a prize.
Listening
How brave are you? Take a minute to think over this question. There are people who risk their lives to save someoneโs life from danger. Here is a child who dared and saved lives. Let us listen to the story of a braveheart.
The Brave Hearts
On October 26, 2009, Jhalaramโs hut in the village Sarneshwar in Rajasthan, suddenly caught fire. His two daughters, aged two-and-a-half years and one year, as well as ten goats were in the hut at that time.
Shrawan Kumar, a six-year old boy, was playing in his house at a distance of about 200 feet. Seeing smoke coming out from Jhalaramโs house, he ran towards it. He saw the children sitting on a cot and screaming for help, and the goats caught in the flames. Shrawan entered the house, lifted the younger child in one arm and pulling the older one by the hand, brought them out safely. He took them to his house, then ran to inform his father and the childrenโs father. The elders rushed to the site. But by that time, the goats had died and the household belongings had been destroyed in the fire. It was Shrawan Kumarโs daring act that saved the lives of the two children.
(Shrawan Kumar, 6 years old, Sarneshwar, Rajasthan) (Source: Childrenโs World, May 2012)
Your teacher will read out the story. Listen to the story carefully and answer the questions below. You may ask the teacher to read out the story more than once.
1. Where is the village of Sarneshwar?
2. Whose hut had caught fire?
3. Who all were there in the hut when it caught fire?
4. Why did Shrawan run towards Jhalaram’s house?
5. How did Shrawan save the two children?
6. What happened to the goats?
Answers:
1. The village of Sarneshwar is in Rajasthan.
2. Jhalaram’s hut had caught fire.
3. The two daughters of Jhalaram, aged two-and-a-half years and one year, as well as ten goats, were in the hut when it caught fire.
4. Shrawan ran towards Jhalaram’s house because he saw smoke coming out from it.
5. Shrawan saved the two children by entering the house, lifting the younger child in one arm, and pulling the older one by the hand, bringing them out safely.
6. The goats died in the fire.
Speaking
Imagine yourself as the narrator in the story โThe Miraculous Escapeโ and describe your experience during your voyage. Jot down the points you want to speak on. Then narrate your experience to your partner. You may begin like this:
I have been thinking of going on a voyage. And here came the opportunity to sail on a ship! I enjoyed the bule sea, the silence all around, amazing sunrise for a week. Then suddenly one dayโฆโฆ
Your Points:
Answers:
1. Introduction to the Voyage:
Mention how you had been thinking about going on a voyage for a long time.
Explain how you finally got the opportunity to sail on a ship and began your journey.
2. The Beauty of the Sea:
Describe the peacefulness and beauty of the blue sea around you.
Mention the serene atmosphere and amazing sunrises you witnessed during the first week of the voyage.
3. The Storm:
Explain how, suddenly, your ship was caught in a terrible storm after the fourth day.
Describe how the storm lasted for several days, exhausting everyone and pushing the ship near a dreaded island.
4. The Search for Food and Water:
Talk about how, after the storm, you and your companions were extremely tired and hungry.
Mention how you found fruit trees and fresh water, which gave you strength and relief from hunger.
5. The Serpent Encounter:
Describe the terrifying moment when you were startled by the sound of a huge serpent.
Explain how the serpent swallowed one of your companions and how you managed to escape, only to face another danger.
6. The Danger on the Tree:
Narrate how you took shelter in a tree, but the serpent followed you and swallowed another of your companions.
Talk about your fear and how you clung tightly to the tree, too scared to move.
7. The Escape Plan:
Describe how you decided to act fast and built a makeshift shelter with dry wood and bushes to protect yourself from the serpent.
Mention how you waited inside the shelter while the serpent circled the tree, unable to break through your defense.
8. The Rescue:
Explain how, after spending the whole night in fear, you saw a ship sailing in the distance the next day.
Talk about how you shouted and waved to attract attention, leading to your rescue.
9. Conclusion:
Reflect on how you felt after your miraculous escape and what you learned from this terrifying experience.
“I have been thinking of going on a voyage. And here came the opportunity to sail on a ship! I enjoyed the blue sea, the silence all around, and amazing sunrises for a week. Then, suddenly one day, our ship was caught in a terrible storm. The storm lasted for days, pushing us near a dreaded island. After the storm passed, we searched for food and water. While we were resting, a huge serpent attacked, swallowing one of my companions. In the panic, we climbed a tree, but it followed us. I had to think quickly and built a shelter to protect myself from the serpent. The next morning, I saw a ship in the distance. I waved and shouted for help, and they rescued me! That was my miraculous escape from danger.”
Project
1. The stories of โThe Snake and the Mirrorโ and โThe Miraculous Escapeโ show how people face danger and are scared of animals. As children, many of us fear stray dogs. Both adults and children are scared of snakes. Fear exists in most of us. Some fears have bases and others do not. Let us conduct a survey of what people fear about. You may follow the guidelines given below.
Form groups of four, and select an area for your survey. It may be your classmates, teachers or people in your neighborhood.
Develop a questionnaire to collect information about the fears people have. You may have at least eight to ten question.
Decide how many people you will ask the questions for the survey.
Ask people the questions.
Write their opinions in tabular form.
Now write the first draft of the report.
You may add graphic representations of the information and the data collected.
Edit and write the report to make it final.
Present it in a report form to the class.
You can also make a PowerPoint presentation
Answers:
Step 1: Form Groups
Form a group of four students. Assign specific roles (e.g., questionnaire creator, survey conductor, data collector, report writer).
Step 2: Select an Area for Your Survey
You can conduct the survey among your classmates, teachers, or people in your neighborhood. Decide on the target group based on convenience.
Step 3: Develop a Questionnaire
Create a set of questions that will help you understand people’s fears. Below are some sample questions to get you started:
What is your biggest fear?
Do you fear animals (e.g., dogs, snakes, insects)? If yes, which one?
Do you fear the dark?
Are you afraid of heights?
Are you scared of public speaking?
Do you fear specific situations (e.g., exams, traveling)?
Have you ever been in a dangerous situation that caused fear? Describe it.
Do you think some fears are irrational?
What do you do when you are scared?
Do you think fears can be overcome? How?
Step 4: Decide on the Number of People for the Survey
Select at least 15โ20 people for a meaningful sample. Ensure a diverse range of ages, genders, and backgrounds for your survey.
Step 5: Ask People the Questions
Go around your school or neighborhood and ask the selected people the questions. Note down their responses in a clear and organized manner.
Step 6: Record the Data in Tabular Form
Create a table to organize the data you have collected. For example:
Person
Biggest Fear
Fears Animals
Fear of Heights
Fear of Public Speaking
Fears Situations
Reaction to Fear
Person 1
Snakes
Yes (Snakes)
Yes
No
Exams
Avoids it
Person 2
Darkness
Yes (Dogs)
No
Yes
None
Faces it
Person 3
Failure
Yes (Spiders)
Yes
Yes
Public Speaking
Runs away
Step 7: Write the First Draft of the Report
Introduction:
Introduce the topic of fear and its significance.
Mention the objective of the survey and the method you used (questions, target group).
Data Analysis:
Describe the findings from the survey.
Present patterns, common fears, and any surprising results.
Include any notable differences in the data (e.g., gender-based differences in fear).
Conclusions:
Sum up the key findings.
Discuss how fear influences people differently.
Add suggestions or thoughts on overcoming certain fears.
Step 8: Graphic Representations
To make the report visually appealing, use graphs or charts to represent the data (e.g., bar charts showing the most common fears, pie charts for specific animal fears, etc.).
Step 9: Edit and Finalize the Report
After writing the first draft, revise the report for clarity and coherence.
Make sure the language is appropriate and the report flows logically.
Step 10: PowerPoint Presentation
Create a PowerPoint presentation summarizing your report. Include:
Here we have provided Class 9 English NCERT book words and expressions Chapter 4 solutions. Questions an d answers is given in this post. Increase your knowledge by reading this post.
Reading Comprehension
Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.
Text I
The World as I see it
In my opinion, the present symptoms of decadence are explained by the fact that the development of industry and machinery has made the struggle for existence very much more severe, greatly to the detriment of the free development of the individual. But the development of machinery means that less and less work is needed from the individual for the satisfaction of the communityโs needs. A planned division of labour is becoming more and more of a crying necessity and this division will lead to the material security of the individual. This security and the spare time and energy which the individual will have at his command can be made to further his development. In this way the community may regain its health, and we will hope that future historians will explain the morbid symptoms of present-day society as the childhood ailments of an aspiring humanity, due entirely to the excessive speed at which civilisation was advancing. (An extract from The World As I See It by A. Einstein)
1. What is responsible for the present degradation of individual development?
2. What is the meaning of development in relation to individuals?
3. What is the ‘planned division of labour”? How will it be helpful in human development?
4. What does the phrase ‘symptoms of decadence’ mean in the opening line?
(a) diagnosis of degradation (b) warning signs of depravity (c) signs of prosperity (d) diagnosis of indifference
5. The phrase ‘crying necessity’ in the opening paragraph means:
(a) urgent need (b) weeping need (c) sad need (d) average need
1. What is responsible for the present degradation of individual development?
The development of industry and machinery is responsible for the present degradation of individual development. It has made the struggle for existence much more severe, which hinders the free development of individuals.
2. What is the meaning of development in relation to individuals?
Development in relation to individuals refers to their growth in terms of material security, free time, energy, and personal advancement, which can be used to enhance their overall well-being and potential.
3. What is the ‘planned division of labour’? How will it be helpful in human development?
The ‘planned division of labour’ refers to a systematic distribution of work within society. It is essential for ensuring material security for individuals, freeing up their time and energy for self-development and contributing to societal health.
4. What does the phrase ‘symptoms of decadence’ mean in the opening line?
(b) warning signs of depravity
5. The phrase ‘crying necessity’ in the opening paragraph means:
(a) urgent need
6. Circle the odd one out
(a) presence, distance, existence, being, alive (Odd one out: distance; others refer to states of being)
(b) possible, feasible, probable, unthinkable, obtainable (Odd one out: unthinkable; others are positive terms related to possibility)
(c) violence, assault, roughness, passivity, fierceness (Odd one out: passivity; others are aggressive or active)
(e) consolation, compassion, annoyance, sympathy, support (Odd one out: annoyance; others are positive emotions)
Text II
Read the following text and answer the questions.
When Einstein wrote to Gandhi
In 1931, Albert Einstein wrote the following short letter of admiration to another of the worldโs greatest minds, Mohandas Gandhi. Despite their intentions, the pair never met in person. Respected Mr. Gandhi, I use the presence of your friend in our home to send you these lines. You have shown through your words, that it is possible to succeed without violence even with those who have not discarded the method of violence. We may hope that your example will spread beyond the borders of the country, and will help to establish an international authority, respected by all, that will take decisions and replace war conflicts. With sincere admiration Yours (Signed, โA. Einsteinโ) I hope that I will be able to meet you face to face someday.
Gandhiโs response LONDON, October 18, 1931 DEAR FRIEND,
I was delighted to have your beautiful letter sent through Sundaram. It is great consolation to me that the work I am doing finds favour in your sight. I do indeed wish that we could meet face to face and that too in India at my Ashram. Yours Sincerely (Signed, โM.K Gandhiโ)
(Source: Letters of Note, Volume 2, by Shaun Usher)
1. Albert Einstein admired M.K. Gandhi because:
(a) Gandhi discarded the method of violence. (b) Gandhi showed that it is possible to succeed without violence with those who have discarded the method of violence. (c) Gandhi showed that it is possible to succeed without violence only with those who have discarded the method of violence. (d) Gandhi showed that it is possible to succeed without violence with all irrespective of whether they have continued or discarded the method of violence.
2. Where did Gandhi wish to meet Einstein?
(a) his residence in London (b) his Ashram in India (c) his Ashram in London (d) during his tour to London
3. Why does Einstein want Gandhiโs example to go beyond India?
4. You have read the chapter and the exchange of letters between A. Einstein and M. K. Gandhi. What similarities do you find in the ideas of both the personalities?
5. Find the opposites of the words given below from Einsteinโs letter. (a) impossible_________________________ (b) fail_________________________________ (c) peace______________________________ (d) absence____________________________ (e) enemy_____________________________
6. In the context of Gandhiโs response to Einsteinโs letter, โfinds favour in your sightโ means: (a) satisfied you (b) delighted you (c) appreciated by you (d) not accepted by you
Answers:
1. Albert Einstein admired M.K. Gandhi because: (d) Gandhi showed that it is possible to succeed without violence with all irrespective of whether they have continued or discarded the method of violence.
2. Where did Gandhi wish to meet Einstein? (b) his Ashram in India
3. Why does Einstein want Gandhiโs example to go beyond India?
Einstein hopes that Gandhi’s example will spread beyond the borders of India and help establish an international authority that will take decisions and replace war conflicts.
4. You have read the chapter and the exchange of letters between A. Einstein and M. K. Gandhi. What similarities do you find in the ideas of both the personalities?
Both Einstein and Gandhi advocated for non-violence and peace. They believed in achieving success without the use of violence and aimed for global harmony. They both hoped for a better world where war conflicts would be replaced by peaceful solutions.
5. Find the opposites of the words given below from Einsteinโs letter. (a) impossible โ possible (b) fail โ succeed (c) peace โ violence (d) absence โ presence (e) enemy โ friend
6. In the context of Gandhiโs response to Einsteinโs letter, โfinds favour in your sightโ means: (c) appreciated by you
Text II
If
If you can keep your head when all about you Are losing theirs and blaming it on you; If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you, But make allowance for their doubting too; If you can wait and not be tired by waiting, Or, being lied about, donโt deal in lies, Or, being hated, donโt give way to hating, And yet donโt look too good, nor talk too wise; If you can dreamโand not make dreams your master; If you can thinkโand not make thoughts your aim; If you can meet with triumph and disaster And treat those two impostors just the same; If you can bear to hear the truth youโve spoken Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools, Or watch the things you gave your life to broken, And stoop and build โem up with wornout tools; If you can make one heap of all your winnings And risk it on one turn of pitch-and-toss, And lose, and start again at your beginnings And never breathe a word about your loss; If you can force your heart and nerve and sinew To serve your turn long after they are gone, And so hold on when there is nothing in you Except the Will which says to them: โHold onโ; If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue, Or walk with kingsโnor lose the common touch; If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you; If all men count with you, but none too much; If you can fill the unforgiving minute With sixty secondsโ worth of distance runโ Yours is the Earth and everything thatโs in it, Andโwhich is moreโyouโll be a Man, my son! โRudyard Kipling
1. Which lines in the poem tell us to have self control, a clear head and not to become bitter people speak against us? Stanza1
2. One must be just as graceful in losing as he is in winning. What are the poem that can replace the underline ones? Stanza 2
3. In the third stanza what does the poet mean by ‘And lose, and start again?
4. There is a necessity treat all people equal and amidst people we should not lose our self ‘who we are”? How has the poet expressed this in the fourth stanza?
5. List two things from each stanza that we can do to make the Earth ours, as given in the poem.
Answers:
1. Which lines in the poem tell us to have self-control, a clear head, and not to become bitter when people speak against us? The lines from the first stanza that emphasize self-control, a clear head, and not becoming bitter when people speak against us are:
“If you can keep your head when all about you Are losing theirs and blaming it on you;”
“Or, being lied about, donโt deal in lies, Or, being hated, donโt give way to hating.”
2. One must be just as graceful in losing as he is in winning. What are the words from the poem that can replace the underlined ones? The words from the second stanza that replace the idea of being graceful in both losing and winning are:
“If you can meet with triumph and disaster And treat those two impostors just the same.”
3. In the third stanza, what does the poet mean by ‘And lose, and start again’? The poet means that after losing everything (perhaps after taking a big risk or facing failure), one should have the courage to start from scratch without complaining or being discouraged. It reflects resilience and perseverance in the face of loss.
4. There is a necessity to treat all people equally, and amidst people, we should not lose our sense of ‘who we are.’ How has the poet expressed this in the fourth stanza? In the fourth stanza, the poet expresses this idea with these lines:
“If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue, Or walk with kingsโnor lose the common touch;” This means that whether you are among ordinary people (crowds) or influential ones (kings), you should remain true to yourself and maintain your integrity without losing your sense of self.
5. List two things from each stanza that we can do to make the Earth ours, as given in the poem.
Stanza 1:
Keep your head when others are losing theirs.
Trust yourself when others doubt you but understand their doubts.
Stanza 2:
Treat triumph and disaster as impostors.
Hear the truth you spoke twisted and still remain strong.
Stanza 3:
Risk everything and, if lost, start again without complaining.
Push your heart, nerve, and sinew to keep going even when you are exhausted.
Stanza 4:
Walk with kings without losing the common touch.
Make the most of every minute by filling it with effort and purpose.
Vocabulary
1. Read the paragraph mentioned against explanation and find out the words in that paragraph which best match the explanation given. Refer to the chapter ‘A Truly Beautiful Mind’ given in your textbook, Beehive.
(a) A word used disapprovingly to talk about a person who is unusual and doesnโt behave like others._________________(paragraph 1) (b) Taking part in an activity for pleasure, not as a job.________________(paragraph 3) (c) Respecting and allowing many different types of beliefs or behaviour._____(paragraph 5) (d) A person who is lacking in or hostile or smugly indifferent to cultural values, intellectual pursuits, etc.____________________(paragraph 7) (e) Relating to work that needs special training or education.______________(paragraph 8)
2. Einstein was a world citizen.
This means he does not belong to one country because his contributions to science and the society have moved beyond the borders of his country. โWorldโ has different meanings in a variety of contexts.
Read the sentences given below and find out the meanings of โworldโ in each sentence.
(a) My mother means the world to me.
(b) Vasco da Gama sailed round the world.
(c) He is a big name in the world of fashion.
(d) Stars from the sporting and artistic worlds participate in the function.
(e) She is a simple person in real world as well as in the movies.
Answers:
1. Find the words from the chapter ‘A Truly Beautiful Mind’ that match the explanations:
(a) Eccentric (Paragraph 1: A word used disapprovingly to talk about a person who is unusual and doesnโt behave like others.)
(b) Amateur (Paragraph 3: Taking part in an activity for pleasure, not as a job.)
(c) Liberal (Paragraph 5: Respecting and allowing many different types of beliefs or behavior.)
(d) Philistine (Paragraph 7: A person who is lacking in or hostile or smugly indifferent to cultural values, intellectual pursuits, etc.)
(e) Professional (Paragraph 8: Relating to work that needs special training or education.)
2. Meanings of โworldโ in different sentences:
(a) My mother means the world to me. Meaning: My mother is the most important person in my life.
(b) Vasco da Gama sailed round the world. Meaning: Vasco da Gama sailed around the entire Earth.
(c) He is a big name in the world of fashion. Meaning: He is famous in the field or industry of fashion.
(d) Stars from the sporting and artistic worlds participate in the function. Meaning: Celebrities from the fields of sports and arts participate in the function.
(e) She is a simple person in real world as well as in the movies. Meaning: She behaves similarly in her personal life (reality) as she does in movies.
Grammar
Participate Clause
You have read about and done exercises on participate clauses (Beehive, P. 52). We know that participate clause is a form of adverbial clause which enables us to say information in a more economical way. We can use participate clauses when the participate and verb in the main clauses have the same subject.
Example: Waiting for John, I made some tea.
1. choose the correct option for the sentences below.
(a) Waiting fort he doctor, ______________________________________________________________ [a big noise scared everybody, Dave read a magazine, the alarm went off]
(b) ________________________________________ in the jungle, George had to find the way out on this own. [having. lost, lost, losing]
(c) _____________________________________ our pottery will last for generations. [treating with care/you treat with care/treated with care]
(e) ______________________________________________ a holiday, all the banks were closed. [having been/been/being]
2. Join the following sentences using a present-participate as given in the example.
Example:
We walked along the footpath. We saw an accident Walking along the footpath, we saw an accident.
(Note: Out of the two actions, the one which takes place first is changed into present participle.)
(a) He stood by the side of a temple. He speaks people to go in.
(b) She came out of the room. She greeted the visitors.
(c) He heard the news. He started crying.
(d) He found the lock broken. He rang up the police.
(e) He felt sleepy. He went to bed.
Answers:
1. Choose the correct option for the sentences below.
(a) Waiting for the doctor,
Dave read a magazine. (The action “waiting” and the action “reading” are being done by the same person, Dave.)
(b) Having lost in the jungle, George had to find the way out on his own. (The action “losing” happens before “finding the way out.”)
(c) Treated with care, our pottery will last for generations. (Here, the pottery being “treated with care” enables it to last for a long time.)
(e) Being a holiday, all the banks were closed. (The state of “being a holiday” is the reason the banks were closed.)
2. Join the following sentences using a present-participle as given in the example.
(a) Standing by the side of a temple, he speaks to people to go in.
(b) Coming out of the room, she greeted the visitors.
(c) Hearing the news, he started crying.
(d) Finding the lock broken, he rang up the police.
(e) Feeling sleepy, he went to bed.
Editing
There is an error in each line. Underline the incorrect word and write the correct in the blank given. The first one has been done for you as an example.
I entered the managerโs office and sat down. enter I have just lost five hundred rupees and I felt very upset.
(a) _____________________________ โI leave the money in my desk,โ I said, (b)________________ โand it is not there nowโ. The manger was very sympathetic but he can do nothing. (c)___________โEveryone loses money theses days,โ(d) __________________ he said. He start to complain about this wicked world, (e)_______________________________but is interrupted by a knock at the door. (f)________.
Answers:
(a) have Correction: had “I had just lost five hundred rupees and I felt very upset.”
(b) leave Correction: left “I left the money in my desk,” I said.
(c) can Correction: could “The manager was very sympathetic but he could do nothing.”
(d) theses Correction: these “Everyone loses money these days.”
(e) start Correction: started “He started to complain about this wicked world.”
(f) is Correction: was “But was interrupted by a knock at the door.”
Listening
Listen to the story given below. The teacher or your classmate will read the story aloud. Listen to it carefully and then answer the questions that follow.
Gautama Buddha was journeying through the Kosala region. He was warned not to pass through the deep jungle, as it was the den of a famous robber chief, Angulimala. He was the terror of the whole countryside. He lived by plundering travellers and feared no one. He had committed many murders. All attempts to capture the inhuman Angulimala had failed. So he continued his crimes unpunished. The people of Kosala pleaded with the Buddha not to expose himself to the dangers of the robberโs territory. But Gautama Buddha knew no fear. The warnings of the people of Kosala did not affect him. He made his way into the jungle. Angulimala got enraged at this boldness. He was determined to kill the intruder. But when he saw the Buddha, calm and self-possessed, and heard his words of kindness, the robber hesitated. His arm, which had been uplifted to kill, fell helpless by his side. His wrath cooled, and he knelt down before the Buddha. He confessed all his sins and declared his faith in the Buddha. When the people saw the new disciple following his Master, they were amazed and could not believe that this was the ferocious man who had been a terror for so long. Angulimala became a monk. His past was forgotten, and he was widely respected for his holiness.
1. Why did the people of Kosala warn the Buddha not to go into jungle?
2. Why was Angulimala considered to be a terror?
3. What enraged Angulimala when he saw the Buddha?
4. Why did the robber hesitate to kill the Buddha?
5. What kind of transformation took place in Angulimala?
6. Why did people start respecting Angulimala?
Answers:
1. Why did the people of Kosala warn the Buddha not to go into the jungle? The people of Kosala warned the Buddha not to go into the jungle because it was the den of the famous robber chief Angulimala, who was feared by the whole countryside due to his crimes.
2. Why was Angulimala considered to be a terror? Angulimala was considered a terror because he plundered travellers, committed many murders, and all attempts to capture him had failed. He was a threat to the entire region.
3. What enraged Angulimala when he saw the Buddha? Angulimala was enraged by the boldness of the Buddha, as the Buddha fearlessly entered the jungle despite the warnings about the danger posed by Angulimala.
4. Why did the robber hesitate to kill the Buddha? The robber hesitated to kill the Buddha because, upon seeing the Buddha’s calm and composed demeanor and hearing his kind words, his anger cooled, and he was moved by the Buddha’s peaceful presence.
5. What kind of transformation took place in Angulimala? Angulimala experienced a profound transformation when he heard the Buddhaโs teachings. He repented for his past crimes, confessed his sins, and declared his faith in the Buddha. He became a monk and devoted himself to a life of holiness.
6. Why did people start respecting Angulimala? People started respecting Angulimala because he had transformed from a ferocious robber into a monk. His violent past was forgotten, and he was widely respected for his holiness and devotion to the teachings of the Buddha.
Speaking
A debate competition is being organised in your school. Take a stand for or against this statement: โOur happiness in life depends entirely on our mental attitude.โ Prepare an outline of the main points in the order in which you wish to present them (in about 100 words), giving reasons for your point of view.
Debate is a correct between two speakers or two groups of speakers to show skill and ability in arguing.
A proposition, a question or a problem is required for this purpose, which can be spoken for or against.
To participate in a debate, one must prepare for it. So, one must prepare an outline of the main points in the order in which one is going to argue.
There are the limitations of time (only 5 to 6 minutes are allowed).
The speaker addresses the audience.
Every topic/subject has its own vocabulary. These must be learnt.
The speaker addresses the Chair (Mr President/ Madam), โsubmitsโ an argument, โappealsโ for sympathetic understanding and support, โquestionsโ the opponentโs views and โconcludesโ an argument.
Write the outline of the main points, then make a presentation in the class.
Topic
Introduce the topic with a quotation.
Highlight the main points.
Elaborate the points by arguing logically and convincingly.
Give your opinion in the concluding paragraph.
Answers:
Debate Topic: โOur happiness in life depends entirely on our mental attitude.โ
Introduction: “Life is 10% what happens to us and 90% how we react to it.” โ Charles R. Swindoll Our mental attitude shapes our perception of lifeโs circumstances, directly affecting our happiness.
Main Points:
Mental Attitude as the Key to Happiness: Happiness is subjective, and our interpretation of events depends on our mindset. A positive attitude leads to resilience and optimism, helping us find joy in small things.
Circumstances vs. Attitude: External situations, such as wealth or success, bring temporary satisfaction, but long-lasting happiness is internal. A person with a positive attitude can find peace, regardless of material possessions.
Health and Well-being: Research shows that a positive mental attitude contributes to better physical and mental health. People with optimistic outlooks are less stressed and more likely to recover from illnesses.
Personal Growth and Relationships: A good mental attitude fosters growth and strong relationships. People with a positive mindset handle conflicts better, build stronger connections, and maintain emotional stability.
Conclusion: Happiness is not dictated by external circumstances but by how we choose to react. A positive mental attitude is the foundation of lasting happiness, allowing us to face challenges with hope and gratitude.
Writing
In gruops of four, discuss in favour of or aganist the topic:
“New teachnology is common, New thinking is rare.”
Each group presents their points and the whole class brainstorms on the topic.
Jot down all the points discussed.
Write an argumentative article giving logical and relevant reasons along with your points of view.
Project
You have read about Stephen Hawking in Class VIII. Go through the text once again and gather information about his genius. You can also search web resources. Follow the steps given below and then write what made Hawking a genius.
(i) Who is a genius?
(ii) What are the attributes that makes a person a genius?
(iii) How is Stephen Hawking a genius?
(iv) What is he famous for?
(v) What books has a he written?
(vi) Refer to the obituaries written by people on him and find out his inspiring qualities.
Answers:
Project: Stephen Hawking – The Genius
(i) Who is a genius? A genius is a person with exceptional intellectual or creative power or other natural ability. They demonstrate extraordinary ability or talent in a particular field, often contributing groundbreaking ideas or innovations that shape the future.
(ii) What are the attributes that make a person a genius?
Exceptional intellectual ability
Creativity and original thinking
Strong passion for their field of interest
Persistence and resilience in the face of challenges
The ability to inspire and influence others
Ability to simplify complex concepts for better understanding
A desire to push the boundaries of knowledge and innovation
(iii) How is Stephen Hawking a genius? Stephen Hawking was a renowned theoretical physicist who made remarkable contributions to the field of cosmology, especially his work on black holes and the nature of the universe. Despite being diagnosed with ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) at the age of 21, which gradually paralyzed him, he continued his groundbreaking research using a speech-generating device. His intelligence, creativity, and determination were key factors that made him a genius. He was able to combine his deep understanding of physics with his imaginative thinking to solve complex problems in science.
(iv) What is he famous for? Stephen Hawking is famous for his work on black holes, particularly the theory of Hawking radiation, which proposed that black holes emit radiation and can eventually evaporate. He also made significant contributions to the understanding of the Big Bang theory, cosmology, and the nature of time. His book, A Brief History of Time, became a global bestseller and introduced complex scientific concepts to the general public.
(v) What books has he written? Some of Stephen Hawking’s most famous books include:
A Brief History of Time (1988)
The Universe in a Nutshell (2001)
A Briefer History of Time (2005)
The Grand Design (2010)
Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays (1993) These books reflect his ability to communicate complex scientific ideas in a manner accessible to people without a background in science.
(vi) Refer to the obituaries written by people on him and find out his inspiring qualities. Stephen Hawkingโs obituaries praised his immense intellect, but they also highlighted his remarkable resilience and determination. Despite his physical limitations due to ALS, he continued to work and inspire people around the world with his optimism. Hawking was admired for his courage in facing his physical disability without letting it hinder his intellectual pursuits. His sense of humor, combined with his passion for science, made him not only a brilliant mind but also an inspiring figure for people everywhere. He showed that one can overcome tremendous personal challenges to achieve greatness, making him a true inspiration for generations.
In conclusion, Stephen Hawkingโs genius was not just defined by his academic achievements but also by his ability to transcend physical limitations and inspire humanity through his work and spirit.
NCERT class 9 English chapter 3 solutions Words and Expressions solutions are provided here . Boost your English knowledge from here.
Reading Comprehension
Read the following text and answer the question that follow.
Text 1
This is an extract Harper Lee’s To kill a Mocking Bird. After supper, Atticus sat down with the paper and called, โScout, ready to read?โ. I ran crying, went to the front porch. Atticus followed me. โSomething wrong, Scout?โ I told Atticus I didnโt feel very well and didnโt think Iโd go to school any more if it was alright with him. Atticus sat down in the swing and crossed his legs. His fingers wandered to his watch pocket; he said that was the only way he could think. He waited in amiable silence, and I sought to reinforce my position: โYou never went to school and you do alright, so Iโll just stay home too. You can teach me like Granddaddy taught you โnโ Uncle Jack.โ โNo I canโtโ, said Atticus. โI have to make a living. Besides, theyโd put me in jail if I kept you at home. Now whatโs the matter? Bit by bit, I told him the dayโs misfortunes. โAnd the teacher said you taught me all wrong, so we canโt ever read any more, ever. Please donโt send me back, please Sir.โ Atticus stood up and walked to the end of the porch. When he completed his examination of the wisteria vine he strolled back to me. โFirst of allโ, he said, โif you can learn a simple trick, Scout, youโll get along a lot better with all kinds of folks. You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view-โ โSir?โ โ-until you climb into his skin and walk around in itโ. โBut if I keep on goinโ to school, we canโt ever read any moreโฆโ โThatโs really bothering you, isnโt it?โ โYes sir.โ When Atticus looked down at me I saw the expression on his face that always made me expect something. โDo you know what a compromise is?โ, he asked. โBending the law?โ โNo, an agreement reached by mutual concessions. It works this wayโ, he said. โIf youโll concede the necessity of going to school, weโll go on reading every night just as we always have. Is it a bargain?โ โYes sir!โ โWeโll consider it sealed without the usual formalityโ, Atticus said, when he saw me preparing to spit. As I opened the front screen door Atticus said, โBy the way, Scout, youโd better not say anything at school about our agreementโ. โWhy not?โ โIโm afraid our activities would be received with considerable disapprobation by the more learned authorities.โ My brother and I were accustomed to our fatherโs diction, and we were at all times free to interrupt Atticus for a translation when it was beyond our understanding. โHuh, Sir?โ โI never went to schoolโ, he said, โbut I have a feeling that if you tell Miss Caroline we read every night sheโll get after me, and I wouldnโt want her after meโ.
1. Why was Scout, the little girl upset? _______________________________________________________________________.
(a) She didn’t like being told what to do. (b) She didn’t want to read with her father. (c) She didn’t want to stop reading with her father. (d) She didn’t want to read with her teacher.
2. How did Atticus, her father, react to her outburst?___________________________________________________.
(a) He was angry. (b) He was patient. (c) He was annoyed. (d) He was sad.
3. What little advice did Atticus give to his little girl to cope up with situations that might upset her?
(a) to know and understand that life isnโt fair. (b) to stay calm and then run away from the problem. (c) to try and see from the other personโs point of view. (d) to face her fears by expressing how she felt.
4. How was the matter eventually resolved? ___________________________________________________________.
(a) Atticus agreed to allow her to learn from home. (b) Atticus agreed to continue reading as before. (c) Atticus agreed to speak to her teacher. (d) Atticus agreed to allow only the teacher to teach her
5. โIโm afraid our activities would be received with considerable disapprobation by the more learned authorities.โ In this context, the word โdisapprobationโ might mean __________________________________.
6. Atticus decided to come to a compromise and to read to Scout but asked her not to mention it to her teacher because _______________________________________.
(a) he respected the wishes of the teacher yet didnโt want to disappoint his daughter.
(b) he might get into trouble with the teacher who might come after him.
(c) he only cared for his daughter and thought the teacher was incorrect.
(d) he was afraid that the teacher may not like it and Scout might get into trouble.
7. The word โreinforceโ means the followingโfortify, brace, stiffen, strengthen, underpin.
Find the contextual meaning of ‘reinforce’ in the passage. _____________________________________________.
Answers:
Why was Scout, the little girl upset? She didn’t want to stop reading with her father. (c) She didn’t want to stop reading with her father.
How did Atticus, her father, react to her outburst? He was patient. (b) He was patient.
What little advice did Atticus give to his little girl to cope up with situations that might upset her? To try and see from the other personโs point of view. (c) To try and see from the other personโs point of view.
How was the matter eventually resolved? Atticus agreed to continue reading as before. (b) Atticus agreed to continue reading as before.
โIโm afraid our activities would be received with considerable disapprobation by the more learned authorities.โ In this context, the word โdisapprobationโ might mean disapproval. (a) disapproval
Atticus decided to come to a compromise and to read to Scout but asked her not to mention it to her teacher because he respected the wishes of the teacher yet didnโt want to disappoint his daughter. (a) He respected the wishes of the teacher yet didnโt want to disappoint his daughter.
The word โreinforceโ means the followingโfortify, brace, stiffen, strengthen, underpin. Find the contextual meaning of ‘reinforce’ in the passage. Strengthen her argument or position.
Text II
Read the poem and answer the question given below. You can recite too to appreciate the idea in the poem.
Poem at Thirty-Nine
How I miss my father. I wish he had not been so tired when I was born. Writing deposit slips and cheques I think of him. He taught me how. This is the form, he must have said: the way it is done. I learned to see bits of paper as a way to escape the life he knew and even in high school had a savings account. He taught me that telling the truth did not always mean a beating; though many of my truths must have grieved him before the end. How I miss my father! He cooked like a person dancing in a yoga meditation and craved the voluptuous sharing of good food. Now I look and cook just like him: my brain light; tossing this and that into the pot; seasoning none of my life the same way twice; happy to feed whoever strays my way. He would have grown to admire the woman Iโve become: cooking, writing, chopping wood, staring into the fire.
โAlice Walker
1. What made Alice Walker open a savings account in High School?
2. What lesson did her father give her on telling the truth?
3. Tick the correct answer.
What does ‘dancing in yoga meditation’ mean in the poem?
(a) To cook relaxedly with full concentration. (b) To cook while doing yoga exercises. (c) To cook food after doing yoga meditation. (d) Take lessons in cooking by joining class on yoga meditation.
4. Fill in the blank to complete the following statement.
Alice Walker becomes nostalgic for her father and wishes, had he been alive he would have admired her for ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Why do think the title of the poem is ‘Poem at Thirty-Nine?
What made Alice Walker open a savings account in high school? Her father taught her how to handle money, such as writing deposit slips and cheques. This practical knowledge led her to open a savings account in high school as a way to escape the life her father knew.
What lesson did her father give her on telling the truth? Her father taught her that telling the truth did not always mean a beating, even though many of her truths might have caused him grief.
Tick the correct answer. What does ‘dancing in yoga meditation’ mean in the poem? (a) To cook relaxedly with full concentration.
Fill in the blank to complete the following statement. Alice Walker becomes nostalgic for her father and wishes, had he been alive, he would have admired her for the woman she has become: cooking, writing, chopping wood, and staring into the fire.
Why do you think the title of the poem is ‘Poem at Thirty-Nine’? The title suggests that the poet is reflecting on her life and her relationship with her father at the age of thirty-nine. It marks a moment of looking back on the lessons she learned from her father and how they shaped the person she has become.
Vocabulary
1. Look at the wordsโsee, watch, look at, view, observe, catch, glimpse. These are all synonyms. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words. You can change the tense where it is required.
(a) We ________________________a television programme on tourism in India. It was very informative.
(b) Somebody is keeping a ______________ over the tower.
(c) The ___________________from the cliff is panoramic.
(d) You canโt afford to fall sick again,_____ your diet.
(e) She ______________________________the amazing view and drew a picture.
(f) If you are able to ________________________a _________ of dancing dolphins, you are lucky.
3. Study the use girl of the word ‘little’ in the following sentence:
To the little girl he was a figure to be feared. Here, little means small in size.
Now, consult a dictionary and find out the meaning of little in the following sentences. The first one has ben done for you.
My little sister – young or younger sister
(a) I was a bodyguard for a little while: ___________________________________________________________________
(b) This little car does have a few problems: ______________________________________________________________
(c) We got a little help from a training scheme: ____________________________________________________________
(d) I have little doubt of their identity: ____________________________________________________________________
Answers:
(a) We watched a television programme on tourism in India. It was very informative. (b) Somebody is keeping a watch over the tower. (c) The view from the cliff is panoramic. (d) You canโt afford to fall sick again, watch your diet. (e) She observed the amazing view and drew a picture. (f) If you are able to catch a glimpse of dancing dolphins, you are lucky.
Study the use of the word ‘little’ in the following sentences:
(a) I was a bodyguard for a little while: for a short period of time. (b) This little car does have a few problems: small in size. (c) We got a little help from a training scheme: a small amount of help. (d) I have little doubt of their identity: not much doubt.
Grammar
1. Read the following passage and underline the reporting verbs.
(i) Anuโs mother agreed that Anu could go to the party but cautioned her not to have too many sweets. The dentist has advised her not to eat too many sweets.
(ii) Anita reminded Leena to buy milk and keep it in the fridge because Vrinda wanted to have coffee in the evening. Leena insisted that she would only make coffee. Anita agreed to her request.
(iii) We decided to go to our village near Goa on holiday. Mona recommended going to the beach. The coast guard advised us against going into the water. He also warned us about the weak bridge. He warned the children not to cross the bridge there. We thanked him and went back.
(iv) The teacher explained the functioning of the heart with the help of a model. He wished us good luck for our practical exam. He also reminded us that the classes would resume from Tuesday.
Answers:
(i) Anuโs mother agreed that Anu could go to the party but cautioned her not to have too many sweets. The dentist has advised her not to eat too many sweets.
(ii) Anita reminded Leena to buy milk and keep it in the fridge because Vrinda wanted to have coffee in the evening. Leena insisted that she would only make coffee. Anita agreed to her request.
(iii) We decided to go to our village near Goa on holiday. Mona recommended going to the beach. The coast guard advised us against going into the water. He also warned us about the weak bridge. He warned the children not to cross the bridge there. We thanked him and went back.
(iv) The teacher explained the functioning of the heart with the help of a model. He wished us good luck for our practical exam. He also reminded us that the classes would resume from Tuesday.
Editing
1. Use capital letters, full-stops, commas and inverted commas wherever necessary in the following paragraph. Rewrite the paragraph in the space given below.
My little 10 years daughter Sarah was born with a muscle missing in her foot and wears a brace all the time. she came home jumping up and down one beafutiful spring day to tell me that she had competed in โfield dayโ- thatโs where they have lots of races and other competitive events because of her leg support my mind raced as I tried to think of encouragement for my sarah i wanted to tell some hard facts of life not letting this to get her down But, before I could get my word out, she said, Daddy, I won two of the races! I couldnโt believe that! and then Sarah came out with a declaration, I had an advantage. Ah, i knew it. i thought she must have been given a head start, some kind of physical advantage. but again, before I could say anything, she said, Daddy, i didnโt get a head startโฆ my advantage was that i didnโt give in i had to try harder! Thatโs my Sarah.
2. Rearrange each set of words to make sentences. Use appropriate punctuation marks.
(a) a resident of Noida near Delhi/is visually impaired/ George Abraham.
(b) confidence and competitive spirit/and infuses discipline among the participants/ it provides
(c) he has helped/the brain behind the World Cup Cricket/the disable to dream
(d) to the blind school in Delhi/it was a chance visit/ that changed his life
Answers:
My little 10-year-old daughter, Sarah, was born with a muscle missing in her foot and wears a brace all the time. She came home jumping up and down one beautiful spring day to tell me that she had competed in the “Field Day” โ thatโs where they have lots of races and other competitive events. Because of her leg support, my mind raced as I tried to think of encouragement for my Sarah. I wanted to tell her some hard facts of life, not letting this get her down. But, before I could get my words out, she said, “Daddy, I won two of the races!” I couldnโt believe that! And then Sarah came out with a declaration, “I had an advantage.” Ah, I knew it. I thought she must have been given a head start, some kind of physical advantage. But again, before I could say anything, she said, “Daddy, I didnโt get a head startโฆ my advantage was that I didnโt give in. I had to try harder!” Thatโs my Sarah.
(a) George Abraham, a resident of Noida near Delhi, is visually impaired.
(b) It provides confidence and competitive spirit, and infuses discipline among the participants.
(c) He has helped the disabled to dream, and he is the brain behind the World Cup Cricket.
(d) It was a chance visit to the blind school in Delhi that changed his life.
Listening
Listen to the song twice. Answer the questions that follow. Then sing the song together.
Que Sera, Sera When I was just a little girl I asked my mother What will I be Will I be pretty? Will I be rich? Hereโs what she said to me Que sera, sera Whatever will be, will be The futureโs not ours to see Que sera, sera What will be, will be When I grew up and fell in love I asked my sweetheart What lies ahead Will we have rainbows? Day after day Hereโs what my sweetheart said Que sera, sera Whatever will be, will be The futureโs not ours to see Que sera, sera What will be, will be Now I have Children of my own They ask their mother What will I be? Will I be handsome? Will I be rich? I tell them tenderly Que sera, sera Whatever will be, will be The futureโs not ours to see Que sera, sera What will be, will be Que Sera, Sera (It is a popular song written by the song writing team of Jay Livingston and Ray Evans in 1956.)
1. What are the questions the poet asked her mother when she was a little girl?
2. What was her motherโs reply?
3. She asked a question to her sweetheart. What was it?
4. What was his answer? Was it simillar to that of her motherโs?
5. Now the poet has become a mother. What questions do her children ask her?
6. What is her answer to her children?
Answers:
1. What are the questions the poet asked her mother when she was a little girl?
The poet asked her mother:
What will I be?
Will I be pretty?
Will I be rich?
2. What was her motherโs reply?
Her motherโs reply was:
“Que sera, sera, Whatever will be, will be, The futureโs not ours to see.”
3. She asked a question to her sweetheart. What was it?
She asked her sweetheart:
“What lies ahead? Will we have rainbows? Day after day?”
4. What was his answer? Was it similar to that of her motherโs?
His answer was also:
“Que sera, sera, Whatever will be, will be, The futureโs not ours to see.”
Yes, his answer was similar to that of her motherโs.
5. Now the poet has become a mother. What questions do her children ask her?
Her children ask her:
“What will I be? Will I be handsome? Will I be rich?”
6. What is her answer to her children?
Her answer to her children is:
“Que sera, sera, Whatever will be, will be, The futureโs not ours to see.”
Speaking
Look at the questions given below. Discuss with your partner. Jot down the points and make an oral presentation in the class.
1. Do you have questions about your future?
2. Whom do you discuss them with?
3. How often do you discuss your worries or queries with your parents?
4. Whom do you feel most comfortable sharing them with?
Your Points –
Answers:
1. Do you have questions about your future?
Yes, I do have questions about my future, such as:
What career path should I follow?
Will I be successful in the job I choose?
Will I be happy and fulfilled in my future life?
2. Whom do you discuss them with?
I usually discuss my questions about the future with:
My parents, because they offer valuable advice based on their experiences.
Close friends or mentors, as they can offer different perspectives.
Sometimes, I discuss with teachers or colleagues who have been through similar situations.
3. How often do you discuss your worries or queries with your parents?
I discuss my worries with my parents frequently:
When I am unsure about my studies, career choices, or any personal challenges.
Generally, I talk to them about my future plans when I feel anxious or need guidance.
These discussions happen at least once a week, but more often when I am going through a significant decision-making phase.
4. Whom do you feel most comfortable sharing them with?
I feel most comfortable sharing my future worries with:
My parents, as I trust their wisdom and experience.
A close friend who understands me well and doesnโt judge me.
A mentor or someone I admire who provides helpful and constructive advice.
Writing
Write a letter to your parents appreciating them for all the little things they do. You appreciate them, but have never had or taken the time to express it to them.
Hereโs a letter appreciating your parents for all they do:
Shalu Rani House 8 Street 12 Muzaffarnagr, Uttar Pardesh, 12-Jauary- 2025
Dear Mom and Dad,
I hope you both are doing well. Iโve been meaning to write this letter for a while, but I never really found the right time or words to express whatโs been on my mind. Iโve realized that I donโt tell you often enough how much I appreciate all the little things you do for me. You always go out of your way to make sure I have everything I need, and even the things I donโt always notice.
From the way you always make sure Iโm taken care of, whether itโs packing my lunch, reminding me about important things, or making my favorite meals after a long day, these things mean so much to me. Itโs not just the big sacrifices, but the small gesturesโthe quiet acts of love that make all the difference.
I know I can sometimes get busy with my own life, but I want you to know that I notice and Iโm so grateful for everything youโve done and continue to do. Youโve both given me a safe place, unwavering support, and a sense of peace that has allowed me to grow into who I am today. I could never fully express how much it means to me, but I wanted to take a moment to let you know that I love you and appreciate you deeply.
Thank you for being my rock, my guide, and the people who have always made me feel valued. You have given me so much, and I will always be thankful for the love youโve shown me, every day.
With all my love and gratitude, Shalu Rani
Project
1. Conduct an Interview with your parents and find out how things have changed over time. Your project must contain a minimum of 10 questions.
Some ideas/topics you could include in the questionnaire are:
(i) What they thought was a really fun thing to do.
(ii) The music they listened to.
(iii) They movies they liked.
(iv) And the television shows they enjoyed.
(v) Why they liked these things back then?
(vi) When my parents were my age, what were they not allowed to do?
(vii) Why were they not allowed to do those things?
(viii) What did their parents believe in?
(ix) What did they disagree with their parents about?
(x) How much money did they have for themselves as pocket money?
(xi) What was the maximum amount they were allowed to spend on?
(xii) In what ways are your parents like their parents? In what ways are they different?
(xiii) Who were the people your parents admired when they were teenagers?
(xiv) What were some things they worried about?
2. Write the interview in the form of a newspaper article. You could submit it to your schoolโs newspaper or website, or in audio or video form which can be posted on your schoolโs website.
3. Share key moments and insights from the interview, and then discuss ways to bridge the generation gap and find common ground.
Answers:
1. Interview Questions for Your Parents:
What did you think was a really fun thing to do when you were my age?
What kind of music did you listen to when you were a teenager?
What were your favorite movies back then?
What television shows did you enjoy watching?
Why did you like those things back then?
When you were my age, what were you not allowed to do?
Why were you not allowed to do those things?
What did your parents believe in strongly that you also agreed with?
Were there any things you disagreed with your parents about?
How much pocket money did you get, and how often?
What was the maximum amount of money you were allowed to spend on something?
In what ways do you feel you are like your parents? In what ways are you different from them?
Who were the people you admired when you were a teenager?
What were some things you worried about growing up?
2. Writing the Interview in the Form of a Newspaper Article:
Title:Bridging the Generation Gap: A Heart-to-Heart with My Parents
Introduction: I recently had the chance to sit down with my parents to learn more about their lives when they were my age. It was a journey of discovery that helped me better understand the changes that have taken place over time. Hereโs a peek into the past through their eyes.
Body of the Article:
The Fun Times: When my parents were teenagers, they had a very different idea of fun. They didnโt have mobile phones or social media. According to my mother, her favorite pastime was playing outdoor games with friends, while my father enjoyed reading books and playing sports. These activities gave them joy in ways I canโt completely relate to today.
Music and Movies: My parents were huge fans of old Hindi songs and the golden era of Bollywood. The music of Kishore Kumar and Lata Mangeshkar filled their homes. They loved watching movies that focused on family values and emotions, such as โSholayโ and โMughal-e-Azam.โ
Television Shows and Entertainment: Back then, television was a luxury, and they would often watch shows like โRamayanโ and โMahabharat.โ These were events in their household, with everyone gathering together to watch them.
Parental Restrictions: As a teenager, my parents were not allowed to stay out late or hang out with friends without supervision. The rules were stricter, and they often felt like they couldnโt go out to movies or parties, unlike me today.
The Money Matter: My parents didnโt have the kind of pocket money that kids get now. They were given small amounts of money to spend on necessities, and anything beyond that required permission. My mother shared that they had to work hard for every little thing they wanted, and there was no such thing as spending money freely.
Conclusion: The generation gap, I realized, is often about circumstances and available resources. Despite all the changes in technology, entertainment, and lifestyle, some things remain the same. My parents cherished their relationships, music, and outdoor activities, just like we value our friendships and entertainment today.
3. Bridging the Generation Gap and Finding Common Ground:
To bridge the generation gap, itโs essential to respect each otherโs values, experiences, and the context in which we grew up. While technology has drastically changed how we live, some core human experiences like family time, values, and enjoying simple pleasures remain unchanged. By discussing the past and present openly, we can find common ground and understand that each generationโs challenges and joys are unique, yet similar in many ways.
Insights:
We both enjoy bonding over storiesโwhether itโs sharing the past or looking forward to the future.
While we may have different ways of having fun, both generations value leisure time and connecting with loved ones.
The core values around family and hard work are still deeply embedded in both their generation and mine.
This interview not only brought back memories for my parents but also allowed me to appreciate the differences and similarities that define us. I plan to carry these insights forward in my own life, respecting both the old and the new ways of living.
Here we have presented the solution of unit 2 of NCERT English class 9 book chapter from the book Words and Expressions.
Take this quiz to check knowledge of music and musicians.
1. What kind of music is Rai Shankar famous for?
(a) Jazz
(b) Classical
(c) Pop
2. Which country was Justin Bieber born in? ‘
(a) USA
(b) India
(c) Canada
3. How many strings does a guitar have?
(a) 6
(b) 7
(c) 8
4. What is a group of three musicians called?
(a) a trio
(b) a duet
(c) a quartet
5. What is the next note after sa-re-ga-ma?
(a) dha
(b) ni
(c) pa
6. What is the next note after do re-mi?
(a) ti
(b) fa
(c) so
Answers:
1. (b) Classical
2. (c) Canada
3. (a) 6
4. (a) a trio
5. (c) pa
6. (b) fa
Reading Comprehension
In this section, you will read three texts on music in different perspectives. The first one will enlighten you about the effective role of music in our lives, the second reflects on the life of the famous music composer, Ludwig van Beethoven, and the third is a poem by William Wordsworth where he appreciates the melody of a song.
Read the texts carefully and answer the question that follow.
Text I
Role of music in life
Today, we are rushing through life and everyone seems to be pressurised and stressed about one or the other thing. Stress has become an inescapable part of our lives. Many of our illnesses are a result of stress, and to deal with it, we need certain ways to relax our body and mind. Listening to music, particularly gentle, calming and melodious music, relaxes people both physically and mentally. Music releases endorphins, the natural painkillers in our brain, which relieve us from the sense of pain. Music can normalise heart rate and blood pressure. The common occurrences of fatigue and boredom decrease when we listen to music. It diverts our attention from everyday anxieties, thereby reducing the stress caused by such concerns. While meditating, listening to music helps us to connect with our soul. Students can improve their concentration and boost their memory by listening to soft music. Soothing music, when played at night, helps us to rest and relax for a good nightโs sleep. Listening to good music helps in overcoming negative traits such as anger or worry, thereby improving our personality. It creates positive energy and happiness. Every cell in the body becomes energetic with increased peace of mind. Music is a therapy for everyone โ plants, birds, animals and human beings โ to flourish and rejuvenate. It certainly plays an important part in making the world better for all living beings.
Complete the following statements by statements by selecting the most appropriate options given below.
1. _________________________ helps in relaxation of our body and mind.
(a) Pop music
(b) Soothing music
(c) Jazz music
(d) Rock music
2. The natural painkillers released in our brain are ____________.
(a) Insulin
(b) Endorphins
(c) Endocrine
(d) Glycerin
3. Music is helpful in improving the ____________ of students.
(a) concentration
(b) emotion
(c) relaxation
(d) anxiety
4. Which word from the passage means the same as to renew.
(a) rejuvenate
(b) enhance
(c) release
(d) relieve
5. List the benefits of music mentioned in the page.
It releases endorphins, the natural painkillers in the brain, which relieve us from the sense of pain.
Music normalizes heart rate and blood pressure.
It reduces fatigue and boredom.
It helps in diverting attention from everyday anxieties, thus reducing stress.
Listening to music during meditation helps in connecting with the soul.
Music improves concentration and memory in students.
Soothing music promotes better rest and relaxation, leading to a good night’s sleep.
Music helps overcome negative traits like anger and worry, improving one’s personality.
It creates positive energy and happiness.
Music rejuvenates and helps all living beings to flourish.
Text II
Beating the Odds
The musical accomplishments of composer Ludwig van Beethoven have been all the more remarkable for the fact that he lost his hearing ability from an early age. He developed the symptoms of tinnitus, a constant sound of ringing in his ears that made it difficult for him to hear. He is compared to Mozart for his genius, and is considered the most eminent musician after Mozart. Although his formal education never went beyond the elementary level, he trained in music under Joseph Haydn. He has always been acclaimed as a brilliant piano maestro. His father and grandfather were the court musicians of a German prince. Young Ludwig was often made to perform for his fatherโs drinking companions in the middle of the night, and was even beaten if he protested. For the first thirty years of his life, Beethoven could listen to and play music effortlessly. As a result, he understood sounds of musical instruments and the pitch of the singing voices. He knew the harmony between music and singing before he became completely deaf. His deafness was not sudden, but a gradual decline. This slow process of losing his hearing activated his mind to imagine how his compositions would sound like. When he became completely deaf, he started to observe the vibrations of the piano. The observations helped him realise that he could not hear the high notes of the piano. To be able to hear his own compositions, he sawed off the legs of his piano. The piano touched the floor, and Beethoven would press his ear to the floor, banging the piano keys to listen to the high notes in his compositions. The most significant aspect of Beethovenโs character was that he did not give up. With a brave heart, he confronted the greatest challenge a musician can face, and continued living his dream of composing music. Deafness could not deter him from achieving the pinnacle of musical success. He fought against the greatest obstacle and won. His quality of โnever giving upโ strengthened him. It made him come to terms with his deafness in a dynamic and constructive way. These qualities led him to become a famous composer.
1. Read the following statements and write true (T) or false (F).
(a) Although he composed a lot of music, Beethoven never learned to play music himself. (T/F)
(b) His deafness was not a sudden loss of hearing. (T/F)
(c) He composed most of his music early in his life, before he became deaf. (T/F)
(d) His musical skills were compared to Haydn. (T/F)
(e) Beethoven cut down the legs of his piano to hear the notes of the keys from the floor. (T/F)
2. How could Beethoven compose music despite his loss of hearing?
(a) Although he composed a lot of music, Beethoven never learned to play music himself. (F)
(b) His deafness was not a sudden loss of hearing. (T)
(c) He composed most of his music early in his life, before he became deaf. (F)
(d) His musical skills were compared to Haydn. (F) (He was compared to Mozart.)
(e) Beethoven cut down the legs of his piano to hear the notes of the keys from the floor. (T)
How could Beethoven compose music despite his loss of hearing? Beethoven continued composing music despite his hearing loss by observing the vibrations of the piano. When he became completely deaf, he sawed off the legs of his piano and pressed his ear to the floor to feel the vibrations and hear the high notes. His ability to imagine how the compositions would sound in his mind also helped him.
What realisation made Beethoven continue his passion for music with more determination? Beethoven realized that although he could not hear the high notes of the piano due to his deafness, he could still feel the vibrations of the piano. This realization allowed him to continue composing music and stay determined to pursue his passion for music.
Which word in the following is similar in meaning to ‘skillful’ (para1)? (b) masterly
Text III
Read the poem carefully and answer the question that follows.
The Solitary Reaper
Behold her, single in the field, Yon solitary Highland lass! Reaping and singing by herself; Stop here, or gently pass! Alone she cuts and binds the grain, And sings a melancholy strain; O listen! for the Vale profound Is overflowing with the sound.
No Nightingale did ever chaunt More welcome notes to weary bands Of travellers in some shady haunt, Among Arabian sands: A voice so thrilling neโer was heard In spring-time from the Cuckoo-bird, Breaking the silence of the seas Among the farthest Hebrides.
Will no one tell me what she sings? Perhaps the plaintive numbers flow For old, unhappy, far-off things, And battles long ago: Or is it some more humble lay, Familiar matter of to-day? Some natural sorrow, loss, or pain, That has been, and may be again?
Whateโer the theme, the Maiden sang As if her song could have no ending; I saw her singing at her work, And oโer the sickle bending; I listened, motionless and still; And, as I mounted up the hill, The music in my heart I bore, Long after it was heard no more.
โWilliam Wordsworth
1. Complete the Summary of the poem given below with a suitable word/phrase in each blank.
The poet finds a young Highland girl who (a)__________alone and sings to herself. The poet asks us to listen carefully, because the whole (b) __________ is filled with the overflowing sound of her singing. He asks us to either (c)__________and listen to her sad song, or gently pass by so as not to disturb her. He goes on to say that no nightingale ever sang a more (d)_________________song to bands of tired (e)_________ in the Arabian Desert. The poet asserts that the beauty of the girlโs singing exceeds that of the cuckooโs in the (f)____. Her singing is also the only thing which (g) __________the silence of the valley. The poet tries to (h) ________________what the girl is singing about. He is unable to get the words of the song clearly. He thinks that perhaps she is singing about old sorrows or (i) _________________fought long ago, or more routine concerns of life or even some (j) __________ which she has endured and may endure again. At the end, he quietly walks away with a feeling that he may never be able to find out the (k)________________of her never-ending song. Nevertheless, he asserts that her singing has captured his imagination so much that he will (l) ________________the music in his heart long after it is heard no more.
Answers:
The poet finds a young Highland girl who (a) reaps alone and sings to herself. The poet asks us to listen carefully, because the whole (b) valley is filled with the overflowing sound of her singing. He asks us to either (c) stop and listen to her sad song, or gently pass by so as not to disturb her. He goes on to say that no nightingale ever sang a more (d) welcome song to bands of tired (e) travelers in the Arabian Desert. The poet asserts that the beauty of the girlโs singing exceeds that of the cuckooโs in the (f) springtime. Her singing is also the only thing which (g) breaks the silence of the valley. The poet tries to (h) imagine what the girl is singing about. He is unable to get the words of the song clearly. He thinks that perhaps she is singing about old sorrows or (i) battles fought long ago, or more routine concerns of life or even some (j) natural sorrow which she has endured and may endure again. At the end, he quietly walks away with a feeling that he may never be able to find out the (k) meaning of her never-ending song. Nevertheless, he asserts that her singing has captured his imagination so much that he will (l) carry the music in his heart long after it is heard no more.
Vocabulary
1. The following words and phrases occur in the given passages and poem. Give below are the words and their meanings. Match each meaning with the word.
Text 1
relieves
substances produced by the brain that have painkilling and tranquillising effects on the body
endorphins
power to live on grow
exhaustion
to free from anxiety, fear pain, etc.
rejuvenate
tiredness
vitality
to restore to a former state; make fresh or new again
Text 2
prodigy
constantly repeated
persistent
to cut or divide.
virtuoso
to make or become worse or inferior in character, quality value etc.
deterioration
something that obstructs or hinders progress
sawed
a person, especially a child or young person, having extraordinary talent or ability
obstacle
a person who excels in musical techniques or execution
Text 3
behold
tired
yon
girl
less
look, see
melancholy
climbed
vale
expressing sorrow
strain
causing sadness
weary
that
plaintive
melody
mounted
valley
Answers:
Text 1:
Relieves – to free from anxiety, fear, pain, etc.
Endorphins – substances produced by the brain that have painkilling and tranquillizing effects on the body.
Exhaustion – tiredness.
Rejuvenate – to restore to a former state; make fresh or new again.
Vitality – power to live on, grow.
Text 2:
Prodigy – a person, especially a child or young person, having extraordinary talent or ability.
Persistent – constantly repeated.
Virtuoso – a person who excels in musical techniques or execution.
Deterioration – to make or become worse or inferior in character, quality, value, etc.
Sawed – to cut or divide.
Obstacle – something that obstructs or hinders progress.
Text 3:
Behold – look, see.
Melancholy – causing sadness.
Vale – valley.
Strain – melody.
Weary – tired.
Plaintive – expressing sorrow.
Mounted – climbed.
Yon – that.
Grammar
1. In the lesson ‘The Sound of Music’ you have read that ‘adjectives’ can be used before a noun and after the verb ‘be’.
Example:
The book is interesting. The interesting book. The table is round. The round table. But ‘adjectives’ can have many forms.
Examples:
1. He chose a pipe with a natural hollow stem that was longer and broader.
2. Ustad Bismillha Khan was awarded India’s highest civilian award.
3. My mother is the most beautiful woman in the world.
Here the adjectives longer and broader refer to the comparative degree; and highest and most beautiful refer to the superlative degree.
‘Er’ is used for the comparative degree for shorter words and ‘more’ is used for longer words.
Let’s go to the local market. The vegetables are cheaper there. But in Supermarket these are more expensive.
Answers:
1. Position of Adjectives:
Before a noun: The interesting book.
After the verb “be”: The book is interesting.
2. Forms of Adjectives:
3. Comparative degree: Used to compare two things, often formed by adding -er for short adjectives or using more for longer adjectives.
Example: longer, broader (short words), more expensive (longer word).
4. Superlative degree: Used to describe the highest or extreme form, often formed by adding -est for short adjectives or using most for longer adjectives.
Example: highest, most beautiful.
Examples:
Comparative: The vegetables are cheaper in the local market.
Superlative: My mother is the most beautiful woman in the world.
Editing
Some words have been omitted in the paragraph given below. Write the appropriate words and rewrite the paragraph.
The following words were written/the tomb of/Anglican Bishop of Westminster Abbey:
When I was young/free and my imagination had no limits, I dreamed/changing the world. As I grew older and wiser, I discovered/world would not change, so I shortened my sights somewhat and decided/change only my country. But it too seemed immovable. As I grew/my twilight years, in one last desperate attempt, I settled/changing only my family, those closest to me, but alas, I couldnโt. And now as I lay/ my deathbed, I suddenly realise: If I had only changed myself first, then/ an example I could have changed my family. From their inspiration and encouragement, I could then have been able/better my country and, who knows, I may have even changed the world.
Answers:
The following words were written on the tomb of an Anglican Bishop of Westminster Abbey:
When I was young, free, and my imagination had no limits, I dreamed of changing the world. As I grew older and wiser, I discovered the world would not change, so I shortened my sights somewhat and decided to change only my country. But it too seemed immovable. As I grew into my twilight years, in one last desperate attempt, I settled on changing only my family, those closest to me, but alas, I couldnโt. And now as I lay on my deathbed, I suddenly realise: If I had only changed myself first, then by an example I could have changed my family. From their inspiration and encouragement, I could then have been able to better my country and, who knows, I may have even changed the world.
Listening
A Passage on the healing aspect of music is given below. You need to listen to the passage read by your teacher/classmate carefully and answer the question that follows. You may listen to the passage twice, if required.
Music As a Therapy
โRhythm and harmony find their way into the inward places of the soulโ, rightly said by Plato. Music is often referred to as โfoodโ for the soul due to the several benefits we can derive from experiencing it. Music can be pleasure for some, and a way to relax for others. It also motivates and energises listeners. Music is, indeed, a universal language, which can bring nations together and unite people with different faiths as it touches oneโs soul. In the mainstream, music is mainly known for its entertainment quotient, but the Indian culture also talks about the healing effects of music through โRaga Chikitsaโ. Raga Chikitsa has helped in reviving an ancient healing practice known as Nada Yoga. Nada is a musical sound, which is believed to have curative effects on the body and soul of all creatures. Consequently, its power is therapeutic and is used in curing diseases. Medical research has found music therapy to aid patients in pain management. It is not surprising, as music affects the body and mind significantly. One experiences positive energy by listening to music. Music lifts one from clouds of desolation. Rhythms, particularly upbeat music, helps one distract oneself from situations that cause stress and brightens oneโs mood. Music lowers anxiety levels, relaxes mind and brings optimism. It is said that listening to soft, sedative music once a day can help overcome depression. Music therapy finds its traces in mythology. The story of Hippocrates, the Greek father of medicine dates back to 400 B.C. He is known to have used music to cure his patients. This therapy also aids stroke victims to heal at a faster rate, since it increases the patientโs emotional comforts and motivates them to move towards the path of recovery. On the other hand, adolescents, too, are benefitted by music in terms of emotional, social and psychological well being. Music is a force that purifies beings from within.
According to you, which FOUR of the following statements are true?
(a) Nada Yoga treats diseases through Raga Chikitsa. (b) Music is a universal language that teacher souls. (c) Music therapy dates back to 400 B.C. (d) Hippocrates played music to treat the patients. (e) Upbeat tunes help stroke victims recover faster. (f) Music helps adolescents to discover their identity.
Answers:
(a) Nada Yoga treats diseases through Raga Chikitsa. (c) Music therapy dates back to 400 B.C. (d) Hippocrates played music to treat the patients. (f) Music helps adolescents to discover their identity.
Speaking
Two students need to come to the front of the class for a role play. One plays the role of Thyagararaja, a famous singer, and the other the role of the interview is about the singer’s initiatives in helping people through music.
RJ Rohit : Do you think music has any effect on people’s lives?
Thyagaraja : Yes, I believe music surely has a positive effect on peopleโs lives. It helps when you are stressed, or depressed about something. Apart from these, music is a good way of relaxing and feeling good about life.
RJ Rohit : What, according to you, could be the influence of music on young children?
Thyagaraja : Now- a- days, young children get distracted easily. Music helps them in concentrating on what they are doing.
RJ Rohit: How does music helps patients?
Thyagaraja : Listening to music relaxes patients. The process of healing becomes faster when they are in a relaxed state of mind.
RJ Rohit : Thank you very much. You are doing a great job for the humankind.
Answers:
RJ Rohit: Do you think music has any effect on people’s lives? Thyagaraja: Yes, I believe music surely has a positive effect on peopleโs lives. It helps when you are stressed or depressed about something. Apart from these, music is a good way of relaxing and feeling good about life.
RJ Rohit: What, according to you, could be the influence of music on young children? Thyagaraja: Nowadays, young children get distracted easily. Music helps them concentrate on what they are doing.
RJ Rohit: How does music help patients? Thyagaraja: Listening to music relaxes patients. The process of healing becomes faster when they are in a relaxed state of mind.
RJ Rohit: Thank you very much. You are doing a great job for humankind.
This sounds like a wonderful interaction between the interviewer and Thyagaraja, highlighting the power of music in different aspects of life!
Writing
1. Listening to music has become a part of our lives for many reasons. We listen to different types of music today.
Discuss in pairs the following question:
Is the traditional music of a country more important than its contemporary music? Write your views in about 50โ60 words
2. The traits of a musician are given in the box overleaf. Use these and write a short biography in about 100-150 words. You may collect more information from the Internet, books in the library and other sources.
Answers:
1. Is the traditional music of a country more important than its contemporary music?
Traditional music holds immense cultural significance as it reflects a country’s history, values, and heritage. It is passed down through generations and often carries deep emotional and spiritual connections. However, contemporary music plays a vital role in today’s world by addressing modern-day issues, expressing creativity, and connecting with the global audience. Both forms of music are important, but their value lies in how they complement each other in shaping the musical landscape of a nation.
2. Biography of a Musician (Example: Ustad Bismillah Khan)
Ustad Bismillah Khan, a legendary shehnai player, was born on March 21, 1916, in Dumraon, Bihar. A prodigy of music, he was deeply influenced by his uncle, Ali Bux, and his early exposure to the sound of shehnai. His unmatched skill and devotion to his art made him a prominent figure in Indian classical music. Ustad Bismillah Khan became the first musician to perform at the Red Fort in 1947, and his contributions to Indian music earned him numerous accolades, including the Bharat Ratna in 2001. He spent his life propagating the art of shehnai, making it popular worldwide. His music captured the essence of Indian culture and continues to inspire musicians across generations. Ustad Bismillah Khan passed away on August 21, 2006, leaving behind a legacy that is celebrated globally.
A. R. Rahman: Indian composer, singer, songwriter, music producer, musician and philanthropist; born in Chennai on 6 January 1967; graduated from Trinity College, Oxford University; famous in integrating Indian classical music with electronic music, world music and traditional orchestral arrangements; recipient of the Padmashri and the Padma Vibhushan awards; two Oscars and a Golden Globe; a notable humanitarian and philanthropist; donates and raises money for a number of causes and charities.
Biographical Sketch
Answers:
Biographical Sketch of A. R. Rahman
A. R. Rahman, born on January 6, 1967, in Chennai, India, is one of the most renowned composers, singers, songwriters, music producers, and philanthropists in the world. He graduated from Trinity College, Oxford University, where he honed his skills in music. Rahman is widely recognized for his unique ability to integrate Indian classical music with electronic music, world music, and traditional orchestral arrangements, which has earned him international acclaim.
He has won numerous prestigious awards, including the Padmashri and Padma Vibhushan, and is the recipient of two Academy Awards (Oscars) and a Golden Globe. Apart from his remarkable career in music, Rahman is also known for his humanitarian efforts. He actively supports and raises funds for various causes and charitable organizations. His work in music and philanthropy continues to inspire millions around the world.
Project
1. Sit in groups of four. Each of you find information on the folk music of your state and of one of the neighbouring states. You may seek information from the community, library, Internet and other sources. Now, ask questions to each other in the group to complete the table below.
Names of the folk music
Sates where they are performed
Any instrument/s used (you may illustrate the instruments)
Performers
2. Prepare a report in your group and present it to the class. Then, share your suggestions in the class to popularise the folk music in your community.
3. โThe Sound of Musicโ is a biographical piece about
Evelyn Glennie, a famous percussionist, who listened to sound without hearing it. Collect information about people/children who have overcome their physical barriers and have achieved success in their lives.
Answers:
Task 1: Information Collection on Folk Music
Folk Music Name
State
Instruments Used
Performers
Bihu
Assam
Dhol, Pepa, Taal
Both men and women dancers
Ghoomar
Rajasthan
Dhol, Flute, Harmonium
Women dancers in colorful attire
Garba
Gujarat
Dhol, Tabla, Flute
Women performing circular dance
Lavani
Maharashtra
Dholki, Harmonium, Tuntune
Female artists in bright sarees
Suggested steps:
Divide the group so that each member focuses on two states (your state + neighboring state).
Look for information in libraries, local community members, or on the internet about the folk music, instruments, and performers.
Discuss with group members and ask each other questions to complete the table.
Task 2: Report and Presentation
Once the table is filled out, write a report summarizing:
The significance of folk music in the states you studied.
The cultural importance and how it binds communities together.
Discuss ideas to popularize folk music, such as organizing community events, performing folk music in schools, or promoting it on social media.
Prepare a short presentation to explain your findings to the class. Share suggestions such as:
Organizing cultural festivals in the community.
Teaching folk music in schools.
Collaborating with local artists to hold workshops.
Task 3: Information on Inspirational People
For the last task, gather information on people who have overcome physical disabilities and achieved success. Some examples are:
Helen Keller (deaf-blind, author, and educator)
Sudha Chandran (Indian dancer who overcame a leg amputation)
Stephen Hawking (physicist with ALS)
Marlee Matlin (deaf actress who won an Academy Award)
Here we have written a paragraph on online classes as a modern approach to education. Have a look below and increase your knowledge.
Online Classes: A Modern Approach to Education
In recent years, online classes have emerged as a popular mode of education, especially in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. These virtual classrooms allow students to learn from the comfort of their homes, providing a flexible and accessible way to receive an education. Online classes are conducted through various platforms that offer video lectures, discussions, quizzes, and assignments, enabling students to interact with their teachers and peers in real-time or asynchronously.
One of the key benefits of online learning is its convenience. Students can attend classes from anywhere in the world, as long as they have an internet connection. This eliminates geographical barriers and makes education accessible to people who might otherwise not have the opportunity to study due to location, financial constraints, or time limitations. Additionally, online courses often allow students to learn at their own pace, providing flexibility to balance their studies with other responsibilities.
Online classes also offer a wide range of courses, from traditional subjects like mathematics and literature to specialized fields like coding, business management, and digital marketing. This variety gives students the freedom to explore different areas of interest and pursue their passions without being confined to a physical classroom.
However, online learning does have its challenges. One of the major drawbacks is the lack of face-to-face interaction, which can affect student engagement and communication. Some students may also face difficulties with self-discipline and time management, as online classes require a high degree of motivation and responsibility. Furthermore, not all students have access to the necessary technology or a stable internet connection, which can create inequality in access to education.
Despite these challenges, online classes have proven to be an effective and efficient way to continue learning in the digital age. With advancements in technology and the growing availability of online resources, the future of education looks promising, with online learning playing an integral role in shaping the way we acquire knowledge and skills.
Here we have presented an article on The Importance of Environmental Conservation: A Call to Action. Have a look below.
The Importance of Environmental Conservation: A Call to Action
The global environment is facing unprecedented challenges. From deforestation and air pollution to climate change and the depletion of natural resources, human activities have significantly altered the Earth’s delicate ecosystems. The need for urgent action to address these environmental issues has never been more pressing. In recent years, scientists, environmentalists, and leaders from around the world have raised alarms about the long-term consequences of our actions. If left unchecked, the damage to the environment could be irreversible, leading to catastrophic consequences for future generations.
One of the most alarming environmental issues today is climate change. The Earth’s temperature is rising at an unprecedented rate due to the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial activities. This has led to extreme weather patterns, rising sea levels, and the melting of polar ice caps. The effects of climate change are already being felt worldwide, with more frequent heatwaves, droughts, and flooding affecting millions of people. In addition to these natural disasters, the changing climate is also impacting agricultural production, which threatens food security for billions of people.
Another critical issue is deforestation. Forests, which play a vital role in regulating the climate, maintaining biodiversity, and providing oxygen, are being cleared at an alarming rate for agriculture, logging, and urbanization. According to the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), an area the size of a football field is lost every second, leading to the destruction of habitats for countless species. As forests disappear, so do the livelihoods of indigenous communities and the many species that rely on these ecosystems for survival.
Furthermore, pollution is another major concern. The overuse of plastic, industrial waste, and vehicle emissions are polluting the air, water, and soil. This pollution not only harms wildlife but also poses severe health risks to humans. The accumulation of plastic waste in oceans is particularly alarming, with millions of tons of plastic entering the seas each year. This plastic waste harms marine life, including fish, birds, and other creatures, and enters the food chain, affecting human health.
Given these challenges, it is imperative that governments, businesses, and individuals take immediate steps to reduce their environmental impact. Governments must implement and enforce strict environmental regulations, promote renewable energy, and invest in sustainable infrastructure. Businesses need to adopt eco-friendly practices, reduce waste, and develop sustainable products. On an individual level, each person can contribute by reducing waste, conserving water and energy, recycling, and supporting environmentally responsible companies.
In conclusion, the need for environmental conservation has never been more critical. As we face mounting challenges, it is crucial that we act now to protect our planet for future generations. Through collective action, we can reverse the damage done and work towards a sustainable and thriving future for all living organisms. The time to act is now.
Here we have presented a paragraph on Mother Teresa life and work serve as a powerful reminder of the importance of love and compassion in making the world a better place. Have a look below.
Mother Teresa, born as Anjezรซ Gonxhe Bojaxhiu on August 26, 1910, in Skopje, now part of North Macedonia, is known worldwide for her selfless dedication to helping the poor, sick, and needy. She devoted her life to serving the most destitute and marginalized people, especially in the slums of Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), India. Mother Teresa became a symbol of compassion, love, and charity, earning the title “Saint of the Gutters” for her tireless efforts.
At the age of 18, Mother Teresa joined the Loreto Sisters in Dublin and moved to India, where she began her teaching career. However, she soon felt a deep calling to serve the poorest of the poor. In 1948, she left her teaching position to work with the sick, the dying, and the destitute on the streets of Kolkata. She founded the Missionaries of Charity in 1950, a congregation dedicated to serving the poor, sick, and homeless. The Missionaries of Charity grew rapidly, and by the time of her death, the order had more than 5,000 members and operated in 130 countries.
Mother Teresaโs work was not limited to providing food and shelter. She and her order also ran hospices for the dying, orphanages, and centers for those suffering from leprosy and AIDS. Her efforts brought international attention to the plight of the poor and destitute, and she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 for her work. She used the prize money to further the mission of the Missionaries of Charity.
Despite facing criticism at times for her approach, Mother Teresaโs legacy of compassion, selflessness, and love continues to inspire millions. She was canonized as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church in 2016, but to many, she was a saint long before that for the work she did in her lifetime.
In conclusion, Mother Teresa’s life and work serve as a powerful reminder of the importance of love and compassion in making the world a better place. Her example continues to encourage individuals to give without expecting anything in return, showing that even small acts of kindness can make a big difference in the lives of others.
Here we have presented paragraph on morning walk a simple yet powerful activity that promotes a healthy lifestyle. Have a look below.
Morning Walk is an excellent habit that benefits both the body and the mind. It is a refreshing start to the day and provides a natural boost of energy. Early morning is the best time to take a walk because the air is fresh and pollution levels are low. During a morning walk, you can enjoy the serenity and calmness of nature. The pleasant weather, the chirping of birds, and the cool breeze create a perfect atmosphere for relaxation and rejuvenation.
A morning walk is not only good for physical health but also for mental well-being. It helps improve cardiovascular health, strengthens muscles, and boosts immunity. Walking regularly in the morning helps in controlling weight, improving digestion, and maintaining overall fitness. It also reduces stress and anxiety, giving a sense of peace and calm. The mind remains clear and focused throughout the day after a morning walk.
In addition to the physical and mental benefits, a morning walk allows you to connect with nature. Whether itโs walking in a park, by the river, or in the countryside, the beauty of nature adds to the experience. The sights and sounds of nature, such as the early morning sun rising, birds flying, and flowers blooming, offer a peaceful and uplifting experience.
In conclusion, a morning walk is a simple yet powerful activity that promotes a healthy lifestyle. It helps to start the day on a positive note and sets the tone for a productive and energetic day ahead. Regular morning walks can make a big difference in oneโs overall health and well-being.
Here we have presented paragraph on environment as the foundation of life on Earth. Take a look to increase understanding.
Environment refers to the natural surroundings and conditions in which living organisms exist. It includes all the physical, chemical, and biological factors that influence life on Earth. The environment is made up of various elements like air, water, land, plants, animals, and other natural resources, all of which are interconnected and depend on each other for survival. A healthy environment is crucial for the well-being of all living beings, as it provides the essential resources such as clean air, water, and food.
However, over the years, human activities have caused significant harm to the environment. Deforestation, pollution, overuse of natural resources, and industrial waste have led to environmental degradation. Climate change, global warming, and the loss of biodiversity are some of the most pressing environmental issues we face today. These problems not only threaten the survival of many species, including humans, but also disrupt ecosystems, making it difficult for plants and animals to thrive.
To protect the environment, it is essential for individuals, communities, and governments to take responsibility and adopt sustainable practices. Reducing waste, conserving water, planting trees, and using renewable energy sources are some of the ways we can contribute to environmental conservation. It is also important to raise awareness about environmental issues and encourage others to join the efforts to protect our planet.
In conclusion, the environment is the foundation of life on Earth, and it is our duty to safeguard it for future generations. Through collective action and conscious efforts, we can restore the health of the environment and create a sustainable future for all.
Here we have written paragraph on discipline as the key to leading a productive, successful, and fulfilling life. Have a look below,
Discipline is the foundation of success in every aspect of life, and it is something that requires consistent effort and commitment. It can be defined as the ability to control one’s behavior, emotions, and actions in order to achieve a desired goal. Discipline is not only about following rules and regulations but about setting personal standards and sticking to them, no matter how challenging the circumstances might be. It is an essential life skill that helps individuals stay focused and organized, especially in a world full of distractions.
In the context of education, discipline plays a critical role in achieving academic success. A disciplined student is someone who is able to manage their time well, study consistently, and avoid procrastination. By developing good study habits, such as setting a specific time for study and taking regular breaks, a student is able to enhance their learning experience and perform better in exams. Without discipline, students are more likely to fall behind, as they lack the ability to stay focused and motivated.
In the workplace, discipline is equally important. A disciplined employee is someone who shows up on time, meets deadlines, and performs their tasks with dedication and commitment. Discipline in the workplace also includes being respectful to others, following company policies, and maintaining a professional attitude. Individuals who display discipline are more likely to be recognized and rewarded, as their consistent work ethic contributes to the overall success of the organization.
Personal life also benefits greatly from discipline. Whether it is maintaining a healthy lifestyle, managing finances, or building meaningful relationships, discipline helps individuals stay on track and avoid harmful behaviors. For example, someone who is disciplined about exercising regularly and eating healthy will be able to maintain good health in the long run.
In conclusion, discipline is the key to leading a productive, successful, and fulfilling life. It helps people stay focused, organized, and motivated to achieve their goals. While it might be challenging to stay disciplined at times, the rewards of persistence and self-control are invaluable, leading to personal growth, accomplishment, and long-term success.
Here we have written difference between Advice, Advise, can, could, continuous, continual, few, little, has and have. Increase your knowledge by understanding these differences.
1. Difference between Advice and Advise.
1. Advice (noun): It refers to a suggestion or recommendation about what someone should do.
Example: “She gave me great advice on how to improve my writing.”
2. Advise (verb): It refers to the act of giving advice or recommending something.
Example: “I advise you to study regularly to improve your grades.”
In short:
Advice = A recommendation (noun)
Advise = To give a recommendation (verb)
2. Difference between Can and Could.
1. Can (present tense):
It refers to ability, possibility, or permission in the present.
Example: “I can swim very well.” (ability)
Example: “Can I go to the party?” (permission)
Example: “It can rain tomorrow.” (possibility)
2. Could (past tense or polite requests):
It refers to ability in the past or a polite request/suggestion in the present or future.
Example (past ability): “When I was a child, I could run faster.”
Example (polite request): “Could you please help me with this?”
Example (possibility or suggestion): “We could go to the park if you like.”
In summary:
Can = Present ability, possibility, or permission.
Could = Past ability, polite requests, or future possibility.
3. Difference between continuous and continual
1. Continuous:
Refers to something that happens without any interruption, without breaks, or without stopping. It is unbroken and ongoing.
Example: “The continuous sound of the waves was soothing.”
Example: “She worked continuously for 10 hours without a break.”
2. Continual:
Refers to something that happens repeatedly or frequently, but with intervals or breaks between the occurrences. It implies repetition.
Example: “The continual noise from the construction site disturbed the neighbors.”
Example: “There were continual interruptions during the meeting.”
Summary:
Continuous = Uninterrupted, ongoing without breaks.
Continual = Repeated, happening frequently with intervals.
4. Difference between few and little.
1. Few (used with countable nouns):
“Few” refers to a small number of things or people, but it still implies that there is more than one.
Example: “There are few books on the shelf.” (countable)
Example: “I have few friends in this city.” (countable)
2. Little (used with uncountable nouns):
“Little” refers to a small amount of something, but it is used with things that cannot be counted individually (uncountable nouns).
Example: “There is little milk left in the bottle.” (uncountable)
Example: “She has little interest in the project.” (uncountable)
Summary:
Few = Used with countable nouns (things you can count).
Little = Used with uncountable nouns (things you cannot count).
5. Difference between Has and Have.
The difference between “has” and “have” is as follows:
Has:
It is used with he, she, it, or singular nouns.
Example: “She has a new car.”
Example: “The dog has a bone.”
Have:
It is used with I, you, we, they, or plural nouns.
Example: “I have a meeting tomorrow.”
Example: “They have finished their homework.”
Summary:
Has = Used with he, she, it, or singular nouns.
Have = Used with I, you, we, they, or plural nouns.
6. Difference between immigration and emigration
The difference between immigration and emigration is as follows:
Immigration:
Refers to the act of coming to a new country or region to live there permanently or for a long-term stay.
It is about entering and settling in a foreign country.
Example: “She moved to Canada and became an immigrant.”
Emigration:
Refers to the act of leaving one’s own country or region to settle in another.
It is about exiting or leaving the country.
Example: “He emigrated from India to the United States.”
Here we have presented an article on how to write a poem with a sample. Have a look.
How to Write a Poem: A Step-by-Step Guide
Writing a poem can be a beautiful and expressive way to convey emotions, thoughts, and stories. Whether youโre a beginner or an experienced writer, crafting a poem requires creativity and technique. Hereโs a step-by-step guide to help you write a meaningful poem:
1. Choose a Theme or Topic
The first step in writing a poem is selecting a theme or topic. Your poem can be about anything that inspires youโnature, love, loss, happiness, or even a specific event. A clear theme helps you maintain focus throughout the poem.
Tip: Think about something that evokes strong emotions or thoughts for you. This will give your poem depth and meaning.
2. Decide on the Type of Poem
There are many different types of poems, each with its own structure and rules. Some of the most common forms include:
Free Verse: A poem without a set rhyme scheme or meter. This form allows for more freedom in expression.
Haiku: A three-line poem with a syllable structure of 5-7-5. It often captures a moment in nature.
Sonnet: A 14-line poem with a specific rhyme scheme and meter (usually iambic pentameter).
Limerick: A five-line humorous poem with a specific rhyme scheme (AABBA).
Acrostic: A poem in which the first letters of each line spell out a word or message.
Choose the form that best suits the message or mood you want to convey.
3. Brainstorm Ideas and Imagery
Before you start writing, take a moment to brainstorm. Write down words, phrases, and images related to your theme. Think about the emotions you want to evoke and the sensory details that can make your poem vivid.
Tip: Use metaphors, similes, and personification to bring your ideas to life. These literary devices can make your poem more engaging.
4. Create a Structure
Although free verse poems donโt require a specific structure, many poems benefit from having a clear arrangement. This could mean organizing your lines into stanzas (group of lines) or following a particular rhyme scheme.
Tip: If youโre using a specific poem form (like a sonnet or haiku), ensure that you follow the rules of that form. For free verse, focus on how your lines flow and how they create rhythm.
5. Start Writing
Begin writing your poem by focusing on the emotions and images you want to express. Donโt worry too much about getting it perfect on the first tryโpoetry often comes through revision. Let your ideas flow, and experiment with different ways of phrasing your thoughts.
Tip: Donโt be afraid to write from the heart. Poems often carry more weight when theyโre sincere and come from deep within.
6. Use Sound Devices
Sound plays a big role in poetry. Rhymes, alliteration (repetition of consonant sounds), assonance (repetition of vowel sounds), and onomatopoeia (words that imitate sounds) can add a musical quality to your poem.
Tip: Pay attention to how your poem sounds when you read it out loud. Adjust the words or lines to improve rhythm and flow.
7. Focus on Imagery and Emotion
One of the most important aspects of poetry is imageryโusing descriptive language to paint vivid pictures in the readerโs mind. Try to appeal to the senses (sight, sound, taste, touch, smell) to create a more immersive experience.
Tip: Use vivid and specific imagery rather than vague or abstract descriptions to make your poem more evocative.
8. Edit and Revise
Once youโve written a draft of your poem, read it aloud and make changes. Poetry often involves refining words, cutting unnecessary lines, and ensuring the flow is smooth. Look for areas where you can improve the language, tighten the rhythm, or enhance the emotional impact.
Tip: Donโt be afraid to cut lines or phrases that donโt work. Sometimes less is more when it comes to poetry.
9. Add a Title
The title of a poem can provide insight into its theme or add an extra layer of meaning. Choose a title that encapsulates the essence of your poem, but donโt be afraid to get creative or abstract.
Tip: A good title can pique the readerโs interest and give them a sense of what to expect.
10. Share Your Poem
After editing and finalizing your poem, share it with others if you feel comfortable. You can share it with friends, family, or even submit it for publication in literary journals or on online platforms.
Tip: Sharing your work can provide valuable feedback and help you grow as a poet. It also allows others to connect with your creativity.
Example of a Simple Poem
Title:The Sun and the Moon
The sun rises with a golden smile, Spreading warmth across the miles. The moon, in silence, waits its turn, A silver glow it shall return.
The sun and moon, both shine so bright, One by day, one by night. Together they dance in sky so high, An endless waltz, the earth nearby.
Tips for Writing a Poem:
Read other poems: Reading different poets will inspire you and help you develop your own style.
Write regularly: The more you write, the better youโll become at expressing yourself through poetry.
Embrace emotions: Poetry often comes from deep emotionsโdonโt be afraid to express what you feel.
Conclusion
Writing a poem is a process of creativity and expression. Whether you are writing to capture a moment, express emotions, or tell a story, poetry allows you to communicate in unique ways. By following these stepsโchoosing a theme, brainstorming, structuring your work, and refining your languageโyou can write a poem that resonates with readers and leaves a lasting impact. So, grab a pen and start writingโyour words have the power to create something beautiful!
Here we have presented an article on how to write Answer report. Take a look below.
Write a Article how to write a answer report.
How to Write an Answer Report: A Step-by-Step Guide
Writing an answer report is a structured process that requires clarity and accuracy. Whether you are responding to a question, a request for information, or providing a detailed explanation, itโs important to organize your report in a way that is easy to understand. Hereโs a step-by-step guide on how to write an effective answer report:
1. Understand the Question or Topic
Before you begin writing, make sure you clearly understand the question or topic you need to address. If the question is complex, break it down into smaller parts. Identify key terms and areas that need to be covered.
Tip: If necessary, do some background research to ensure that you have the correct information and understanding.
2. Gather Relevant Information
Collect all the information you need to answer the question comprehensively. This could include facts, statistics, research findings, or expert opinions. Make sure the sources you gather are credible and up-to-date.
Tip: Take notes and organize your information logically, so you can easily reference it when writing the report.
3. Structure Your Answer
A good answer report is organized into clear sections that make it easy for the reader to follow. The basic structure of a report typically includes:
Introduction: Provide a brief introduction to the topic and explain the purpose of the report. This is where youโll outline the question or issue you’re addressing. Example: “This report addresses the impact of climate change on coastal cities, with a focus on rising sea levels.”
Main Body: This section will contain your main points and detailed explanations. Break it into subsections if necessary to keep it clear. Present your arguments, evidence, and findings logically. Use bullet points or numbered lists for easy readability if needed. Example: “The rising sea levels are attributed to the melting of polar ice caps and thermal expansion. These effects result in increased flooding in low-lying areas, threatening infrastructure and populations.”
Conclusion: Summarize the main findings and answer the question. You might want to restate the key points or give a final thought. Avoid introducing new information in the conclusion. Example: “In conclusion, coastal cities must implement stronger flood protection measures and adapt to the changing climate to mitigate the effects of rising sea levels.”
4. Be Clear and Concise
Answer reports should be direct and to the point. Avoid unnecessary jargon and lengthy explanations. Use simple, clear language to convey your message. If the topic is technical, explain terms or concepts that might not be familiar to the reader.
Tip: Proofread your report to ensure there are no redundant sentences or paragraphs. Keep the answer concise, and focus only on relevant information.
5. Use Evidence and Examples
Support your answer with concrete evidence, examples, or case studies. This adds credibility to your response and makes it more convincing.
Tip: Use citations or references for any external sources of information. This ensures transparency and shows youโve conducted proper research.
6. Check for Accuracy and Completeness
Before finalizing your answer report, double-check all facts, figures, and references to ensure that they are correct. Verify your conclusions and make sure youโve answered all parts of the question.
Tip: Re-read the question to make sure you’ve covered every aspect of it.
7. Write a Strong Summary or Recommendation (if applicable)
If the answer report calls for it, provide a summary or recommendation at the end. This is especially important in reports where youโre offering solutions or conclusions based on your findings.
Tip: Your recommendations should be realistic, feasible, and based on the information provided.
Example of an Answer Report
Title: Impact of Climate Change on Coastal Cities
Introduction: This report aims to assess the impact of climate change on coastal cities, focusing on rising sea levels and the challenges they pose to infrastructure.
Main Body:
Rising Sea Levels: Research shows that the melting of polar ice caps and thermal expansion of seawater are major contributors to rising sea levels.
Consequences: Increased flooding in low-lying coastal cities is a direct result of higher sea levels. This threatens homes, businesses, and public infrastructure.
Case Studies: Examples of cities like Miami and Jakarta demonstrate how rising sea levels are already causing economic and social disruption.
Conclusion: In conclusion, it is crucial for coastal cities to invest in climate change adaptation strategies, including flood barriers and improved urban planning, to mitigate the impacts of rising sea levels.
Tips for Writing a Good Answer Report:
Clarity: Always prioritize clarity over complexity. Keep your language simple and your ideas organized.
Focus: Stay focused on the question and avoid wandering off-topic.
Evidence-Based: Use data, facts, or examples to back up your points. This gives your report credibility.
Brevity: Keep it short and concise. Avoid unnecessary details.
Revision: Donโt hesitate to revise your report multiple times to improve clarity, coherence, and flow.
Conclusion:
Writing an answer report involves understanding the question, gathering relevant information, and organizing your findings in a clear, structured manner. By following the steps above, you can create an effective and comprehensive report that answers the question thoroughly and professionally.
Here we have presented an article on how to write hypothesis. Take a look below.
Write a article How to write a Hypothesis.
How to Write a Hypothesis: A Step-by-Step Guide
A hypothesis is a statement or an educated guess about the relationship between two or more variables. It serves as the foundation for research and experimentation. Writing a strong and clear hypothesis is essential for conducting meaningful scientific research. Below is a step-by-step guide on how to write a hypothesis:
1. Understand the Purpose of a Hypothesis
A hypothesis is not just a random guess. It is based on existing knowledge and observations, aiming to explain a phenomenon. A well-constructed hypothesis provides a direction for your research and helps you focus on testing your theory.
2. Identify the Variables
Before you write a hypothesis, identify the variables involved in your research. These include:
Independent Variable: The factor you will manipulate or change in the experiment.
Dependent Variable: The factor that will be measured or observed to assess the effects of the independent variable.
Example: If you’re studying the effect of sunlight on plant growth, sunlight is the independent variable, and plant growth (height, number of leaves, etc.) is the dependent variable.
3. Do Background Research
A good hypothesis is grounded in existing knowledge. Conduct background research to understand the topic and the variables. Reviewing relevant studies and literature will help you form a solid basis for your hypothesis and identify any gaps in knowledge.
4. Formulate the Hypothesis Statement
Once you have identified the variables and conducted research, the next step is to write a clear and concise hypothesis statement. A hypothesis should be:
Testable: It must be something that can be supported or disproven through experimentation or observation.
Clear and Specific: Avoid vague or general statements. Be precise about the relationship between variables.
Falsifiable: A hypothesis should be capable of being proven wrong if the evidence contradicts it.
The hypothesis can usually be written in the “If… then…” format, where you predict how changes in the independent variable will affect the dependent variable.
Example: If plants are exposed to more sunlight, then they will grow taller.
5. Make Your Hypothesis Testable
Ensure your hypothesis can be tested by scientific methods. This means that the independent variable should be measurable, and the dependent variable should show measurable outcomes that can either confirm or reject the hypothesis.
Example: “If the temperature of water is increased, the rate at which ice melts will also increase.” This hypothesis is testable because both temperature and ice-melting rate are measurable.
6. Consider the Type of Hypothesis
There are different types of hypotheses, depending on the research you are conducting:
Descriptive Hypothesis: Focuses on describing a relationship or phenomenon.
Causal Hypothesis: Explains cause-and-effect relationships between variables.
Null Hypothesis (H0): Suggests that there is no significant relationship or effect between the variables being studied.
Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): Suggests that there is a significant relationship or effect between the variables.
For example:
Null Hypothesis: There is no significant effect of sunlight on plant growth.
Alternative Hypothesis: Sunlight has a significant effect on plant growth.
7. Ensure It Is Based on Existing Knowledge
A hypothesis should always be based on existing scientific knowledge or observations. Itโs essential that your hypothesis aligns with what is already known about the topic, ensuring that your experiment or research contributes to existing knowledge rather than being purely speculative.
8. Use Logical Reasoning
Your hypothesis should be logically derived from the background research. Make sure there is a logical connection between the independent and dependent variables, and think about the factors that may influence the outcome.
9. State the Hypothesis Clearly
Your hypothesis should be presented in a simple, clear statement. Avoid using unnecessary jargon or overly complex sentences. Ensure that anyone reading your hypothesis can easily understand what you are testing.
Example: โIf a plant is given more water, then it will grow faster.โ This statement is simple, clear, and testable.
10. Test Your Hypothesis
Once your hypothesis is written, the next step is to design an experiment or study to test it. The results of your experiment will either support or reject the hypothesis. If your hypothesis is rejected, you can modify it or create a new one based on the findings.
Example of Writing a Hypothesis:
Topic: The effect of studying time on exam performance.
Identify Variables:
Independent Variable: Time spent studying.
Dependent Variable: Exam performance (score).
Formulate the Hypothesis:
Hypothesis: If students spend more time studying for an exam, then they will score higher on the exam.
Make the Hypothesis Testable:
The amount of time spent studying can be measured, and the exam score can be quantified to test if thereโs a relationship.
State It Clearly:
A well-structured hypothesis: “If students study for 3 hours a day, then their exam scores will increase by at least 20%.”
Conclusion:
Writing a hypothesis is a critical step in the scientific method. It provides a foundation for your research and sets the direction for your study. By clearly defining your variables, doing background research, and ensuring that your hypothesis is testable and falsifiable, you can create a strong hypothesis that will guide your experimentation and contribute to the body of knowledge in your field.
Here we have presented an Article on how to write self evaluation. Take a look below.
Write a article how to write a evaluation.
How to Write a Self-Evaluation: A Step-by-Step Guide
Writing a self-evaluation is an important exercise in reflecting on your strengths, weaknesses, and achievements. Whether it’s for a performance review, a personal development plan, or a self-improvement goal, a self-evaluation helps you assess your progress and set new objectives. Hereโs a step-by-step guide on how to write an effective self-evaluation:
1. Understand the Purpose of the Self-Evaluation
Before you begin, clarify the purpose of the self-evaluation. Are you reflecting on your job performance? Are you evaluating your personal growth or assessing your skills for future goals? Knowing the purpose will help you structure your evaluation and focus on the relevant areas.
2. Review Your Goals and Expectations
Take a moment to review the goals or expectations set at the beginning of the period being evaluated. These could be objectives from your job description, personal growth goals, or team targets. Reflect on these goals and consider how well youโve met them.
Example: If your goal was to improve communication with colleagues, evaluate whether youโve made progress in that area. Have you taken steps to enhance communication skills, such as attending workshops or seeking feedback?
3. Assess Your Strengths and Achievements
Begin by evaluating your strengths and accomplishments. Highlight the areas where you excelled, met your goals, or exceeded expectations. Be specific and provide examples to support your evaluation.
Example: I successfully led the marketing campaign for Product X, which resulted in a 25% increase in sales. I also consistently met project deadlines and maintained strong communication with my team throughout.
4. Identify Areas for Improvement
A key part of self-evaluation is recognizing areas where you can improve. This shows your ability to reflect and grow. Acknowledge any challenges or setbacks and discuss what you plan to do to improve in those areas. Be honest and constructive in this section, and focus on areas that align with your development goals.
Example: I struggled with managing time effectively during the last quarter. While I completed my tasks, I could have improved my efficiency. I plan to work on prioritizing tasks and setting clearer deadlines for myself in the upcoming months.
5. Gather Feedback
If applicable, seek feedback from colleagues, managers, or mentors to get an external perspective on your performance. This feedback can provide valuable insights into areas you may not have considered and can make your self-evaluation more objective.
Example: My manager provided feedback that I can improve on delegating tasks more efficiently. I plan to take this feedback into account and work on sharing responsibilities more effectively with my team.
6. Set New Goals for Improvement
Based on your self-assessment and feedback, set new goals for improvement. Be specific and measurable with these goals, as this will help you track your progress over time. Think about how you can build on your strengths and address any weaknesses.
Example: In the next six months, I will focus on improving my time management skills by adopting a task prioritization method and setting weekly goals. Additionally, I will aim to attend at least two professional development workshops related to leadership.
7. Be Honest and Balanced
When writing a self-evaluation, honesty is crucial. Donโt shy away from discussing your weaknesses or challenges, but be sure to frame them in a way that shows you are proactive about addressing them. A balanced self-evaluation will reflect your genuine self-awareness and dedication to personal and professional growth.
8. Use Clear and Positive Language
Your self-evaluation should be clear and concise. Use positive language, even when discussing areas for improvement. Rather than focusing on shortcomings, focus on the actions you are taking to improve and develop.
Example: Instead of saying โIโm bad at managing time,โ say โI have room for improvement in time management and plan to implement better strategies moving forward.โ
9. Keep It Professional
If your self-evaluation is part of a work review or professional development, maintain a professional tone throughout. Avoid overly personal details or emotions, and focus on your work-related achievements, challenges, and goals.
10. Proofread and Edit
Finally, take the time to proofread and edit your self-evaluation before submitting it. Ensure that your evaluation is well-structured, free of errors, and clearly conveys your points. This shows attention to detail and professionalism.
Example of a Self-Evaluation:
Strengths and Achievements:
Successfully led a cross-functional team for a key project, resulting in a 20% increase in productivity.
Continuously exceeded sales targets by an average of 10% over the last six months.
Developed strong relationships with clients, resulting in several repeat business opportunities.
Areas for Improvement:
Time management: I have sometimes struggled to balance multiple projects effectively. I plan to adopt better organizational strategies, such as using project management tools and setting clearer deadlines.
Delegation: I sometimes take on too much myself and could benefit from trusting my team members with more responsibilities.
Goals for the Next Period:
Implement better time management practices to increase productivity by 15%.
Focus on delegating tasks more effectively to improve team performance and ensure smoother project workflows.
Attend two leadership workshops to enhance my management skills.
Conclusion
A self-evaluation is an opportunity to reflect on your personal and professional growth, acknowledge your successes, and identify areas for improvement. By being honest, specific, and constructive, you can create an evaluation that helps you develop further in your career and life. Remember, the goal is not only to assess yourself but also to plan your next steps for continuous improvement and growth.
Here we have presented article giving information about how to write conclusion. Take a look below.
Write an article on How to write a Conclusion.
How to Write a Strong Conclusion: A Step-by-Step Guide
A conclusion is one of the most critical parts of any piece of writing. It gives your readers a sense of closure and reinforces your main points. Writing an effective conclusion is not just about summarizing the content; itโs about leaving a lasting impression on your readers. Hereโs how to write a strong conclusion that resonates:
1. Restate the Thesis or Main Idea
Start by briefly restating the thesis or central idea of your writing. Avoid copying it verbatim from the introduction. Instead, rephrase it in a way that reflects the development of your argument throughout the piece.
Example: While technology continues to advance at a rapid pace, itโs essential to consider the ethical implications that come with this progress.
2. Summarize Key Points
Without repeating everything word for word, touch on the main points youโve discussed. Highlight the most important arguments or findings and how they connect to the thesis. Keep this section concise and focus on the core ideas rather than unnecessary details.
Example: The rise of artificial intelligence, the expansion of digital communication, and the impact on job markets were all explored in this essay as central themes.
3. Provide Insight or Reflection
A great conclusion goes beyond simply summarizing. It provides insight or reflection on the topic. This could mean offering your own analysis, suggesting implications, or discussing the broader significance of your argument. Consider the “so what?” factorโwhy does your argument matter?
Example: As society becomes increasingly reliant on technology, the ethical decisions we make today will shape the future for generations to come.
4. Address the Bigger Picture
Show your readers how your topic connects to broader issues or questions. This helps extend the relevance of your discussion beyond the specific points made in your essay. It also allows the reader to think more deeply about the topic.
Example: Understanding the balance between technological advancement and ethical responsibility is key not only for the current generation but for the future of innovation.
5. End with a Call to Action (Optional)
In some types of writing, particularly persuasive or argumentative essays, a call to action can be effective. This invites the reader to take steps, reflect further, or make a change based on what theyโve learned. It can be a powerful way to leave a lasting impact.
Example: To ensure a future where technology benefits all, itโs time for policymakers, educators, and innovators to work together to create ethical guidelines for progress.
6. Use a Strong Final Sentence
Your concluding sentence is your final opportunity to leave an impression on the reader. It should be powerful, clear, and memorable. Avoid ending with an apology or a weak statement. Instead, end with confidence, whether itโs a thought-provoking question, a bold statement, or an inspiring message.
Example: The future may be uncertain, but with responsible innovation, we can steer it toward a better and more equitable world.
7. Avoid Common Pitfalls
Avoid introducing new ideas: The conclusion is not the place to bring in new arguments or evidence. Stick to wrapping up what youโve already discussed.
Donโt repeat the introduction: While it’s important to restate the main idea, donโt simply copy the introduction. Paraphrase and add a fresh perspective.
Donโt end with clichรฉs: Phrases like “In conclusion” or “To sum up” can weaken your writing. Let your conclusion speak for itself without the need for these phrases.
8. Tailor Your Conclusion to the Type of Writing
Different types of writing require different styles of conclusions:
For persuasive writing: Reaffirm your position and leave the reader with a compelling final thought or call to action.
For analytical or academic writing: Summarize your analysis and demonstrate the significance of your findings within the broader field.
For narrative writing: Provide closure to the story, offering a resolution or a reflective ending.
9. Keep it Concise
A conclusion should be short and to the point. While it’s important to include the necessary elements, avoid long-winded explanations or dragging out the ending. Aim for a few well-structured sentences that effectively wrap up your thoughts.
Conclusion
Writing a strong conclusion is about leaving a lasting impression and bringing your ideas full circle. By restating the main point, reflecting on the topic, and ending with a powerful statement, you ensure your readers walk away with a clear understanding of your argument or message.
Here we have presented an article on ordinal number. Take a look below.
Write a article how to write ordinal numbers correctly.
How to Write Ordinal Numbers Correctly: A Simple Guide
Ordinal numbers indicate the position or order of something in a list, such as “first,” “second,” “third,” and so on. They differ from cardinal numbers, which are used to count (e.g., one, two, three). Correctly writing ordinal numbers is important in both formal and informal writing, as it ensures clarity and professionalism. Hereโs a guide on how to write ordinal numbers correctly in various contexts:
1. Understanding Ordinal Numbers
Ordinal numbers represent rank or sequence, answering the question “Which one?” rather than “How many?” Examples include:
First (1st)
Second (2nd)
Third (3rd)
Fourth (4th)
Fifth (5th)
These numbers can appear as words or figures, depending on the formality of the text.
2. Writing Ordinal Numbers in Words
In formal writing, ordinal numbers are often written as words, especially for numbers up to one hundred. This is common in academic papers, legal documents, or literature.
Examples:
First place in the competition went to Sarah.
He celebrated his twenty-fifth birthday with friends.
The project is due on the fourteenth of May.
For larger numbers, itโs common to write them as numerals unless clarity requires otherwise, such as:
He finished in 101st place in the marathon.
3. Writing Ordinal Numbers in Figures
For most informal writing or situations where brevity is important, ordinal numbers can be written in figures with the appropriate suffix:
1st (first)
2nd (second)
3rd (third)
4th (fourth), and so on.
Always add the correct two-letter suffix to the number:
For numbers ending in 1, use st (1st, 21st, 101st).
For numbers ending in 2, use nd (2nd, 22nd, 102nd).
For numbers ending in 3, use rd (3rd, 23rd, 103rd).
For numbers ending in 4 through 9 or 0, use th (4th, 11th, 12th, 20th, 25th, 100th).
4. Common Mistakes and How to Avoid Them
Itโs easy to make small errors when writing ordinal numbers. Here are some tips to avoid common mistakes:
Don’t forget the suffix: Make sure to add the correct suffix to the numeral (e.g., 5th instead of 5).
Watch out for exceptions: Numbers like 11, 12, and 13, although ending in 1, 2, and 3, take the th suffix (11th, 12th, 13th) due to their unique place in the sequence.
Use hyphens when necessary: When writing ordinal numbers as compound adjectives, use a hyphen (e.g., “The thirty-second chapter was the longest”).
5. Ordinal Numbers in Dates
When writing dates in English, ordinal numbers are used in spoken form but are often written in numeral form:
August 15th is commonly written as August 15.
In British English, ordinal numbers are often used in both writing and speech: 15th August.
However, for formal invitations or historical events, you might see dates written with ordinal numbers spelled out: July Fourth, 1776 or the Fourth of July.
6. Using Ordinal Numbers in Lists
Ordinal numbers are frequently used in lists to show sequence or ranking:
First, choose a topic for your essay.
Second, gather your research materials.
Third, start writing your introduction.
In these cases, the ordinal number is always written in word form.
7. Ordinal Numbers in Abbreviations
In some situations, ordinal numbers appear in abbreviations or symbols:
1st for first, 2nd for second, and 3rd for third.
In measurements or data, ordinal numbers might appear as part of charts or rankings (e.g., “1st quarter results”).
8. Capitalization of Ordinal Numbers
In most cases, ordinal numbers follow regular capitalization rules:
If the ordinal number begins a sentence, capitalize it: Twenty-fifth on the list is the most important rule.
If the ordinal number is in the middle of a sentence, it remains lowercase: We were the fourth group to arrive.
Conclusion
Writing ordinal numbers correctly ensures that your writing is clear, professional, and easy to understand. Whether you’re using figures with suffixes or spelling them out in words, consistency is key. By following these simple rules, you can avoid common mistakes and present information in an organized and polished manner.
Here we have presented an article on how to write a book review in step by step process.
1. Write a article how to write a book Review.
How to Write a Book Review: A Step-by-Step Guide
Writing a book review is a wonderful way to share your thoughts on a book you’ve read. It helps others decide if a book is worth their time and offers insights into the authorโs work. Whether you’re reviewing for a class, a blog, or personal enjoyment, following a clear structure ensures a compelling and informative review. Here’s how to craft a great book review:
1. Read the Book Carefully
Before writing a review, make sure you’ve read the entire book thoroughly. Pay attention to the plot, characters, themes, and writing style. Take notes on key points, quotes, or moments that stand out to you, which will help you build a well-rounded critique.
2. Summarize the Plot Briefly
Begin your review with a brief summary of the book. This helps readers who havenโt read it to understand the context. Avoid major spoilers, but give an overview of the setting, main characters, and central conflict. Keep this section concise and focused.
Example: In this science fiction novel, a young woman named Lena embarks on a journey through space to find her missing brother, navigating through alien planets and uncovering hidden truths along the way.
3. Discuss the Themes
Every book has underlying themes or messages. Identify the key themes of the book and reflect on how well the author conveyed them. You could explore ideas like love, courage, social justice, or self-discovery. Consider how these themes relate to the world or your own experiences.
Example: The theme of family loyalty runs deep in the book, with Lenaโs relentless pursuit of her brother showcasing how far we are willing to go for those we love.
4. Analyze the Characters
Good book reviews delve into character development. Who are the main characters? How do they evolve throughout the story? Discuss whether they feel realistic and relatable. Mention specific traits or actions that make the characters memorable or flawed.
Example: Lena starts off as a timid and unsure character, but her growth into a brave leader by the end of the novel is inspiring.
5. Evaluate the Writing Style
Comment on the authorโs writing style and how it adds (or detracts) from the book. Is the prose poetic or straightforward? Does the pacing of the story keep you engaged, or does it lag at certain points? Reflect on the language used, tone, and overall readability.
Example: The authorโs descriptive style beautifully captures the vastness of space, making you feel immersed in the journey. However, the pacing slows in the middle, dragging the story slightly.
6. Mention What You Liked
Point out the strengths of the book. Whether it’s the compelling plot, the rich world-building, or the powerful emotions it evokes, let readers know what aspects stood out to you in a positive way.
Example: One of the highlights of the book is the vivid imagery. The way the author describes alien landscapes is breathtaking, creating a visual experience in the reader’s mind.
7. Discuss What You Didn’t Like
Constructive criticism is essential in a balanced review. If certain parts of the book didnโt work for you, explain why. It could be a lack of character depth, inconsistencies in the plot, or writing that feels overly complex. Be respectful and specific in your critique.
Example: While the overall story was engaging, some of the secondary characters felt underdeveloped and their motivations unclear.
8. Give Your Final Verdict
Summarize your thoughts and recommend the book to a specific audience. Who do you think will enjoy the book the most? Would you recommend it to fans of a certain genre or people looking for a particular type of story?
Example: Overall, this book is a thrilling ride through space with strong themes of family and self-discovery. I recommend it to fans of science fiction who enjoy character-driven stories.
9. Rate the Book (Optional)
If you’re writing for a platform that allows ratings (such as Goodreads or Amazon), provide a numerical or star rating based on your overall impression. Be honest but fair.
10. Edit and Proofread
Before publishing your review, proofread it carefully to avoid grammar or spelling mistakes. Ensure your review flows logically and stays focused on the main points you want to convey.
Here we have presented an article with step by step process on writing a blog.
How to Write a Blog: A Step-by-Step Guide
Writing a blog is an excellent way to share your thoughts, knowledge, and expertise with the world. Whether you’re starting a personal blog, writing for a business, or aiming to establish yourself as an authority in a particular niche, a well-crafted blog post can help you connect with your audience. But how do you write a blog thatโs engaging, informative, and well-received? Hereโs a step-by-step guide on how to write a blog:
1. Choose a Topic
The first step in writing a blog is selecting a topic that interests you and your target audience. Think about what your readers would like to know or learn. Your topic should align with your blogโs theme or niche. For example, if your blog is about fitness, write about workouts, nutrition, or mental health in relation to fitness. If youโre unsure, research trending topics or use tools like Google Trends to identify whatโs popular.
2. Know Your Audience
Understanding your audience is crucial to writing a blog that resonates with them. Consider factors like age, interests, location, and knowledge level. Knowing your audience will help you determine the tone, language, and complexity of your writing. For instance, if your readers are beginners, keep your language simple and explanations clear.
3. Research Your Topic
Even if youโre already knowledgeable about the topic, conducting research is essential. Research helps you gather accurate information, statistics, and examples to back up your ideas. Look at reputable sources, read other blog posts on the topic, and find unique angles or insights that will make your post stand out.
4. Craft a Compelling Title
The title is the first thing your readers will see, so make sure itโs attention-grabbing and relevant to the content. A good title should pique curiosity or promise value. For example, instead of a generic title like โHow to Improve Your Health,โ try something more specific like โ10 Simple Ways to Boost Your Health Every Day.โ Using numbers, action verbs, or asking questions can help make your title more engaging.
5. Create an Engaging Introduction
The introduction is your chance to hook the reader and make them want to continue reading. Start with something that grabs attentionโthis could be a question, a surprising fact, or an anecdote. Make sure your introduction clearly outlines what the reader will learn or gain from the post. It should set the stage for the rest of the content and entice the reader to read on.
6. Organize Your Content with Subheadings
Once youโve written your introduction, break your content into digestible sections. Use subheadings to structure the blog post, making it easier for readers to follow along. Subheadings help readers skim through the post, find key information, and understand the main points quickly. Keep your paragraphs short and focused to maintain readability.
7. Write with Clarity and Conciseness
When writing your blog post, focus on clarity and simplicity. Avoid using jargon or overly complex sentences that might confuse your readers. Your goal is to communicate your ideas effectively, so be concise and direct. Be mindful of your tone, making it appropriate for your audienceโwhether itโs formal, conversational, or casual.
8. Add Visuals and Multimedia
Including images, videos, infographics, or other visuals can make your blog post more engaging and visually appealing. Visuals help break up long blocks of text, illustrate key points, and enhance the readerโs experience. Ensure that the visuals are relevant to your content and properly credited if theyโre not your own.
9. Provide Value and Actionable Insights
Your blog post should offer value to your readers. This could be in the form of practical tips, useful advice, or solutions to common problems. Readers will appreciate content that helps them learn something new or improve their lives. Provide actionable insights that readers can implement right away, making sure your blog post serves as a helpful resource.
10. Conclude with a Call to Action
End your blog post with a strong conclusion that summarizes the main points or offers a final piece of advice. A good conclusion leaves the reader with something to think about or encourages them to take action. Include a call to action (CTA) that invites readers to comment, share, or explore related content. For example, โIf you found this post helpful, leave a comment below and share it with your friends!โ
11. Edit and Proofread
Once your blog post is written, take the time to edit and proofread it. Look for spelling, grammar, and punctuation mistakes, as well as any awkward phrasing or unclear sections. Editing also allows you to check if your ideas flow logically and if the overall message is clear. You may also want to run the post through grammar-checking tools like Grammarly.
12. Optimize for SEO
Search engine optimization (SEO) is crucial to ensuring that your blog is discoverable by search engines like Google. To optimize your blog, include relevant keywords in the title, subheadings, and body text. Use meta descriptions, include internal and external links, and add alt text to images. Remember, SEO is about balancing readability with keyword use, so donโt stuff your post with too many keywords.
13. Publish and Promote
Once your blog post is polished and ready, hit publish! But the work doesnโt stop there. Share your blog post on social media, email newsletters, and other platforms to increase its reach. Engaging with readers through comments or discussions can also help drive traffic to your blog.
Conclusion
Writing a blog may seem daunting at first, but by following these steps, you can create content that is engaging, informative, and valuable to your readers. From choosing the right topic to structuring your post and optimizing for SEO, each step plays a vital role in crafting a successful blog. With practice, youโll develop your voice, build a loyal readership, and enjoy the rewarding process of sharing your knowledge and ideas with the world. Happy blogging!
Here we have presented an article on how to write a summary in step by step process.
How to Write a Summary: A Step-by-Step Guide
Writing a summary is an essential skill, whether you’re studying for exams, writing essays, or working in a professional setting. A summary condenses a larger body of text into its most important points, capturing the essence of the original work while omitting unnecessary details. Learning how to write a good summary can help you better understand and communicate the main ideas of any text. Hereโs a step-by-step guide on how to write a summary effectively:
1. Read the Text Carefully
Before you begin writing, read the text thoroughly. Whether itโs an article, book, or essay, take your time to understand the main points and arguments. Make sure you comprehend the core ideas, themes, and conclusions. If the text is long or complex, you might need to read it more than once.
2. Identify the Main Ideas
As you read, highlight or underline the key concepts, main arguments, and important facts. These will form the foundation of your summary. Pay attention to the thesis statement, topic sentences, and conclusions, as these typically contain the most important information. Take notes on the main points to help you stay organized.
3. Omit Unnecessary Details
A summary is meant to condense the original material, so you should leave out minor details, examples, anecdotes, or supporting arguments that arenโt crucial to understanding the main ideas. Focus on the text’s central message and avoid including personal opinions or interpretations.
4. Write in Your Own Words
When summarizing, always use your own words. Paraphrasing the original text ensures that you’re actively engaging with the material. Avoid copying sentences directly from the source unless itโs a quote that is essential for your summary. By rephrasing the content, you show that youโve understood the material and are capable of conveying it concisely.
5. Keep It Short and Focused
A summary should be significantly shorter than the original text. Aim to distill the text into a clear, brief version, typically one-third of the original length or less. Be concise and focus only on the most essential points. Avoid going off on tangents or providing excessive commentary.
6. Use Clear and Simple Language
A good summary is clear and easy to understand. Avoid complex language or jargon unless it is necessary to preserve the meaning of the original text. The goal is to make the summary accessible to a wide audience, so aim for straightforward and simple language.
7. Organize the Summary Logically
Your summary should follow the structure of the original text, maintaining a logical flow. If the text has an introduction, body, and conclusion, your summary should reflect this organization. Present the main ideas in the same order as the original work to ensure clarity and coherence.
8. Be Objective
In a summary, your goal is to reflect the author’s ideas, not to insert your own opinions or judgments. Focus on accurately representing the content without bias. Even if you disagree with the ideas presented in the text, your summary should remain neutral and objective.
9. Check for Accuracy
Once you’ve written your summary, read through it carefully to ensure it accurately reflects the main ideas of the original text. Double-check that you’ve included the most important points and that you haven’t left out any crucial information. Also, verify that your language and wording are clear and concise.
10. Revise and Edit
After completing your summary, revise it for clarity, grammar, and structure. Check for spelling or punctuation errors, and make sure the summary is free of any redundant phrases. A well-polished summary will be more effective and easier for others to understand.
Example of a Summary:
Original Text: โThe Great Barrier Reef is one of the most famous and important natural wonders of the world. Stretching over 2,300 kilometers, it is the largest coral reef system in the world. The reef is home to a wide variety of marine life, including hundreds of species of fish, sea turtles, and sharks. However, the Great Barrier Reef is under threat due to human activities, such as overfishing, pollution, and climate change. Conservation efforts are ongoing to protect this unique ecosystem, but its survival depends on continued action from governments, scientists, and the public.โ
Summary: The Great Barrier Reef is the largest coral reef system in the world, home to diverse marine life. Stretching over 2,300 kilometers, it faces threats from overfishing, pollution, and climate change. Efforts are being made to conserve the reef, but its survival requires ongoing global cooperation.
Conclusion
Writing a summary is a valuable skill that helps you condense information while retaining the main ideas. By reading carefully, identifying key points, and rewriting the text in your own words, you can create a clear, concise, and accurate summary. With practice, this skill will become easier and will help you effectively communicate complex information in a simplified manner. Whether you’re summarizing for school, work, or personal use, mastering the art of summary writing will enhance your ability to understand and share important ideas.
Here we have presented an article on step by step process to start a conversation.
How to Start a Conversation: A Step-by-Step Guide
Starting a conversation can be intimidating for many people, especially in new or unfamiliar situations. However, learning the art of starting a conversation is a valuable skill that can help you build relationships, network, and engage with others effectively. Whether you’re meeting someone for the first time, participating in a social event, or just trying to make small talk, there are several strategies you can use to start a conversation with ease. Hereโs a step-by-step guide on how to begin:
1. Smile and Make Eye Contact
The first step in starting a conversation is to make yourself approachable. A friendly smile and good eye contact show warmth and confidence. It signals to the other person that you are open to interacting, which is the perfect way to break the ice.
2. Use Open Body Language
Your body language plays a significant role in how people perceive you. Ensure that your posture is relaxed and open. Avoid crossing your arms or looking away, as it may give the impression that you’re uninterested. Stand or sit in a way that invites others to approach you, which helps make the conversation feel more natural.
3. Start with a Simple Greeting
One of the easiest ways to initiate a conversation is by saying โHelloโ or โHi.โ You can follow this with a friendly question like โHow are you?โ or โHowโs your day going?โ A simple greeting opens the door for a deeper exchange and lets the other person know you’re interested in talking.
4. Ask Open-Ended Questions
When you start a conversation, avoid asking questions that can be answered with a simple “yes” or “no.” Instead, ask open-ended questions that encourage the other person to elaborate. For example, instead of asking, โDid you have a good weekend?โ try โWhat did you do over the weekend?โ Open-ended questions help keep the conversation going and provide the other person with more opportunities to share.
5. Find Common Ground
Another great way to start a conversation is by discussing a shared interest or experience. If you’re at an event or gathering, ask others about the occasion. If you’re in a social setting, try talking about something relevant to the situation, such as the weather, the venue, or a mutual acquaintance. Finding common ground helps build rapport and makes the conversation flow more smoothly.
6. Give Compliments
Compliments are a great conversation starter, as long as they are sincere and appropriate. Compliment someone on their outfit, appearance, or a particular skill they have. For instance, you might say, โI really like your shoes! Where did you get them?โ Compliments make people feel good and can help them open up, making the conversation more comfortable.
7. Talk About the Environment or Situation
If you’re unsure of how to start, observe your surroundings and use whatโs happening around you to strike up a conversation. For example, you could comment on the music playing, the food being served, or an interesting aspect of the venue. This kind of comment naturally leads to further conversation and helps you connect with the other person.
8. Listen Actively
Starting a conversation isnโt just about speaking; itโs also about listening. Once youโve initiated the conversation, be sure to give the other person your full attention. Respond to their comments and show genuine interest in what theyโre saying. Active listening encourages a deeper connection and shows that you value the other personโs perspective.
9. Use Humor (When Appropriate)
Humor can be a fantastic icebreaker. A light joke or a playful comment can make the conversation more enjoyable and help ease any tension. Just ensure that the humor is suitable for the context and doesnโt offend the other person. Laughter can create a positive atmosphere and help both of you feel more at ease.
10. Be Mindful of Body Language
During the conversation, be aware of both your body language and that of the person you are speaking with. If the other person seems disinterested or uncomfortable, itโs important to respect their space and adjust your approach. On the other hand, if the person seems engaged and is making eye contact, you can feel more confident that the conversation is going well.
11. Know When to End the Conversation
Not every conversation has to last for hours. Recognize when the conversation is winding down or when the other person seems ready to move on. Politely wrap up the conversation by saying something like, โIt was great talking with you. I hope we can chat again soon!โ Ending on a positive note leaves a lasting impression and leaves the door open for future conversations.
Conclusion
Starting a conversation doesnโt have to be a daunting task. By smiling, asking open-ended questions, finding common ground, and listening actively, you can quickly establish a meaningful connection with others. Remember, the key to a successful conversation is showing genuine interest and being yourself. The more you practice these techniques, the easier it will become to strike up conversations in any situation. So, go ahead and start talkingโyou never know where it might lead!
Here we have presented step by step guide article on how to write a Research proposal.
How to Write a Research Proposal: A Step-by-Step Guide
Writing a research proposal is an essential skill for anyone pursuing academic research. Whether you are applying for a research grant, seeking approval for your thesis, or outlining a scientific study, a well-crafted proposal can make the difference between success and failure. A research proposal should clearly state the problem, present the methodology, and demonstrate the potential impact of your research. Hereโs a step-by-step guide on how to write a research proposal effectively:
1. Title
The title of your research proposal should be concise and informative. It should clearly reflect the topic of your research and catch the reader’s attention. Make sure it is specific and gives a clear sense of the research focus.
2. Abstract
The abstract is a brief summary of your research proposal. It should include the research problem, objectives, methodology, and the expected results. Keep it between 150-300 words. This section gives the reader a quick overview of what the proposal is about.
3. Introduction
In this section, provide background information on the topic of your research. You should explain the significance of the study, the research problem, and why it is worth investigating. The introduction should provide a clear context for the study and state the research question or hypothesis. A well-written introduction will make the reader understand the importance and scope of your research.
4. Literature Review
The literature review surveys existing research related to your topic. In this section, you will summarize and analyze previous studies to show that you have a deep understanding of the subject. This also helps you identify gaps in existing knowledge that your research can fill. Make sure to cite relevant and recent sources, and demonstrate how your research builds upon or diverges from existing work.
5. Research Objectives and Hypothesis
Clearly state the objectives of your research. What are you trying to discover, prove, or analyze? If applicable, include a research hypothesis, which is a testable prediction about the relationship between variables in your study. Make sure that the objectives are specific, measurable, and achievable.
6. Methodology
This section is crucial to your proposal because it outlines how you will conduct your research. Describe the research design, the data collection methods, and the tools or instruments you will use. Be specific about your sample size, population, and data analysis techniques. Whether youโre conducting qualitative or quantitative research, make sure to explain the approach clearly.
Research Design: Explain if your study is experimental, descriptive, exploratory, or analytical.
Data Collection: Detail the methods you will use, such as surveys, interviews, experiments, or archival research.
Sampling: Describe how you will select your participants or data sources.
Analysis: Mention how you will process and interpret your data (statistical methods, thematic analysis, etc.).
7. Expected Results and Contributions
This section explains what you expect to find from your research and how it will contribute to the field. Discuss the potential impact of your research and why it matters. Will your study fill a gap in the literature? Will it have practical applications? It is important to convey that your research will add value to the existing body of knowledge.
8. Timeline
Provide a timeline for the research project, outlining the key phases and milestones. Break the project into manageable tasks with deadlines. A well-structured timeline helps show that you have a realistic plan for completing the research within a given timeframe.
9. Budget (if applicable)
If your research requires funding, include a budget section. This should outline the financial requirements for completing the project, such as research materials, travel expenses, software, or labor costs. Be clear and realistic about how much funding you will need and provide a justification for each item.
10. References
List all the references you have cited in your proposal. Use the appropriate citation style (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.) as required by your institution or funding body. A well-organized reference list not only supports your research but also shows your familiarity with the literature.
11. Conclusion
Conclude the proposal by briefly reiterating the significance of the research and the expected outcomes. You can also mention the potential long-term implications of the study. The conclusion should leave the reader with a clear understanding of why your research matters and how it will advance knowledge in the field.
Final Tips for Writing a Research Proposal:
Clarity and Conciseness: Be clear and to the point. Avoid unnecessary jargon and long-winded explanations.
Persuasion: A good proposal convinces the reader that your research is worth funding or approval. Emphasize the significance and innovation of your study.
Proofreading: Always proofread your proposal to ensure it is free from grammatical errors and inconsistencies.
Follow Guidelines: Adhere to any specific formatting or content guidelines provided by the institution or funding body.
Conclusion
Writing a research proposal can seem challenging, but it is a necessary skill for any academic or professional researcher. By following the steps outlined above, you can craft a proposal that is clear, compelling, and well-organized. Remember, a strong research proposal is not just a plan for your project but also an invitation to others to support and engage with your ideas.
Here we are presenting an Article on how to improve English. We have provided basic steps to improve English. Take a look.
1. Write a Article How to improve English.
How to Improve Your English: A Comprehensive Guide
Improving your English is a journey that requires dedication, practice, and patience. Whether you’re learning English as a second language or aiming to refine your skills, there are several effective ways to improve your proficiency. Here are some practical tips to help you on your path to mastering English:
1. Read Regularly
Reading is one of the best ways to improve your vocabulary, sentence structure, and comprehension skills. Start with books, newspapers, or online articles that interest you. Choose material that suits your current level of understanding, and gradually challenge yourself with more advanced texts. Reading aloud can also help with pronunciation and fluency.
2. Practice Speaking
Speaking is a key component of language learning. Find opportunities to speak English, whether itโs with friends, language exchange partners, or even by talking to yourself. You can join language groups or practice through apps and online platforms. Donโt worry about making mistakes โ the more you speak, the more confident you will become.
3. Expand Your Vocabulary
Building a strong vocabulary is essential to effective communication. Make it a habit to learn new words every day. You can write them down in a notebook, use flashcards, or even track them in a language-learning app. Try to use new words in sentences to reinforce your learning.
4. Watch English Movies and TV Shows
Watching English movies, TV shows, and documentaries helps improve listening skills and exposes you to different accents, pronunciations, and colloquial expressions. Try watching with subtitles initially to understand better, then challenge yourself by watching without them.
5. Listen to English Music and Podcasts
Listening to English songs and podcasts can improve your listening comprehension. They often introduce informal language and slang that may not be found in textbooks. Listen carefully to the lyrics and try to understand the meaning of new words.
6. Engage in Writing Practice
Writing is another effective way to improve your English. Start by writing short paragraphs or essays on topics that interest you. Keep a journal, write emails, or engage in online forums where you can exchange ideas in English. The more you write, the better your grammar and sentence structure will become.
7. Learn Grammar and Sentence Structure
Understanding the basic rules of grammar is essential to speaking and writing correctly in English. While it may seem challenging, focusing on one concept at a time โ such as verb tenses, prepositions, or sentence construction โ can help simplify the process. Use online grammar tools or grammar books for reference.
8. Be Consistent and Patient
Improving your English requires consistency. Make it a daily habit to practice your reading, writing, speaking, and listening skills. Itโs important to be patient with yourself. Progress may seem slow at times, but with regular practice, you will see significant improvements.
9. Use Language Learning Apps
There are numerous apps and websites designed to help you improve your English. Apps like Duolingo, Babbel, and Memrise offer interactive lessons that make learning fun and efficient. These platforms can help you improve vocabulary, grammar, and speaking skills in a structured manner.
10. Get Feedback
To continue improving, seek feedback from proficient English speakers. Ask them to correct your mistakes and offer suggestions. Constructive feedback will help you understand areas where you need improvement.
Conclusion
Improving your English is a continuous process, but with dedication, practice, and the right tools, you can make steady progress. The key is consistency and finding enjoyable ways to engage with the language. Over time, youโll become more confident in your English skills and find yourself using the language with ease in everyday situations.
Here we have presented a speech on Mahatma Gandhi of 300 Words, short and 1 minute speech.
1. Write a Speech on Mahatma Gandhi of 300 Words.
Good morning respected teachers, friends, and fellow students,
Today, I stand before you to speak about one of the most remarkable individuals in history โ Mahatma Gandhi. Known as the ‘Father of the Nation,’ Gandhi’s life was a beacon of truth, nonviolence, and determination. Born on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, Gujarat, Gandhi’s journey from a simple lawyer to the leader of India’s independence movement is an inspiring tale for us all.
Mahatma Gandhi firmly believed in the power of nonviolent resistance, or Satyagraha, as a way to fight injustice. He led numerous peaceful movements against British colonial rule, such as the Salt March, the Quit India Movement, and the Non-Cooperation Movement. His philosophy of nonviolence was not only a political strategy but a way of life, urging people to fight evil without resorting to hatred or violence.
Gandhi’s vision for India was not just freedom from British rule, but also an India where equality, truth, and justice prevailed. He worked tirelessly to eradicate social injustices, such as untouchability, and promoted the idea of Sarvodayaโthe welfare of all. He also emphasized the importance of self-reliance, urging people to weave their own clothes and be independent of foreign goods.
Despite facing numerous challenges, imprisonments, and hardships, Gandhi remained committed to his principles. His life teaches us valuable lessons about courage, humility, and the power of truth. Even today, his teachings continue to inspire movements for justice, peace, and freedom across the world.
In conclusion, Mahatma Gandhiโs legacy is one of unwavering determination and compassion. His commitment to nonviolence and truth serves as a guiding light for future generations.
Thank you.
2. Write a Short Speech On Mahatma Gandhi.
Speech on Mahatma Gandhi
Good morning, respected teachers and my dear friends,
Today, I stand before you to speak about one of the greatest leaders in the history of India โ Mahatma Gandhi. He was not just a political figure, but a beacon of peace, non-violence, and truth. Born on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, Gandhi jiโs life and teachings have inspired millions around the world.
Gandhi jiโs most powerful weapon was ahimsa (non-violence). He led Indiaโs struggle for independence against British colonial rule, not through violence, but through peaceful protests, civil disobedience, and truth. His leadership during movements like the Salt March and Quit India Movement proved that peaceful resistance could bring about monumental change.
He believed in simple living and high thinking. Gandhi ji wore simple clothes made of khadi, symbolizing self-reliance and economic independence. He worked for the upliftment of the poor, fought against untouchability, and promoted religious tolerance.
Gandhi ji’s influence transcended borders and time. His principles of non-violence and truth have inspired global leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela.
Today, as we remember Mahatma Gandhi, let us not just celebrate his contributions, but also try to follow his ideals in our daily lives. As we face challenges, let us remember his message โ “Be the change that you wish to see in the world.”
Thank you.
3. Write 1 Minute Speech on Mahatma Gandhi.
1-Minute Speech on Mahatma Gandhi
Good morning, everyone,
Today, I would like to speak briefly about Mahatma Gandhi, one of the most influential leaders in the history of India and the world. Born on October 2, 1869, Gandhi ji was the father of our nation. He led Indiaโs struggle for independence through peaceful means, promoting the principles of non-violence (ahimsa) and truth (satya). His belief in non-violent resistance inspired not only India’s freedom movement but also global leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela.
Gandhi jiโs simple lifestyle and dedication to truth, equality, and justice remain a source of inspiration for generations. He fought tirelessly against social injustices, including untouchability, and worked towards building a self-reliant and united India.
As we remember Mahatma Gandhi, let us strive to live by his values of peace, love, and respect for all.
Here we have written vote of thanks speech in 300 words, short speech and 1 minute speech.
1. Write a vote of thanks speech in English of 300 words.
Vote of Thanks Speech
Good morning/afternoon/evening everyone,
I stand before you today with immense gratitude and appreciation as I deliver the vote of thanks. First and foremost, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to our esteemed chief guest [mention name], who graciously took the time out of their busy schedule to be with us today. Your inspiring words have left an indelible impression on all of us, and we are deeply grateful for your presence and insightful contribution to the event.
A big thank you to our respected teachers and organizers, whose constant guidance, hard work, and dedication made this event possible. Without their tireless efforts, this gathering wouldnโt have been such a success. Your meticulous planning and commitment have been truly commendable.
I would also like to thank all the distinguished guests, participants, and students who made this event meaningful with their presence and active involvement. Your enthusiasm and support are invaluable, and you have truly made this event a memorable one.
To our volunteers and support staff, thank you for your behind-the-scenes efforts that ensured everything ran smoothly. Your cooperation and teamwork are highly appreciated.
Lastly, I would like to extend my gratitude to all those who contributed in any way to this event, whether directly or indirectly. Each one of you has played a significant role in making this event successful.
As we conclude todayโs program, let us take the knowledge, inspiration, and positivity weโve gained and continue to move forward with passion and purpose.
Once again, thank you all for being a part of this wonderful occasion.
Thank you!
2. Write a short speech on vote of thanks in English.
Short Speech on Vote of Thanks
Good morning/afternoon/evening everyone,
Itโs an honor for me to deliver the vote of thanks today. First and foremost, I would like to thank our esteemed chief guest [mention name] for gracing this occasion with their presence and sharing their valuable thoughts with us. Your inspiring words have truly motivated us.
A special thank you to our teachers and organizers, whose hard work and dedication made this event a reality. Your efforts have been truly remarkable.
I also want to express my gratitude to all the participants and guests for their contributions and for making this event memorable. To the volunteers and support staff, your behind-the-scenes efforts were vital, and we truly appreciate your hard work.
In closing, thank you to everyone who attended and made this event a success. Your support means the world to us.
Thank you!
3. Write a 1 minute speech on vote of thanks in English.
1-Minute Speech on Vote of Thanks
Good morning/afternoon everyone,
It is my privilege to propose the vote of thanks today. First and foremost, I would like to extend our heartfelt gratitude to our esteemed chief guest [mention name] for being here and sharing such inspiring words with us. Your presence has made this event even more special.
A big thank you to all the organizers and teachers for their hard work, dedication, and seamless coordination, which made this event a grand success. Your efforts are deeply appreciated.
I would also like to thank all the participants, guests, and volunteers who contributed to the event in one way or another. Your presence and support have made this occasion truly memorable.
Finally, to everyone who attended today, thank you for your valuable time and attention. Your participation made all the difference.
Once again, thank you all, and letโs continue to carry the inspiration from today forward.
Here we have written a speech on education in 300 words, short speech and 1 minute speech.
1. Write a Speech on education of 300 words.
Speech on Education
Good morning respected teachers, friends, and fellow students,
Today, I am honored to speak about the power and importance of education. Education is not just about reading books or passing exams; it is the foundation upon which our future is built. It is the key that unlocks the doors of opportunity, empowering individuals to achieve their dreams and contribute positively to society.
Education provides us with knowledge and skills that help us navigate the complexities of the world. It teaches us how to think critically, solve problems, and make informed decisions. In todayโs fast-paced world, education is more important than ever. It enables us to adapt to change, innovate, and progress.
However, education is not just about academics. It is also about character building, teaching us values such as responsibility, empathy, and respect for others. It helps us become well-rounded individuals who are aware of their surroundings and the needs of society. Education instills in us the ability to challenge societal norms, question injustices, and work towards a better world.
Moreover, education is a powerful tool for equality. It provides everyone, regardless of background, with the opportunity to succeed. By promoting education for all, we can break the cycle of poverty and create a more just and inclusive world.
As students, we are fortunate to have access to education. It is important for us to value and make the most of this opportunity. Letโs take our studies seriously and strive to not only excel academically but also become compassionate, responsible, and proactive individuals.
In conclusion, education is a gift that shapes our present and future. Let us appreciate it and use it to make the world a better place.
Thank you.
2. Write a short speech on education.
Short Speech on Education
Good morning everyone,
Education is the key to unlocking the doors of opportunity. It is not just about learning facts and figures, but about developing critical thinking, creativity, and the ability to adapt to change. Education empowers individuals, enables personal growth, and contributes to the betterment of society.
It teaches us not only academic skills but also important values like responsibility, empathy, and perseverance. With education, we have the power to make informed decisions and shape our future.
Let us never take education for granted. It is one of the most powerful tools we have to make a difference in our lives and the world.
Thank you!
3. Write a 1 minute speech on education.
1-Minute Speech on Education
Good morning everyone,
Education is the foundation of personal and societal growth. It is more than just a means to acquire knowledge; it empowers us to think critically, make informed decisions, and solve problems. Through education, we gain the tools to improve our lives and contribute meaningfully to our communities.
It shapes our values, broadens our perspectives, and equips us to face challenges with confidence. Education opens doors to opportunities and helps us realize our full potential. It is the key to creating a more just, equitable, and prosperous world.
As students, we must embrace education with dedication and appreciation, for it is the most valuable asset we can possess. Letโs make the most of it and strive to make a positive impact on the world.
Here we have presented a speech on Teachers of 300 words, short speech and 1 minute speech.
1. Write a Speech on teachers of 300 words.
Speech on Teachers
Good morning respected teachers, friends, and fellow students,
Today, I am honored to speak about the people who shape our future and help us grow into responsible individuals โ our teachers. Teachers are the guiding lights who ignite the spark of knowledge, wisdom, and curiosity in our minds. They do not just teach academic subjects but also impart important life lessons that help us navigate the world.
A teacherโs role is much more than just delivering lessons in the classroom. They are mentors, counselors, and role models. They inspire us to achieve our goals and push us to strive for excellence. Teachers have a unique ability to recognize the potential in each student and nurture it, even when the students themselves are unaware of it. They believe in us when we struggle to believe in ourselves.
Beyond academics, teachers instill values like discipline, hard work, kindness, and respect. They teach us the importance of perseverance and the value of failures as stepping stones toward success. A teacherโs encouragement can make a world of difference in a studentโs life. Their dedication and tireless efforts shape the leaders, professionals, and responsible citizens of tomorrow.
Teachers also play a crucial role in creating a positive and inclusive learning environment where every student feels valued and supported. They not only impart knowledge but also teach us how to be compassionate, ethical, and understanding individuals. Their influence stays with us for a lifetime, guiding us even after we leave the classroom.
In conclusion, teachers are the true architects of our future. Their hard work, love, and care inspire us to reach for the stars. Letโs always appreciate and respect the teachers who make a lasting impact on our lives.
Thank you.
2. Write a Short speech on teachers.
Short Speech on Teacher
Good morning everyone,
Today, I would like to express my gratitude and admiration for teachers, the pillars of our education and growth. A teacher is much more than someone who teaches lessons โ they are mentors, guides, and role models. They inspire us to dream big, encourage us when we falter, and celebrate our successes with us.
Teachers not only impart knowledge but also shape our character, teaching us important values like kindness, discipline, and perseverance. They help us believe in ourselves and our abilities, even when we doubt ourselves. Their dedication and hard work make a lasting impact on our lives, guiding us to become better individuals.
In conclusion, teachers are the true architects of our future. Let us always appreciate and respect them for their tireless efforts in shaping our lives.
Thank you!
3. Write a 1 Minute Speech on teachers.
1-Minute Speech on Teachers
Good morning everyone,
Teachers are the guiding lights of our lives. They are not only educators but also mentors who inspire, encourage, and shape us into the individuals we become. They teach us more than just academic lessons; they instill values such as kindness, patience, and perseverance.
A teacherโs influence goes beyond the classroom. They believe in us, support us during difficult times, and help us unlock our potential. Whether itโs a word of encouragement or a lesson on resilience, their impact lasts a lifetime.
On this day, let’s take a moment to appreciate and thank all the teachers who dedicate their time and effort to shaping our future. They truly make the world a better place by investing in us.
We have delivered a speech on Environment of 300 words, short speech and 1 minute speech. Check it out , we were appreciated by the audience.
1. Write a Speech On Environment Day of 300 Words.
Speech for Environment Day
Good morning everyone,
Today, as we gather to celebrate World Environment Day, itโs important to remember that our planet, the only home we have, is facing unprecedented challenges. From air pollution to deforestation, from climate change to the depletion of natural resources, our environment is in crisis. However, this day is not just a reminder of the damage weโve done, but also an opportunity for each one of us to make a difference.
The theme of this yearโs World Environment Day calls us to take action and reflect on how we can contribute to protecting our planet. Our small daily choices can collectively bring about significant change. Simple actions like reducing waste, conserving water, planting trees, and reducing our carbon footprint can have a lasting impact.
Itโs not just about government policies or corporate responsibility โ itโs about individual responsibility. Each of us has the power to make sustainable choices that contribute to a healthier world. Whether itโs by choosing renewable energy, reducing plastic use, or supporting eco-friendly products, every action counts.
On this special day, let us also remember the importance of educating others about environmental issues. Awareness is key to encouraging more people to take part in the global movement for environmental protection.
In conclusion, the environment is not something we inherit from our ancestors; it is something we borrow from our children. Letโs commit today to protect it with all our might, not just for ourselves, but for future generations. Together, we can make the Earth a greener, cleaner, and more sustainable place for all living beings.
Thank you!
2. Write a short Speech on Environment day.
Short Speech for Environment Day
Good morning everyone,
Today, on World Environment Day, we come together to celebrate the beauty of our planet and remind ourselves of the urgent need to protect it. Our environment is facing many challenges โ pollution, climate change, and deforestation โ all of which threaten the balance of life on Earth.
But every small action counts. By reducing waste, conserving water, planting trees, and making eco-friendly choices, we can make a real difference. It’s not just about big changes; it’s about the daily steps we take to protect our planet.
Letโs use today as a reminder that we all have a role in preserving the environment for future generations. Together, we can create a cleaner, greener, and more sustainable world.
Thank you!
3. Write a 1 Minute Speech on Environment day.
1-Minute Speech for Environment Day
Good morning everyone,
On this World Environment Day, we are reminded of the importance of taking care of our planet. Our environment is facing serious challenges, from climate change to pollution, and itโs up to each of us to make a difference. Small actions, like reducing waste, conserving water, and planting trees, can have a huge impact.
The Earth is our home, and we must do everything we can to protect it for future generations. Letโs work together to create a cleaner, greener world where nature and humanity thrive in harmony.
Remember, every little effort counts. Letโs make today the start of lasting change.
Here we have written an article on the pathway to a better future : Importance of Education. Check this below insights of article.
The Importance of Education: A Pathway to a Better Future
Education is often regarded as the cornerstone of personal and societal development. It is a powerful tool that shapes the mind, equips individuals with essential skills, and provides the foundation for future opportunities. Education goes beyond formal schooling; it includes all forms of learning that contribute to a person’s knowledge, understanding, and abilities. The significance of education is immense, as it plays a pivotal role in shaping not only an individual’s future but also the progress of societies and nations.
Building Knowledge and Skills
One of the primary functions of education is to provide knowledge and develop essential skills. In schools, colleges, and universities, students learn subjects that enhance their intellectual abilities and prepare them for specific careers. Education equips individuals with the skills required to solve problems, think critically, and make informed decisions. Whether it’s reading, writing, mathematics, science, or technology, education is the key to unlocking knowledge in various fields.
Promoting Personal Development
Education helps in personal growth by fostering a sense of self-worth and confidence. It enables individuals to discover their talents, interests, and strengths. Through education, people can develop better communication skills, improve their social interactions, and increase their ability to adapt to changing environments. It opens doors for individuals to pursue their dreams and ambitions and empowers them to make choices that lead to a fulfilling life.
Economic Growth and Opportunities
Education is directly linked to economic development. A well-educated workforce is essential for the growth of industries, businesses, and economies. People with higher levels of education tend to earn more and have better job prospects. They are more likely to contribute to the economy through innovation, entrepreneurship, and leadership. Additionally, education leads to better employment opportunities, which in turn helps reduce poverty and inequality in society.
Fostering Social Equality and Justice
Education plays a vital role in promoting social equality. It can break the cycle of poverty by providing people from all backgrounds with the tools they need to succeed. When individuals are educated, they are more likely to be informed about their rights and responsibilities, leading to greater participation in democratic processes. Education also helps combat discrimination and prejudice by promoting understanding and respect for diversity. It teaches values such as equality, fairness, and justice, which are essential for building a peaceful and harmonious society.
Enhancing Global Understanding
In today’s interconnected world, education fosters global awareness and understanding. As people learn about different cultures, traditions, and global issues, they develop a sense of empathy and tolerance. Education helps individuals recognize the importance of working together to address common challenges, such as climate change, poverty, and conflict. By promoting international cooperation, education contributes to creating a more peaceful and sustainable world.
Health and Well-being
Education also has a significant impact on the health and well-being of individuals and communities. Educated individuals are more likely to make informed health decisions, adopt healthy lifestyles, and seek medical care when needed. Education contributes to better awareness about hygiene, nutrition, and disease prevention, which can lead to healthier communities and improved life expectancy.
The Role of Technology in Education
The rapid advancement of technology has revolutionized the education sector. Digital platforms, online courses, and e-learning tools have made education more accessible, flexible, and convenient. Technology enables students to learn at their own pace, access vast resources, and interact with experts and peers across the globe. It has bridged gaps in traditional education and opened new opportunities for lifelong learning.
Conclusion
Education is not merely about acquiring knowledge; it is a transformative process that shapes individuals and societies for the better. It is a key driver of personal growth, economic prosperity, social equality, and global understanding. In a world that is constantly evolving, education provides the foundation for tackling future challenges and seizing new opportunities. By investing in education, we invest in a brighter, more equitable future for everyone. Education empowers individuals to fulfill their potential, contribute to society, and create a better world for generations to come.
Here we have presented an article on growing concern for our planet : Pollution. We have presented valuable insights , have a look.
Pollution: A Growing Concern for Our Planet
Pollution is one of the most pressing issues affecting our environment today. It refers to the introduction of harmful substances or contaminants into the natural environment, causing adverse effects on living organisms and the ecosystem. The major types of pollution include air, water, soil, noise, and light pollution. All these forms of pollution have severe consequences, threatening the health and well-being of both humans and wildlife.
Air Pollution
Air pollution occurs when harmful substances like gases, dust, and smoke are released into the atmosphere. The major contributors to air pollution include industrial emissions, vehicle exhaust, deforestation, and burning of fossil fuels. The consequences of air pollution are widespread, causing respiratory diseases, heart conditions, and even contributing to climate change through the accumulation of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.
Water Pollution
Water pollution happens when harmful chemicals, waste products, and toxins are released into rivers, lakes, oceans, or groundwater. Industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, and untreated sewage are the primary causes of water pollution. This contamination can make water unsafe for drinking, harm aquatic life, and disrupt entire ecosystems. Access to clean and safe water is crucial for human survival, and its contamination has led to the spread of waterborne diseases, including cholera and dysentery.
Soil Pollution
Soil pollution occurs when harmful chemicals, pesticides, and waste materials degrade the quality of the soil. Agricultural activities, industrial processes, and improper waste disposal are the main culprits of soil pollution. Contaminated soil affects food production, harms plant growth, and contributes to the loss of biodiversity. It also poses a risk to human health, as polluted soil can contaminate crops that end up in the food chain.
Noise Pollution
Noise pollution refers to harmful or disturbing levels of sound in the environment. This type of pollution is primarily caused by urbanization, traffic, industrial machinery, and other human activities. Chronic exposure to loud noises can lead to hearing loss, sleep disturbances, stress, and even cardiovascular problems. In addition, wildlife suffers from noise pollution, as it disrupts their natural behavior and communication patterns.
Light Pollution
Light pollution occurs when artificial lighting disrupts the natural night-time environment. It is mostly caused by streetlights, building lights, and other sources of artificial illumination that are not properly directed. Light pollution affects not only humans but also animals, particularly nocturnal species, which rely on the natural cycles of day and night. Moreover, it hampers astronomical research by obscuring the visibility of stars and celestial bodies.
Consequences of Pollution
The effects of pollution are far-reaching. It is not only detrimental to human health but also threatens the entire planet’s ecosystem. Air pollution is linked to respiratory problems, heart disease, and premature death. Water pollution causes the destruction of aquatic habitats and contamination of drinking water supplies. Soil pollution results in the loss of fertile land and food insecurity. Noise pollution contributes to mental health issues and stress, while light pollution disrupts sleep patterns and reduces our connection with nature.
Solutions to Combat Pollution
To mitigate the effects of pollution, various measures must be taken. Governments, industries, and individuals must work together to reduce pollution levels and protect the environment. Some solutions include:
Adopting Clean Energy: Transitioning to renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power can significantly reduce air pollution caused by fossil fuels.
Waste Management: Proper waste disposal and recycling programs can reduce the amount of waste that ends up in water bodies and on land.
Conservation of Natural Resources: Protecting forests and natural habitats can help reduce soil erosion, maintain biodiversity, and prevent pollution.
Public Awareness: Educating people about the importance of reducing pollution and encouraging sustainable practices can bring about a collective effort to save the environment.
Government Regulations: Stricter regulations on industrial emissions, waste disposal, and deforestation can help reduce the sources of pollution.
Conclusion
Pollution is a global challenge that requires urgent attention. Its effects are widespread, but with collective efforts from governments, industries, and individuals, significant progress can be made in reducing its impact. Protecting the environment is essential for the well-being of future generations, and by making responsible choices, we can all contribute to a cleaner and healthier planet.
Here we have presented an article on health is wealth as the true essence of well-being. Take a look below valuable insights are present there.
Health is Wealth: The True Essence of Well-being
The famous saying “Health is Wealth” highlights the immense value of good health. It is often said that good health is the foundation for a happy and successful life. While material possessions like wealth, property, and status may bring comfort, they cannot buy the true value of good health. A person with good health enjoys life to the fullest, while poor health can severely limit oneโs potential, no matter how rich or successful they are.
The Significance of Good Health
Good health is not merely the absence of disease; it is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. When we are in good health, we have the energy, vitality, and strength to pursue our goals and dreams. Healthy individuals are more likely to be productive, perform better in their professional and personal lives, and experience a higher quality of life. On the other hand, health problems often result in physical discomfort, emotional stress, and financial burdens that can limit opportunities and diminish oneโs overall happiness.
The Interconnection Between Health and Wealth
Although wealth is often considered essential for living a comfortable life, it is important to understand that good health is a far more valuable asset. Hereโs why:
1. Energy and Productivity: When we are healthy, we feel energetic and motivated, which allows us to be productive in all areas of life. Good health helps us perform well at work, manage our relationships, and enjoy leisure activities. On the other hand, poor health can sap our energy, leaving us fatigued and less capable of achieving our goals.
2. Financial Savings: Healthy individuals tend to have fewer medical expenses. They are less likely to need expensive medications, surgeries, or long-term treatments, which can drain personal finances. Investing in maintaining good health, such as through regular exercise and a balanced diet, can result in significant savings in the long term.
3. Mental Well-being: A healthy body promotes a healthy mind. Regular physical activity and proper nutrition can help manage stress, anxiety, and depression, which often arise due to poor lifestyle choices. A positive mental attitude contributes to better decision-making and a higher quality of life.
4. Longevity: Healthier individuals are likely to live longer, allowing them more time to achieve their personal and professional goals. Good health also ensures that these extra years are spent with quality, enjoying an active and fulfilling life rather than being limited by chronic illnesses.
5. Work-Life Balance: Good health allows for a balanced life, where work, family, and personal time are all harmoniously managed. When health issues arise, they often cause disruptions in this balance, leading to stress and dissatisfaction.
Tips for Maintaining Good Health
To truly appreciate the wealth that health brings, it is essential to take proactive steps to maintain and improve our health. Here are a few key habits that contribute to a healthy lifestyle:
1. Regular Exercise: Physical activity is vital for maintaining a healthy body. It helps keep the heart, muscles, and bones strong, and improves overall fitness. Regular exercise also releases endorphins, the bodyโs natural mood enhancers, which reduce stress and improve mental health.
2. Balanced Diet: Eating a nutritious, balanced diet is crucial for maintaining health. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins provides the necessary nutrients for the body to function at its best. Avoiding processed foods, excessive sugar, and unhealthy fats is equally important.
3. Adequate Sleep: Sleep is essential for physical and mental recovery. It allows the body to repair cells, strengthen the immune system, and rejuvenate. Ensuring 7-8 hours of sleep per night can significantly enhance health and overall well-being.
4. Stress Management: Chronic stress can have detrimental effects on health. Practicing mindfulness, meditation, yoga, or engaging in hobbies and activities that bring joy can help reduce stress levels and promote mental peace.
5. Regular Check-ups: Preventive healthcare is key to detecting health issues early on before they develop into serious problems. Regular visits to the doctor, routine health screenings, and following medical advice help maintain long-term health.
6. Hydration: Drinking enough water is often overlooked but is essential for good health. Staying hydrated helps maintain bodily functions, improve energy levels, and support skin health.
The Cost of Poor Health
The consequences of neglecting health can be severe and far-reaching. Poor health often leads to high medical costs, lost income due to illness or disability, and a reduced quality of life. Individuals who do not prioritize their health may experience physical pain, emotional distress, and a decrease in their overall life satisfaction. Additionally, poor health can affect not just the individual but also their family and loved ones, leading to emotional and financial strain.
Conclusion
“Health is Wealth” is a timeless proverb that reminds us that good health is our most valuable asset. While wealth can buy many things, it cannot buy good health. Taking care of our physical, mental, and emotional health is essential for a fulfilling, productive, and happy life. By adopting healthy habits, such as regular exercise, eating a balanced diet, managing stress, and ensuring adequate sleep, we can build a foundation of health that supports a prosperous and happy life. In the end, our true wealth lies in our health, and investing in it is the best decision we can make for ourselves and our future.
Here we are presenting an article on Junk food and highlighting it ass a threat to health and well-being
Junk Food: A Threat to Health and Well-being
In todayโs fast-paced world, junk food has become a staple part of many people’s diets. The convenience, taste, and availability of these foods make them an attractive option for busy individuals and families. However, despite their popularity, junk food is a major health concern. This article will explore what junk food is, the health risks associated with its consumption, and why it is important to make healthier choices.
What is Junk Food?
Junk food refers to food that is high in calories but low in nutritional value. These foods are often processed and contain excessive amounts of sugar, salt, and unhealthy fats. Examples of junk food include fast food items like burgers, fries, and pizzas, as well as sugary snacks like candies, chocolates, chips, and sodas. While these foods may be delicious and easy to access, they offer little to no vitamins, minerals, or fiber, which are essential for a balanced diet.
The Appeal of Junk Food
Junk food is designed to be highly palatable, meaning it is specifically engineered to taste good and appeal to our senses. High levels of sugar, salt, and fats create a combination that triggers pleasure centers in the brain, leading to cravings. This makes it easy for people to indulge in these foods frequently, often without considering the long-term consequences. Additionally, junk food is widely available, often marketed aggressively, and is quick to prepare, which makes it an attractive option in a world where time is often limited.
The Health Risks of Junk Food
While junk food may satisfy cravings in the short term, its long-term effects on health can be detrimental. Here are some of the significant health risks associated with consuming junk food regularly:
1. Obesity: Junk food is often high in calories and low in nutritional content. When consumed in excess, these foods contribute to weight gain and increase the risk of obesity. Obesity is linked to several other health problems, such as heart disease, diabetes, and joint issues.
2. Heart Disease: Many junk foods contain unhealthy trans fats and saturated fats, which can raise bad cholesterol (LDL) levels in the blood. High levels of LDL cholesterol can lead to the build-up of plaque in the arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke.
3. Diabetes: Consuming too much sugar, which is commonly found in junk food, can lead to insulin resistance and eventually type 2 diabetes. Junk food can cause blood sugar levels to spike and then drop sharply, leading to energy crashes and the potential for developing chronic health conditions.
4. High Blood Pressure: Junk food is often loaded with sodium (salt), which can raise blood pressure. High sodium intake can lead to hypertension, a condition that increases the risk of heart attack, stroke, and kidney disease.
5. Digestive Problems: Junk food is typically low in fiber, which is necessary for good digestion. A lack of fiber can cause constipation, bloating, and other digestive issues. A poor diet can also lead to an imbalance of gut bacteria, which is essential for overall health.
6. Mental Health Issues: Studies have shown that a poor diet, including the excessive consumption of junk food, can affect mental health. Diets high in sugar and unhealthy fats have been linked to an increased risk of depression, anxiety, and other mental health disorders.
7. Addiction: The addictive properties of junk food are often compared to the effects of drugs. The sugar and fat in these foods can lead to cravings, making it difficult for individuals to stop eating them, even when they know it’s harmful.
Why We Need to Avoid Junk Food
1. Nutrient Deficiency: Relying on junk food for a significant portion of oneโs diet can lead to nutrient deficiencies. Essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and protein are often missing from junk food, leading to a weakened immune system, poor skin health, and other issues.
2. Long-term Health Costs: Although junk food is inexpensive and convenient in the short term, the long-term health consequences are far costlier. Chronic illnesses like diabetes, heart disease, and obesity require ongoing treatment and can reduce the quality of life. These health conditions are also associated with high medical costs and can impact personal productivity and well-being.
3. Lack of Energy: While junk food provides a quick burst of energy, it is usually followed by a sharp energy crash. This makes it difficult to maintain sustained energy levels throughout the day. A diet high in processed foods can lead to fatigue and lethargy, affecting overall performance and mood.
Healthy Alternatives to Junk Food
Although junk food may be tempting, it is possible to satisfy cravings in healthier ways. Here are some alternatives to junk food:
1. Fruits and Vegetables: These are naturally sweet, nutrient-dense, and packed with fiber. Fruits like apples, berries, and bananas can provide a satisfying snack without the negative health effects of processed foods.
2. Nuts and Seeds: These are rich in healthy fats, protein, and essential nutrients. A handful of almonds, walnuts, or sunflower seeds can curb hunger and provide long-lasting energy.
3. Whole Grains: Instead of refined grains found in many processed snacks, whole grains like oats, quinoa, and brown rice provide fiber and essential nutrients that promote digestion and long-term health.
4. Homemade Snacks: Preparing snacks at home allows you to control the ingredients and avoid excessive amounts of sugar, salt, and unhealthy fats. Try making baked chips from vegetables, or energy bars with oats and nuts.
5. Water and Herbal Teas: Instead of sugary sodas, opt for water or herbal teas to stay hydrated and avoid excess sugar intake.
Conclusion
While junk food may be tempting due to its taste and convenience, its negative impact on health cannot be ignored. The long-term consumption of junk food leads to obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and other chronic conditions. To improve overall health and well-being, it is essential to adopt a balanced diet that includes whole, nutritious foods and limits the consumption of processed, sugary, and fatty foods. By making healthier choices and understanding the risks of junk food, we can lead a more vibrant and disease-free life.
Here we are writing an article on environment protecting our planet for future generations, the challenges facing our environment and importance of environment protection and steps we can take for protecting environment. We have provided valuable insights on these topic. Have a look below.
The Environment: Protecting Our Planet for Future Generations
The environment is the foundation of all life on Earth. It includes everything around usโthe air we breathe, the water we drink, the soil that supports plants, and the animals that share our world. Our environment provides the essential resources necessary for survival, but unfortunately, human activities have been causing significant harm to it. Climate change, deforestation, pollution, and the depletion of natural resources have all taken a toll on the planet’s ecosystems. This article will explore the importance of protecting the environment, the challenges we face, and the steps we can take to ensure a sustainable future.
The Importance of the Environment
The environment plays a crucial role in supporting life on Earth. It provides:
1. Air and Water: Clean air is necessary for breathing, and clean water is vital for drinking, agriculture, and sanitation.
2. Food and Resources: The environment provides the resources we need for food, clothing, and shelter. Plants, animals, and minerals are essential for human life.
3. Biodiversity: The diversity of life forms on Earthโplants, animals, fungi, and microorganismsโsupports the balance of ecosystems, which are critical for maintaining ecological harmony.
4. Climate Regulation: Forests, oceans, and other natural systems help regulate the planet’s temperature, ensuring that life can flourish.
The Challenges Facing Our Environment
Despite the environment’s importance, various human activities have led to environmental degradation. Some of the major challenges include:
1. Climate Change: One of the most pressing environmental issues today is climate change. Rising global temperatures due to the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial emissions are leading to extreme weather events, melting ice caps, rising sea levels, and disrupted ecosystems.
2. Pollution: Pollution of air, water, and soil is widespread. Air pollution, caused by vehicle emissions, factory releases, and deforestation, is a major health risk. Water pollution from industrial waste, chemicals, and plastic waste is affecting rivers, lakes, and oceans. Soil degradation, caused by overuse of pesticides, deforestation, and urbanization, leads to a loss of fertile land for agriculture.
3. Deforestation: The destruction of forests for agriculture, logging, and urban expansion is reducing biodiversity and contributing to climate change. Forests act as carbon sinks, and deforestation disrupts their ability to absorb carbon dioxide, leading to higher levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
4. Loss of Biodiversity: As human activities encroach on natural habitats, many species are becoming endangered or extinct. Deforestation, pollution, and climate change are driving many species to extinction, which disrupts ecosystems and threatens food security.
5. Resource Depletion: Overconsumption of natural resources, such as water, fossil fuels, and minerals, is leading to their depletion. Unsustainable agricultural practices and industrial activities have also led to the depletion of fertile soil and a decrease in agricultural productivity.
The Importance of Environmental Protection
Protecting the environment is essential for ensuring that future generations can thrive. If we fail to address the environmental challenges we face today, we risk creating an uninhabitable planet. Environmental protection is not just about preserving the natural beauty of our world; it is about safeguarding the resources that support life.
By protecting the environment, we can:
1. Improve Public Health: Reducing pollution, improving waste management, and transitioning to clean energy sources can reduce the incidence of diseases caused by air, water, and soil pollution.
2. Combat Climate Change: By reducing greenhouse gas emissions, conserving forests, and adopting renewable energy, we can slow the effects of climate change and protect vulnerable ecosystems.
3. Ensure Sustainable Resources: Sustainable resource management practices can ensure that future generations have access to the natural resources they need to survive, including water, food, and energy.
4. Preserve Biodiversity: Protecting wildlife habitats and preserving ecosystems will help maintain biodiversity, ensuring that species continue to thrive and contribute to the balance of the planet’s ecosystems.
Steps We Can Take to Protect the Environment
Each of us has a role to play in protecting the environment. Small, everyday actions can make a big difference. Here are some practical steps we can take:
1. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle: Reducing waste by buying fewer disposable products, reusing items, and recycling materials like paper, plastic, and glass helps reduce pollution and conserve resources.
2. Conserve Water and Energy: Simple actions like turning off lights when not in use, using energy-efficient appliances, and conserving water by fixing leaks and using water-saving devices can reduce the strain on natural resources.
3. Support Renewable Energy: Transitioning to renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, reduces the reliance on fossil fuels and helps lower carbon emissions.
4. Plant Trees: Trees help combat climate change by absorbing carbon dioxide and providing oxygen. Participating in tree-planting initiatives can help restore forests and prevent deforestation.
5. Advocate for Environmental Policies: Supporting environmental policies that promote sustainability, reduce pollution, and protect natural habitats is crucial. By advocating for stronger environmental regulations and holding governments and industries accountable, we can push for meaningful change.
6. Educate and Raise Awareness: Raising awareness about environmental issues and educating others about the importance of protecting the planet can inspire collective action.
Conclusion
The environment is our most valuable asset, and it is our responsibility to protect it for the sake of future generations. Climate change, pollution, deforestation, and resource depletion are major threats that require immediate action. By making conscious choices and advocating for environmental protection, we can create a sustainable future for ourselves and the generations to come.
The time to act is now. Every effort, no matter how small, contributes to the bigger picture of preserving the planet’s health and ensuring that the Earth remains a thriving and habitable place for all living beings.
Here we are presenting a article on Independence day celebrating Freedom and unity, significance of Independence day, Historical context, celebration across the nation and reflecting on the spirit of independence. Take a look below we have provided valuable insights.
Independence Day: Celebrating Freedom and Unity
Independence Day is one of the most significant national holidays in India, observed annually on August 15th. It marks the day when India gained its independence from British colonial rule in 1947, ending nearly two centuries of foreign domination. The day is celebrated with great enthusiasm, patriotism, and reverence throughout the country, as it signifies the hard-fought freedom that millions of Indians had longed for.
The Significance of Independence Day
Independence Day is not just a day for celebration; it is a reminder of the sacrifices made by countless freedom fighters who fought tirelessly for India’s freedom. The event symbolizes the triumph of unity, determination, and the power of the people. It reminds citizens of the importance of preserving the nationโs sovereignty and the responsibility to maintain the peace and prosperity that freedom has brought.
On this day, the Indian tricolor is hoisted, the national anthem is sung, and various cultural programs are held across the nation. It is a time for people to reflect on the journey India has taken since 1947, as well as to honor the legacy of those who contributed to the independence struggle.
The Historical Context of Independence Day
Indiaโs struggle for independence was a long and arduous journey, which involved countless individuals, movements, and sacrifices. The British Empire had established control over India in the mid-18th century, and over time, the Indian subcontinent was subjected to colonial exploitation. The call for freedom began as early as the 1857 revolt, known as the First War of Indian Independence, but it was not until the 20th century that organized and mass movements gained momentum.
Leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Subhas Chandra Bose, and many others played crucial roles in the fight for independence. Their strategies, including non-violent civil disobedience, protests, and political negotiations, united millions of Indians in their pursuit of freedom. Events like the Salt March, Quit India Movement, and the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi became symbols of defiance against British rule.
On August 15, 1947, after years of struggle, India finally achieved independence. Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, raised the national flag at the Red Fort in Delhi, delivering his famous “Tryst with Destiny” speech. This moment marked the birth of a free India, paving the way for the nationโs growth and development.
Celebrations Across the Nation
Independence Day celebrations are marked by various events that honor Indiaโs sovereignty and the progress it has made since 1947. The most prominent celebration takes place in the capital city, Delhi, where the Prime Minister hoists the national flag at the Red Fort. This is followed by a speech that highlights the achievements of the country and the vision for its future. The speech also includes a tribute to the freedom fighters and martyrs who contributed to the countryโs independence.
Across the country, government offices, schools, colleges, and institutions organize flag-hoisting ceremonies, parades, and cultural programs. The Indian national flag is proudly displayed in every corner of the nation, symbolizing the unity and diversity that defines India. Various cultural activities, such as dance, music, and dramas depicting historical events, are organized to celebrate Indiaโs rich heritage.
In addition to the official celebrations, people also celebrate Independence Day in their own homes by watching parades, participating in community events, and showing their patriotism through flags, face-painting, and singing patriotic songs.
Reflecting on the Spirit of Independence
Independence Day is not just a day of celebration, but also a time for introspection. It serves as an opportunity to reflect on the progress India has made and the challenges that remain. Since independence, India has emerged as one of the worldโs largest democracies, with significant strides in education, technology, healthcare, and economic development. However, there are still areas that require attention, such as poverty eradication, environmental sustainability, and social justice.
On this day, people are reminded of their duty towards the nation. It is a time to recommit to the values of democracy, unity, and peace, which have been the foundation of the Indian republic. The diversity of the countryโits multitude of languages, religions, and culturesโshould be celebrated, as it is the strength that makes India unique.
The Role of Youth in the Future of India
The youth of India play a crucial role in shaping the future of the country. Independence Day serves as an important reminder for young people to honor their heritage, understand the sacrifices made for freedom, and actively contribute to the growth and development of the nation. Whether through education, social service, entrepreneurship, or political participation, the youth are the torchbearers of India’s progress.
In todayโs fast-paced world, it is essential that the younger generation remains connected with the values that made India free. They must be encouraged to work towards a more inclusive and prosperous society while upholding the principles of democracy, equality, and justice.
Conclusion
Independence Day is a day of immense significance, celebrating the freedom that every Indian enjoys today. It is a moment to pay tribute to the leaders who fought for Indiaโs independence and to the sacrifices made by countless individuals who believed in the dream of a free nation. The day also reminds us of the responsibilities that come with freedomโworking towards unity, progress, and the well-being of all citizens.
As the nation continues to evolve, Independence Day serves as a call to all citizens to uphold the values of liberty, equality, and fraternity. It is a day to honor the past, celebrate the present, and envision a future where India continues to shine as a beacon of hope, strength, and unity on the global stage.
Here we have presented an article on Digital India with its achievement , vision and future. Take a look on the valuable insights provided here.
Digital India: Empowering the Nation Through Technology
In todayโs fast-paced, technology-driven world, the role of digital transformation cannot be overstated. India, with its vast population and diverse landscapes, has embraced the power of technology through the ambitious initiative known as Digital India. Launched in 2015 by the Government of India, Digital India aims to transform the country into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy by leveraging the potential of information technology (IT) and digital infrastructure.
The Vision of Digital India
Digital India is a comprehensive initiative designed to enhance online infrastructure, increase internet connectivity, and make government services more accessible to citizens through digital platforms. The ultimate goal is to bridge the digital divide and ensure that every citizen, regardless of their location or socio-economic status, has access to the benefits of modern technology.
The key vision of Digital India includes three primary components:
Digital Infrastructure as a Utility to Every Citizen
Governance and Services on Demand
Digital Empowerment of Citizens
The Key Pillars of Digital India
The success of Digital India is built on several core pillars that focus on creating a robust digital ecosystem:
1. Broadband Highways
A critical aspect of Digital India is improving internet connectivity across the country. In rural and remote areas, broadband infrastructure is being developed to ensure that everyone has access to fast and reliable internet. The National Optical Fibre Network (NOFN), now renamed the BharatNet project, is a key initiative to bring high-speed broadband to every village in the country. This connectivity ensures that people in even the most isolated areas can access information, education, healthcare, and government services.
2. E-Governance and Services
Digital India seeks to digitize government services and make them available to citizens via the internet. This includes everything from applying for certificates and licenses to paying bills and accessing welfare schemes. The e-Governance initiative is streamlining processes, reducing bureaucracy, and making government services more transparent and accessible. Citizens can now interact with government departments online, saving time and effort.
The MyGov portal, Aadhaar, and DigiLocker are some of the notable digital services that have revolutionized public administration. For example, Aadhaar is a unique identity system that is linked to various government schemes, ensuring that services are delivered to the right individuals and cutting down on fraud.
3. Digital Literacy
Empowering citizens with digital skills is another essential pillar of Digital India. The Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan (PMGDISHA) aims to make 6 crore rural households digitally literate. By teaching basic digital skills, this program is opening doors to e-governance, e-commerce, and other online opportunities.
Initiatives such as free Wi-Fi in public spaces, mobile internet services, and online education platforms are also contributing to making technology more accessible to the masses. This ensures that citizens from all walks of life can benefit from digital education, healthcare, and economic opportunities.
4. IT for Jobs
Digital India also focuses on creating employment opportunities in the IT and digital sectors. By fostering the growth of IT hubs, e-commerce, and tech start-ups, the initiative aims to create millions of jobs. Training and skill development programs are empowering youth with the knowledge and expertise required to excel in the digital economy. As a result, digital jobs are becoming a significant contributor to the countryโs workforce.
5. Digital Payments and Financial Inclusion
A major component of Digital India is promoting digital payments and financial inclusion. The push for cashless transactions, through platforms like UPI (Unified Payments Interface), Aadhaar-enabled Payment System (AePS), and BHIM (Bharat Interface for Money), has transformed the way Indians conduct financial transactions. These platforms make it easier, safer, and faster to send and receive money, pay bills, and conduct online purchases, all while reducing the dependence on cash.
Additionally, government initiatives such as Jan Dhan Yojana aim to bring unbanked populations into the formal financial system, helping them access banking services and social security benefits.
Achievements of Digital India
Digital India has made significant progress since its inception. Some of the key achievements include:
Aadhaar has become the worldโs largest biometric ID system, with over 1.3 billion people enrolled, facilitating easier access to government services.
The Digital India Week launched numerous initiatives like BharatNet, e-Health, e-Education, and e-Governance, benefiting millions.
The promotion of Digital Payments has seen a massive rise in mobile wallets and online transactions, making India one of the leading countries in digital payments.
Public Wi-Fi hotspots have been installed in many public places, offering free internet to citizens.
E-Voting and E-Justice are pushing India towards a more transparent and efficient electoral and judicial system.
The Challenges Ahead
While Digital India has brought about transformative changes, challenges remain. Issues such as internet connectivity in remote areas, cyber security threats, digital literacy gaps, and the digital divide in rural and urban regions need to be addressed. For Digital India to become a reality, continued investments in infrastructure, education, and policy reforms are essential.
The Future of Digital India
The future of Digital India is promising. With rapid advancements in technology, such as artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, and the Internet of Things (IoT), India is poised to become a global leader in the digital space. Continued focus on innovation, digital education, and financial inclusion will drive the country toward becoming a digitally empowered nation.
In conclusion, Digital India is a transformative initiative that is reshaping the countryโs future by ensuring that technology reaches every citizen. By creating a digitally inclusive society, Digital India is not only enhancing economic growth but also improving the quality of life for millions. With continued effort, collaboration, and innovation, Digital India can unlock new opportunities and pave the way for a more prosperous and digitally advanced nation.
Here we have written an Article on yoga harnessing your inner strength. It is a valuable article with knowledgeable insights. Check it out.
Yoga: Harnessing Your Inner Strength
Yoga, an ancient practice that combines physical postures, breathing techniques, and meditation, is a pathway to unlocking your inner strength. It goes beyond just stretching your body or improving flexibility; it is about connecting deeply with yourselfโmind, body, and spirit. In a world that constantly demands our attention and energy, yoga provides a means to ground ourselves, center our thoughts, and cultivate resilience.
Physical Empowerment Through Yoga
One of the most profound ways yoga helps harness inner strength is through the body. The physical postures or asanas challenge the body in different ways, building strength, flexibility, and balance. These postures help you become aware of your physical limits while encouraging you to gently push past them.
With each practice, your body becomes stronger, more flexible, and more attuned to its needs. Poses like Downward Dog, Warrior, and Tree Pose activate different muscle groups, increase blood flow, and help develop endurance. As your body becomes stronger, it reflects the inner power you cultivate through persistence and self-awareness.
Yoga encourages you to listen to your body, promoting a deeper connection with it. This awareness helps you identify areas of tension and discomfort, teaching you to release them, and embrace strength. With time, you will notice improvements not just in your physical health, but in your sense of empowerment.
Mental Clarity and Focus
Beyond the physical, yoga is a powerful tool for harnessing mental strength. In todayโs chaotic world, itโs easy to feel overwhelmed, stressed, or distracted. Yoga teaches you to focus and calm the mind through techniques like mindful breathing (pranayama) and meditation. By focusing on your breath and clearing your mind, you create a space for clarity, focus, and peace.
When you practice yoga, you learn how to stay present in the moment, blocking out the noise and distractions of daily life. This mental clarity allows you to tackle challenges with a calm mind, better problem-solving abilities, and emotional balance. With a focused mind, you can better manage stress and navigate difficult situations with greater resilience.
Emotional Resilience
Yoga provides an opportunity to connect with and process your emotions. Through consistent practice, you begin to understand and acknowledge your emotional states. Rather than suppressing emotions or reacting impulsively, yoga empowers you to face your feelings with compassion and understanding.
Breathing techniques, combined with mindful movement, can help regulate emotions by calming the nervous system. By grounding yourself in your practice, you create space for emotional release and healing. Over time, yoga helps you develop emotional resilienceโthe ability to handle lifeโs ups and downs with grace and strength.
Spiritual Growth and Inner Peace
At its core, yoga is a spiritual practice. Itโs not just about achieving a physical pose, but also about connecting with your true essence. Yoga teaches you to look within, cultivate mindfulness, and align your actions with your higher self. This spiritual connection can foster a sense of inner peace, contentment, and purpose.
When you practice yoga, you begin to detach from external validation and expectations, shifting your focus inward. As you deepen your practice, you realize that your true strength lies not in external circumstances, but in your ability to remain calm, grounded, and self-aware. Through this connection with your inner self, you tap into an infinite reservoir of strength that empowers you to face life with greater courage and clarity.
Yoga as a Daily Practice of Strength
Yoga is not something to be practiced once in a whileโit is a daily commitment to yourself. It is a practice that grows with you, offering new layers of strength, peace, and self-discovery as you continue on your journey. Each time you step onto the mat, you reinforce your inner strength, learning to navigate challenges with resilience and mindfulness.
Yoga is about balanceโfinding harmony between your physical body, your mental state, and your spiritual essence. The more you practice, the more you cultivate inner strength that helps you cope with life’s pressures, develop a deeper understanding of yourself, and approach challenges with greater confidence.
Conclusion
Yoga is a powerful way to harness your inner strength. It builds physical power, sharpens mental clarity, fosters emotional resilience, and nurtures spiritual growth. By practicing yoga regularly, you learn to connect with your true self, unlock your potential, and face lifeโs challenges with poise and strength. The practice is not just about mastering a pose but about mastering yourselfโharnessing the power within to live a more balanced, empowered life.
Here we have presented an article on COVID-19 as a global pandemic and its impact on the world. Have a look at important part of history.
COVID-19: A Global Pandemic and Its Impact on the World
COVID-19, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, emerged in late 2019 and quickly spread across the globe, leading to a pandemic that affected almost every country. This virus not only caused significant health crises but also brought about unprecedented social, economic, and political challenges. The impact of COVID-19 has been felt by individuals, communities, industries, and governments worldwide, reshaping how people live, work, and interact with each other.
The Emergence and Spread of COVID-19
The first case of COVID-19 was identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. What initially seemed to be a localized outbreak soon escalated into a global health emergency as the virus spread rapidly to other countries. COVID-19 is highly contagious, primarily spreading through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. The virus can also be transmitted by touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the face, nose, or mouth.
By March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic, urging countries to take swift action to control its spread. As a result, nations around the world imposed lockdowns, travel restrictions, and social distancing measures to contain the virus.
Symptoms and Health Impact
COVID-19 affects people differently, with symptoms ranging from mild to severe. The most common symptoms include fever, cough, fatigue, and difficulty breathing. Some people may experience a loss of taste or smell, headaches, and muscle aches. In severe cases, COVID-19 can lead to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress, and even death, particularly among older adults and those with pre-existing health conditions.
While many people recover from the virus with mild symptoms, the long-term effects of COVID-19, known as “long COVID,” have been reported in some individuals. These lasting symptoms, which can persist for weeks or months, include fatigue, brain fog, difficulty concentrating, and joint pain.
The Global Response
Countries across the world responded to the pandemic in various ways, ranging from aggressive testing and contact tracing to strict lockdowns and travel bans. Healthcare systems were strained as hospitals struggled to accommodate the surge of COVID-19 patients. Personal protective equipment (PPE), ventilators, and other medical supplies were in high demand.
Governments implemented widespread public health campaigns, encouraging people to wear masks, practice hand hygiene, and maintain physical distance from others. Vaccination efforts became a critical part of the response once vaccines were developed.
Development of Vaccines
The development of COVID-19 vaccines was a historic scientific achievement. In record time, pharmaceutical companies and research institutions produced vaccines that were shown to be effective in preventing severe illness and reducing transmission of the virus. Vaccination campaigns were launched worldwide, with priority given to healthcare workers, the elderly, and vulnerable populations.
Despite vaccine availability, challenges such as vaccine hesitancy, distribution inequalities, and misinformation slowed the progress of achieving herd immunity. However, vaccination remains one of the most effective tools in controlling the spread of the virus.
Social and Economic Impact
The COVID-19 pandemic had far-reaching social and economic consequences. Lockdowns and restrictions forced businesses to close, resulting in job losses, reduced income, and economic downturns. The global economy contracted, with many industries such as travel, hospitality, and retail suffering significant losses.
Education systems were also affected, with schools and universities shifting to online learning. This transition posed challenges for students and teachers, particularly in regions with limited access to technology and the internet. The pandemic widened educational inequalities, as students from disadvantaged backgrounds faced difficulties in continuing their studies.
Social isolation and uncertainty about the future led to increased levels of stress, anxiety, and mental health issues. Many people experienced loneliness and depression due to the prolonged lockdowns and inability to engage in normal social activities.
Positive Outcomes and Lessons Learned
Despite the challenges, the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the resilience of individuals and communities. Healthcare workers, frontline workers, and volunteers displayed remarkable dedication in the fight against the virus. Communities came together to support one another, with many engaging in acts of kindness, from delivering groceries to vulnerable neighbors to organizing virtual events to maintain social connections.
The pandemic also accelerated innovations in healthcare, telemedicine, and digital technology. Remote work became a viable option for many industries, leading to a reevaluation of traditional workplace practices.
Conclusion
COVID-19 has left a lasting mark on the world, transforming how people live, work, and interact. While the pandemic has presented numerous challenges, it has also underscored the importance of global cooperation, scientific innovation, and resilience in the face of adversity. As the world continues to adapt to the ongoing presence of the virus, it is crucial to remain vigilant, embrace vaccination efforts, and prioritize public health measures to prevent future pandemics.
Here we have written an article on water conservation. We have touched this valuable topic take a look on the below.
Water Conservation: A Critical Need for Our Future
Water is one of the most essential resources on Earth, vital for all forms of life. Despite covering about 71% of the Earth’s surface, only 2.5% of the world’s water is fresh, and an even smaller fraction is accessible for human use. With increasing population, urbanization, and industrialization, the demand for water is rapidly rising, while the availability of clean, drinkable water is diminishing. This has made water conservation one of the most pressing issues of our time.
Importance of Water Conservation
Water conservation is essential for sustaining life, ecosystems, and future generations. Without careful management of this precious resource, we face serious consequences such as water scarcity, food insecurity, and damage to the environment. There are several reasons why conserving water is so critical:
1. Preventing Water Scarcity: Many regions across the globe, especially arid and semi-arid areas, face acute water shortages. In countries where water is scarce, millions of people lack access to clean drinking water. By conserving water, we can prevent the depletion of existing freshwater supplies and ensure that communities have access to the water they need.
2. Environmental Protection: Excessive water use can lead to the depletion of rivers, lakes, and wetlands, which are essential habitats for countless species. Water conservation helps maintain ecosystems, protects biodiversity, and supports the balance of the environment.
3. Mitigating Climate Change Effects: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events, including droughts and floods. Conserving water can help mitigate the impact of these events by ensuring sustainable water supplies during droughts and reducing the strain on water systems during floods.
4. Ensuring Food Security: Agriculture is the largest consumer of freshwater globally, and food production heavily depends on water availability. Conserving water can help maintain a stable food supply by ensuring that farms and crops have adequate water, especially in regions prone to droughts.
5. Economic Benefits: Water conservation reduces the cost of water treatment, distribution, and energy consumption. When less water is used, there is less wastewater to treat, resulting in energy and financial savings for communities and industries.
Simple Ways to Conserve Water
Every individual can contribute to water conservation through small, yet impactful changes in daily habits. Here are some practical ways to conserve water at home and in communities:
1. Fix Leaks: A dripping faucet or a leaking pipe can waste thousands of liters of water annually. Regularly checking and repairing leaks can save a significant amount of water.
2. Efficient Appliances: Installing water-efficient appliances like low-flow toilets, showerheads, and washing machines can reduce household water consumption without compromising functionality.
3. Turn Off the Tap: Simple habits like turning off the tap while brushing your teeth, shaving, or washing dishes can save a large amount of water over time.
4. Shorter Showers: Reducing shower time can conserve hundreds of liters of water each month. Using a bucket for bathwater in regions with water scarcity can also help.
5. Water Plants Wisely: Watering gardens early in the morning or late in the evening reduces evaporation, ensuring that plants receive the water they need without waste.
6. Rainwater Harvesting: Collecting rainwater for household use, gardening, or irrigation can significantly reduce the reliance on freshwater sources and help conserve water in areas prone to drought.
7. Education and Awareness: Raising awareness about the importance of water conservation in schools, communities, and workplaces encourages responsible water use and empowers people to take action.
The Role of Government and Industries
While individual actions are important, governments and industries also play a key role in ensuring sustainable water management. Policymakers must implement stricter regulations on water use, promote water recycling, and encourage the use of water-efficient technologies in agriculture, industry, and urban planning. Additionally, investment in infrastructure, such as building dams, reservoirs, and desalination plants, can help increase the availability of freshwater in regions facing water shortages.
Industries, as major water consumers, should adopt water-saving technologies and practices, such as reusing wastewater, reducing water-intensive processes, and minimizing pollution in water bodies. Collaboration between governments, industries, and communities is crucial for creating long-term water management solutions.
Conclusion
Water conservation is no longer just an option; it is a necessity. The need to save water is critical for sustaining life on Earth, ensuring food security, protecting ecosystems, and mitigating the impacts of climate change. Every individual, community, and industry has a role to play in preserving this essential resource for future generations. By adopting water-saving practices and supporting policies that promote sustainable water use, we can help secure a future where water is available for all.
Here we have presented an article on Road Safety. It is an important article with valuable insights, have a look.
Road Safety: A Crucial Responsibility for All
Road safety is a pressing concern worldwide, impacting millions of lives daily. With the rapid increase in the number of vehicles on the roads, ensuring the safety of drivers, passengers, and pedestrians has become more important than ever. Road accidents not only result in loss of life and property but also have far-reaching social, economic, and emotional consequences. Therefore, road safety is not just the responsibility of the authorities but a shared responsibility of every individual on the road.
The Importance of Road Safety
Road safety is crucial to prevent accidents, injuries, and fatalities. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), road traffic accidents are one of the leading causes of death globally, particularly among young people. Most accidents can be attributed to human error, such as reckless driving, speeding, drunk driving, and not following traffic rules.
Ensuring road safety is essential for:
Saving Lives: Adhering to traffic rules and safe driving practices can significantly reduce road accidents, injuries, and deaths.
Reducing Economic Burden: Accidents result in medical expenses, property damage, and loss of productivity, placing a financial burden on families and nations. Safer roads lead to fewer accidents, saving costs in the long run.
Promoting Healthy Communities: Safer roads encourage walking, cycling, and public transport, promoting physical activity and reducing pollution, leading to healthier and more sustainable communities.
Common Causes of Road Accidents
While roads are essential for connecting people, goods, and services, the increased traffic poses risks. Understanding the common causes of road accidents can help in formulating better safety measures:
Reckless Driving: Speeding, aggressive lane changes, and ignoring traffic signals are major contributors to road accidents.
Distracted Driving: Using mobile phones, eating, or adjusting the carโs controls while driving distracts drivers, leading to accidents.
Driving Under the Influence: Alcohol and drugs impair judgment, reaction time, and coordination, making driving under the influence highly dangerous.
Poor Road Conditions: Potholes, lack of proper signage, and inadequate lighting can increase the likelihood of accidents, particularly in poor weather conditions.
Lack of Safety Measures: Not wearing seat belts, helmets, or failing to use child safety seats can exacerbate the severity of injuries in accidents.
Measures to Ensure Road Safety
Following Traffic Rules: Adhering to traffic signals, speed limits, and lane discipline is essential for preventing accidents.
Awareness Campaigns: Governments and NGOs should conduct regular road safety awareness campaigns to educate the public about the importance of safe driving and the consequences of negligence.
Technology for Safety: Modern vehicles are equipped with safety features like anti-lock braking systems (ABS), airbags, and rearview cameras. Using these technologies can help reduce the impact of accidents.
Improving Infrastructure: Governments need to invest in better road designs, proper lighting, and maintaining road conditions. Installing speed cameras, pedestrian crossings, and traffic signals in high-risk areas can enhance safety.
Driver Training and Education: Proper driving education and rigorous driving tests ensure that individuals are well-prepared to handle various road conditions and understand the rules.
Law Enforcement: Strict enforcement of traffic laws, including fines for speeding, drunk driving, and not wearing seat belts, can act as a deterrent against unsafe driving behaviors.
Use of Helmets and Seat Belts: Wearing helmets while riding two-wheelers and seat belts in cars can significantly reduce the severity of injuries in case of an accident.
Role of Individuals in Road Safety
While the government and law enforcement agencies play a key role in ensuring road safety, individuals also have a significant responsibility:
Avoid Over-speeding: Always drive within speed limits, as speeding reduces the driverโs reaction time and increases the risk of accidents.
Stay Alert: Pay attention to the road and avoid distractions such as mobile phones. Staying focused can prevent unexpected incidents.
Do Not Drive Under Influence: Avoid driving if you have consumed alcohol or drugs. Opt for public transport or arrange for a designated driver.
Respect Pedestrians and Cyclists: Share the road respectfully, giving space to vulnerable road users such as pedestrians and cyclists.
Conclusion
Road safety is a collective responsibility that requires the participation of every individual on the road. By following traffic rules, staying alert, and adopting safe driving practices, we can reduce the number of road accidents and ensure safer roads for everyone. Governments, law enforcement, and communities must work together to create awareness and enforce strict safety measures to protect lives. A commitment to road safety is a commitment to saving lives, making our roads safer and more secure for future generations.
Here we have presented an Article On the need to save water. Valuable insights are present here, take a look.
The Urgent Need to Save Water: A Call for Sustainable Action
Water is the most essential resource on Earth, sustaining all forms of life. Despite its abundance, only a small percentage of the planet’s water is available for human use. With growing populations, industrial expansion, and climate change, the demand for water continues to rise, leading to widespread shortages and depletion of freshwater sources. This makes water conservation not just an environmental concern but a pressing global challenge that affects the survival of future generations.
Why is Water Conservation Important?
Water is a finite resource. While about 71% of the Earthโs surface is covered with water, less than 3% is freshwater, and most of it is locked away in glaciers or underground. The water that remains accessible for drinking, agriculture, and industrial use is limited. As urbanization and agricultural activities increase, so does the strain on these finite water resources.
The consequences of water scarcity are far-reaching. Lack of clean water affects health, food production, and economic development. In many parts of the world, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, communities face severe water shortages, leading to conflicts, forced migration, and a reduced quality of life. Climate change further exacerbates this issue by causing erratic rainfall patterns, prolonged droughts, and extreme weather events, all of which threaten the availability of freshwater.
Causes of Water Scarcity
There are several reasons behind the growing scarcity of water:
Overuse and Mismanagement: Excessive use of water for agriculture, industry, and daily activities leads to depletion of rivers, lakes, and groundwater. Inefficient irrigation practices, leaking pipes, and water wastage in households contribute significantly to the problem.
Pollution: Contamination of freshwater sources with chemicals, industrial waste, and untreated sewage reduces the amount of usable water. Polluted water bodies not only harm ecosystems but also pose severe health risks to humans.
Climate Change: Global warming is causing unpredictable weather patterns, with some regions experiencing droughts while others face flooding. These changes disrupt the natural water cycle, affecting the availability of freshwater.
Population Growth: As the worldโs population continues to grow, the demand for water increases. More people require more water for drinking, food production, sanitation, and industry, placing immense pressure on already stressed water supplies.
The Impact of Water Scarcity
Water scarcity has both immediate and long-term impacts on society:
Health and Hygiene: Millions of people around the world lack access to clean drinking water and sanitation facilities. This leads to the spread of waterborne diseases like cholera, dysentery, and typhoid, which claim thousands of lives every year.
Agriculture and Food Security: Agriculture is the largest consumer of freshwater. Water shortages reduce crop yields, affecting food production and leading to price increases. In many regions, farmers struggle to grow enough food, leading to hunger and malnutrition.
Economic Consequences: Industries that rely heavily on water, such as manufacturing, mining, and energy production, suffer when water becomes scarce. This affects economic growth, leads to job losses, and increases the cost of goods and services.
Environmental Degradation: The overuse of water resources leads to the depletion of wetlands, rivers, and lakes, disrupting ecosystems and threatening biodiversity. Aquatic species are particularly vulnerable to the effects of reduced water availability.
Steps Towards Water Conservation
To address the water crisis, both individuals and governments must take immediate and sustained action:
Efficient Water Use: Households can reduce water consumption by fixing leaks, using water-saving appliances, and being mindful of daily water use. Simple habits like turning off taps while brushing teeth and using buckets instead of hoses for cleaning can make a big difference.
Sustainable Agriculture: Farmers can adopt efficient irrigation techniques like drip irrigation, which reduces water wastage. Crop rotation, rainwater harvesting, and using drought-resistant crops can also help conserve water in agriculture.
Pollution Control: Governments and industries must work together to regulate the disposal of industrial waste and sewage into water bodies. Proper wastewater treatment systems can prevent water pollution and protect freshwater sources.
Rainwater Harvesting: Collecting and storing rainwater for domestic, agricultural, and industrial use is an effective way to reduce the demand for freshwater from rivers and groundwater sources.
Public Awareness: Education and awareness campaigns can encourage individuals to adopt water-saving practices in their daily lives. Schools, communities, and media can play a crucial role in spreading the message of water conservation.
Government Policies: Strong legislation and policies are needed to manage water resources effectively. Governments must invest in water infrastructure, promote sustainable practices, and ensure equitable access to water for all citizens.
Conclusion
Water is life, and the need to conserve it has never been more urgent. If we continue to waste and misuse this precious resource, future generations will face severe water shortages that could lead to widespread suffering and ecological collapse. By adopting sustainable water practices today, we can ensure a better tomorrow where clean water is available for all. Saving water is not just a responsibility but a necessity for the survival of our planet and its inhabitants.
Here we have presented sample and format article on Teachers Day.
Teacherโs Day: Honoring the Guiding Lights of Society
Every year on the 5th of September, India celebrates Teacherโs Day to honor the invaluable contribution of teachers in shaping the minds of the nation. This day is not just an occasion to express gratitude but a celebration of the vital role that educators play in the lives of students, communities, and the nation as a whole. The day also marks the birth anniversary of Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, a renowned philosopher, scholar, and Indiaโs second President, who believed that โteachers should be the best minds in the country.โ
Significance of Teacherโs Day
Teachers have always been seen as the torchbearers of wisdom and knowledge. They not only impart academic lessons but also nurture values, ethics, and discipline in their students. They guide students towards becoming responsible citizens and well-rounded individuals who contribute positively to society. Teacherโs Day is an opportunity for students to reflect on the positive impact that their mentors have had on their lives and to express appreciation for their dedication and hard work.
Role of Teachers in Modern Society
In todayโs rapidly evolving world, the role of teachers has expanded beyond the traditional classroom setting. With advancements in technology and changes in educational practices, teachers now need to equip students with skills that will help them thrive in the 21st century. Critical thinking, problem-solving, digital literacy, and emotional intelligence are just a few areas that teachers must address. They are not only educators but also counselors, role models, and lifelong learners who constantly adapt to the changing needs of their students.
In a globalized world, where knowledge is available at our fingertips, the personal touch of a teacher remains irreplaceable. Teachers play an essential role in fostering creativity, curiosity, and a love for learning, which no technology can replicate.
The Legacy of Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
Teacherโs Day is celebrated on Dr. Radhakrishnanโs birthday as a tribute to his belief in the power of education and the role of teachers in society. A great advocate for education, he once said, “Instead of celebrating my birthday, it would be my proud privilege if September 5 is observed as Teacherโs Day.” His legacy serves as a reminder that education is the foundation of a strong and prosperous nation.
Celebrating Teacherโs Day
In schools and colleges across the country, Teacherโs Day is celebrated with enthusiasm and joy. Students organize events, give speeches, perform plays, and present small tokens of appreciation to their teachers. These celebrations reflect the bond between students and teachers, a relationship built on respect, trust, and admiration. The day also allows students to take on the role of teachers, stepping into the shoes of their mentors and gaining a deeper understanding of the challenges and rewards of teaching.
Conclusion
Teacherโs Day is more than just a celebration; it is a reminder of the pivotal role teachers play in shaping the future. They inspire, motivate, and guide students towards achieving their full potential. On this special day, we pay tribute to teachers for their relentless efforts in nurturing young minds and for being the backbone of our society. As we honor them, we must also recognize the need to support and uplift the teaching profession, ensuring that educators receive the respect, resources, and opportunities they deserve. After all, a teacherโs influence extends far beyond the classroom, touching lives and shaping destinies.
Writing a application to father for money to buy books, paying board exam fees and to pay hostel rent.
1. Write a letter to father for money to buy books.
Anamika Gupta 123 Green Street, Model Town, New Delhi, 110001 Phone: 011-987654321 Email: neha.sharma@gmail.com
Date: 21th January 2025
To, Mr. Rajesh Kumar Principal Delhi University Delhi, 110002
Subject: Request for Financial Assistance to Buy Books
Dear Mr. Kumar,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to kindly request financial assistance to purchase books for my studies in English Literature at Delhi University. These books are essential for my coursework and academic progress, and I am currently unable to afford them due to my financial situation.
The books required are as follows:
The Norton Anthology of English Literature
Modern Literary Theory by Peter Barry
Shakespeare’s Tragedies
The total cost for these books is approximately โน4,000. I would be truly grateful if you could assist me with this amount, as these books are necessary for my academic success.
I assure you that your contribution will be used strictly for purchasing the required books, and I will be more than happy to provide any receipts or documents you may require for reference.
Thank you for considering my request. I look forward to your kind support.
Sincerely, Neha Sharma B.A. (Hons.) English, 2nd Year Delhi University
2. Write a letter to father for money to pay board exam fee.
Rani Sharma 15, Green Park, Meerut, 110017 Date: 23th January 2025
Dear Papa,
I hope you are doing well. I am writing to request your support in paying my board exam fee for the upcoming exams. As you know, the exams are fast approaching, and the fee for the exams is โน5,500. Unfortunately, I am unable to manage this amount on my own at the moment.
I have been preparing for the exams with full dedication, and I am confident that I will do well. The fee is due by 5th February 2025, and I would be grateful if you could kindly help me with the amount so I can submit it on time and focus on my studies.
I assure you that I will continue to put my best effort into my preparation and do my best to make you proud. Please let me know if you need any further details about the fee structure.
Thank you for always supporting me. I look forward to hearing from you soon.
With love, Neha Sharma
3. Write a letter to father for money to pay hostel rent.
Sofiya Choudhary Room No. 305, Satyam Hostel, University Road, Prayagraj, 110025 Date: 23th January 2025
Dear Papa,
I hope you are doing well. I am writing to request your support in paying my hostel rent for the current semester. The rent amount for this semester is โน9,500, and it is due by 5th February 2025. As you know, I am currently managing my expenses on my own, but I am unable to pay the full rent this month.
I would be really grateful if you could send the required amount as soon as possible so that I can pay the rent on time and continue staying in the hostel without any issues.
I assure you that I will continue to focus on my studies and make the most of this opportunity. Please let me know if you need any further details about the payment or hostel fees.
Thank you for your constant support and understanding. I look forward to your reply.
Writing a joining letter after maternity leave or leave due to illness.
1. Write a joining application after maternity leave.
Neha Sharma Senior Marketing Executive Marketing Department ABC Pvt. Ltd. 123 Business Park, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 250001 Phone: 0121-987654321 Email: neha.sharma@gmail.com
Date: 21th January 2025
To, The HR Manager ABC Pvt. Ltd. 123 Business Park, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 250001
Subject: Joining Report After Maternity Leave
Dear Mr. Gupta,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to formally inform you that I have completed my maternity leave and am ready to resume my duties as Senior Marketing Executive with ABC Pvt. Ltd. My leave commenced on 1st October 2024 and ended on 26th January 2025, as per the companyโs policy.
I would like to confirm my joining today, 27th January 2025, and look forward to resuming my responsibilities. I am excited to return to work and continue contributing to the success of the company.
Please let me know if there are any formalities I need to complete or any other documents required from my side to complete the joining process. I am happy to comply with any necessary steps.
Thank you for your understanding and support during my leave. I look forward to working with the team again.
2. Write a joining application after leave due to illness.
Lubna Choudhary Senior Marketing Executive Marketing Department ABC Pvt. Ltd. 123 Business Park, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 250001 Phone: 0121-987654321 Email: neha.sharma@gmail.com
Date: 21th January 2025
To, The HR Manager ABC Pvt. Ltd. 123 Business Park, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 250001
Subject: Joining Application After Leave Due to Illness
Dear Mr Ravi Kumar,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to formally inform you that I have fully recovered from my illness and am ready to resume my duties as Software Developer with XYZ Technologies Pvt. Ltd. My leave was from 15th January 2025 to 25th January 2025, as per the medical advice.
I would like to confirm my joining today, 27th January 2025, and look forward to resuming my responsibilities. I sincerely appreciate your understanding and support during my leave, and I am eager to contribute my best to the team.
Please let me know if there are any formalities I need to complete or any other documents required from my side to resume my work.
Thank you for your consideration, and I look forward to returning to work.
Adi Gupta Senior Marketing Executive Marketing Department Tech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. 456 Business Park, Connaught Place, New Delhi, 110001 Phone: 011-987654321 Email: neha.sharma@gmail.com
Date: 23th January 2025
To, The HR Manager Tech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. 456 Business Park, Connaught Place, New Delhi, 110001
Subject: Rejoining Letter After Personal Leave
Dear Mr. Kapoor,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to express my desire to rejoin Tech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. after my leave of absence. As you are aware, I had to take leave due to personal reasons.
I am pleased to inform you that I am now ready and eager to return to work and resume my duties as Senior Marketing Executive in the Marketing Department. I truly appreciate the understanding and support I received from the company during my time away.
I would like to request that my rejoining be processed starting from 2nd February 2025, and I will be available to meet with you if any further formalities or documentation are required.
Thank you for your consideration. I look forward to returning and contributing once again to the success of the company.
To, The Branch Manager HDFC Bank Meerut City Branch Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 250001
Subject: Request for Account Transfer Due to Job Change
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing this letter to request the transfer of my bank account from your branch to a new branch, as I have recently changed my job and will be relocating to a different city. Below are the details of my account:
Account Holder’s Name: Neha Sharma
Account Number: 1234 5678 9101
Current Branch Name: HDFC Bank, Meerut City Branch
New Branch Name: HDFC Bank, Lucknow City Branch
New Branch Address: 789 Green Park, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001
I kindly request you to transfer my account to the nearest branch of HDFC Bank in Lucknow, where I will be residing. I am attaching my job change letter and address proof for your reference.
Please let me know if any further documents or actions are required from my side to complete the transfer process.
I would appreciate your prompt assistance with this matter.
Thank you for your understanding and support.
Sincerely, Neha Sharma [Signature]
2. Write a application for bank account transfer to another branch due to relocated.
To, The Branch Manager HDFC Bank Meerut City Branch Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, 250001
Subject: Request for Bank Account Transfer to Another Branch Due to Relocation
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to formally request the transfer of my bank account from your branch to another branch, as I have recently relocated to a different area. Below are the details of my account and the new branch where I wish to transfer it:
Account Holder’s Name: Neha Sharma
Account Number: 1122 3344 5566
Current Branch Name: HDFC Bank, Delhi City Branch
New Branch Name: HDFC Bank, Lucknow City Branch
New Branch Address: 789 Green Park, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001
As I have shifted my residence to a new city due to my job relocation, I kindly request you to initiate the process of transferring my account to the HDFC Bank Lucknow City Branch. I am attaching my address proof and other necessary documents for your reference.
I would appreciate your swift action in transferring my account and making it convenient for me to operate it from the new branch. Please let me know if there are any additional documents or steps required from my side to complete this process.
Here we are writing sample application for the submission of documents to a school or submission of certificate in a company.
1. Write a sample letter for submitting documents to a School.
Priya Gupta 12, Green Meadows, Sector 15 Dwarka, Delhi- 122001 21th January 2025
To, The Principal Sunshine International School Plot No. 45, Sector 12 Connaught Place, Delhi – 122018
Subject: Submission of Documents for Admission
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to submit the necessary documents for my daughter, Aarushi Gupta, for the purpose of completing the admission process to Grade 5 at your esteemed school for the academic year 2025-2026.
The following documents are being submitted along with this letter:
Birth Certificate
Passport-sized photographs (2 copies)
Aadhaar Card Copy
Previous School’s Transfer Certificate
Marksheet/Report Card from ABC International School
Address Proof (Aadhaar card)
I kindly request you to acknowledge the receipt of the documents and process the admission accordingly. If there are any additional documents required or further actions needed, please feel free to contact me at 9876543210 or via email at priya.gupta@gmail.com.
Thank you for your consideration and support. I look forward to your response.
2. Write a letter for submitting certificate to a company.
Ravi Kumar B-10, Green Avenue, Sector 21 Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh – 201301 23th January 2025
To, The HR Manager Tech Innovators Pvt. Ltd. D-12, Sector 34 Delhi, Uttar Pradesh – 201307
Subject: Submission of Training Completion Certificate
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to submit the Training Completion Certificate for the “Advanced Data Analytics Course” that I recently completed as part of my professional development. Please find the certificate attached herewith for your review.
The certificate verifies my completion of the training program, which focused on data analysis techniques, statistical tools, and machine learning algorithms, and it is relevant to my role as a Data Analyst at Tech Innovators Pvt. Ltd..
Should you require any additional documents or information, please feel free to contact me.
Thank you for your attention to this matter. I look forward to your response.
Yours sincerely, Ravi Kumar Data Analyst Contact: 9876543210 Email: ravi.kumar@gmail.com
Here we have provided sample and format for explaining mistake at work.
Rohit Mehra Sales Executive Starline Enterprises 25th January 2025
To, Mr. Anil Sharma Sales Manager Starline Enterprises
Subject: Explanation for the Mistake in the Monthly Sales Report
Dear Mr. Sharma,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to formally apologize and provide an explanation for the mistake that occurred in the submission of the Monthly Sales Report for December 2024. I fully acknowledge that the error in the report, specifically the incorrect sales figures for Region B, was due to my oversight, and I deeply regret the inconvenience it has caused.
Upon reviewing the situation, I realized that the error happened due to a miscalculation during data entry, and I mistakenly overlooked the incorrect totals while finalizing the report. It was never my intention to let this mistake happen, and I take full responsibility for the outcome. I have already rechecked the data and submitted a revised report with accurate figures.
Moving forward, I will ensure that such mistakes do not happen again by thoroughly double-checking all reports before submission and cross-referencing the data with our CRM system to avoid discrepancies.
Once again, I sincerely apologize for any disruption caused by my mistake, and I appreciate your understanding in this matter. I remain committed to delivering high-quality work and learning from this experience to improve.
Thank you for your time and consideration. If you have any further concerns or need additional information, please feel free to let me know.
Neha Sharma Marketing Coordinator Bright Star Solutions 19th January 2025
To, Mr. Rajeev Khanna Marketing Director Bright Star Solutions
Subject: Apology for the Mistake in the Email Campaign
Dear Mr. Khanna,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to sincerely apologize for the mistake I made regarding the recent email marketing campaign for the “Spring Sale Promotion.” I fully acknowledge my error in sending the emails with incorrect discount codes to our clients, and I deeply regret the confusion and inconvenience this has caused.
I take full responsibility for my actions and understand the negative impact it may have had on our clients and the overall campaign. The mistake occurred due to a miscommunication on my part while uploading the discount codes into the email system, and I should have double-checked the details before sending.
To rectify the situation, I have already contacted the affected clients and provided them with the correct discount codes. Additionally, I am implementing a more rigorous review process for all future email campaigns to ensure such errors do not happen again.
Once again, I deeply apologize for any inconvenience or frustration caused by my mistake. I am committed to learning from this experience and ensuring that I deliver better work in the future. Thank you for your understanding and continued support.
Here we have provided format and sample for inviting a person as chief guest on annual sports day or restaurant opening or school function .
1. Write a Invitation letter for the chief guest.
Greenwood School B-12, Sector 10, Delhi, 201301 16th January 2025, Dr. Rajesh Sharma
Principal National Institute of Education F-3, Sector 4, Delhi, 201301
Subject: Invitation to be the Chief Guest at Annual Sports Day
Respected Dr. Sharma,
We hope this letter finds you in the best of health and spirits. On behalf of Greenwood School, it is our honor to invite you as the Chief Guest for our upcoming Annual Sports Day, which is scheduled to take place on 15th February 2025 at 10:00 AM at the school playground.
The Annual Sports Day is a highly anticipated event for our students, teachers, and parents, and we would be privileged to have you as the Chief Guest. Your presence and encouragement would greatly inspire the participants and add to the joy of the occasion. We are confident that your esteemed presence will enrich the event and motivate our students to perform at their best.
The details of the event are as follows: Event: Annual Sports Day Date: 15th February 2025 Time: 10:00 AM Venue: Greenwood School Playground, B-12, Sector 10, Delhi
We kindly request you to grace the event with your esteemed presence and share your thoughts with the students and staff. Your words of wisdom will surely be an inspiration for all.
Please let us know if you need any further details or have any special requirements for the event. We eagerly await your confirmation and hope to make this event a memorable one with your gracious presence.
Thank you for considering our invitation. We look forward to welcoming you to the event.
2. Write a Chef guest Invitation Card for Restaurant opening.
Invitation
The Grand Opening of Our Restaurant
You are cordially invited to the grand opening of Spice Villa on Sunday, 5th February 2025 at 5:00 PM at 123, Sunset Boulevard, Dwarka, New Delhi
We are honored to have Mr. Rajeev Malhotra, renowned celebrity chef and food critic, as the Chief Guest for this special occasion.
Please join us to mark the beginning of a new culinary journey with delectable cuisine, an inviting ambiance, and memorable experiences.
Your presence would mean a lot to us!
RSVP: Ravi Kumar 1254632547 Ravi.kumar@gmail.com
3. Write a Invitation letter for Chief guest for a function at School.
Green Valley Public School 123, Blossom Avenue, Greenwood City, Meerut – 110020 25th January 2025
Dr. Anjali Verma Director, Department of Education Ministry of Human Resource Development Shastri Bhawan, Meerut – 110001
Subject: Invitation as Chief Guest for the Annual Day Celebration
Dear Dr. Anjali Verma,
We hope this letter finds you in good health and high spirits. It gives us immense pleasure to inform you that our school, Green Valley Public School, is organizing its Annual Day Celebration on 10th February 2025 at 5:00 PM in the school auditorium. We are writing to cordially invite you to grace the occasion as our esteemed Chief Guest.
Your presence at the function would greatly motivate our students, staff, and parents, and your words of wisdom will certainly inspire and enlighten everyone attending the event. The students and faculty members are excited and looking forward to this grand occasion.
We request you to kindly accept our invitation and honor us with your gracious presence. Please confirm your availability at your earliest convenience.
We eagerly look forward to your positive response.
Thank you for considering our invitation.
Yours sincerely, Rohit Sharma Principal Green Valley Public School Contact: 9876543210 Email: principal@gvpschool.edu.in
To, Mr. Rahul Verma Senior Software Engineer IT Department ABC Technologies Pvt. Ltd. Meerut, 201301
Subject: Allotment of Official Quarter
Dear Mr. Verma,
I am pleased to inform you that, as per your application and in accordance with the companyโs housing policy, an official quarter has been allotted to you.
The details of the allotted quarter are as follows:
Quarter Number: Q-45 Address: Sector 12, ABC Colony, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301 Type of Quarter: 2BHK Effective Date of Allotment: 1st February 2025
You are requested to take possession of the quarter on or after 1st February 2025. Kindly ensure that you complete the necessary formalities, including signing the possession agreement and submitting any required documents, with the concerned department.
The rent, maintenance charges, and other applicable fees will be as per the companyโs housing policy. Please feel free to contact the Housing Department for any further information or assistance.
We hope that you find the quarter comfortable and conducive to your work-life balance.
Ravi Kumar Junior Clerk Revenue Department Block No. 5, Civil Secretariat Meerut, 800001 18th January 2025
To, The Chief Administrative Officer Housing Department State Government Office Meerut, 800001
Subject: Application for Allotment of Government Quarter
Respected Sir/Madam,
I hope this application finds you in good health. I, Ravi Kumar, am currently serving as a Junior Clerk in the Revenue Department at the Civil Secretariat, Patna. I am writing to request the allotment of a government quarter for residential purposes.
As per the regulations, I am eligible to apply for a government quarter, and I would like to request your kind consideration for the same. I have been serving in the Revenue Department for 2 years and have been facing challenges in managing accommodation on my own. A government quarter will greatly support my work and help me focus better on my responsibilities.
I request you to kindly consider my application and allocate a quarter to me as per the availability. I am willing to comply with all the formalities required for the allotment process.
I would be grateful for your support and look forward to a positive response at the earliest.
1.Writing a letter to the Registrar for Correction in Marksheet.
Date: 25 January 2025
To, The Registrar University of Delhi North Campus, Delhi 110007
Subject: Request for Correction in Marksheet
Respected Sir/Madam,
I, Radhika Sharma, a student of Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) English Honours, enrolled in the Department of English with roll number 123456789, would like to inform you about a mistake found in my marksheet issued for the 5th Semester examination held in November 2024.
Upon reviewing the marksheet, I noticed that there is an error in the subject “British Literature”. The marks recorded for this subject are 58, whereas the correct marks should be 75. I kindly request you to rectify this mistake and issue a corrected marksheet.
I have attached a copy of my original marksheet for your reference and any necessary supporting documents to help resolve the issue.
I would be grateful for your prompt attention and assistance in correcting this matter.
Thank you for your cooperation.
Yours faithfully, Radhika Sharma Roll Number: 123456789 B.A. English Honours Department of English University of Delhi Contact: 9876543210
Enclosures:
Copy of Original Marksheet
Supporting Documents (if applicable)
2. Write a application for marksheet correctio.
Application for Marksheet Correctionto registrar
Date: 25 January 2025
To, The Registrar University of Delhi Karol Bagh, Delhi
Subject: Request for Correction in Marksheet
Respected Sir/Madam,
I, Aarushi Patel, a student of Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com) in the Department of Commerce, with roll number 2022345678, am writing to request a correction in my marksheet issued for the 3rd Year, Semester VI examination held in December 2024.
Upon reviewing my marksheet, I noticed a discrepancy in the marks of the subject “Corporate Accounting.” The marks recorded for this subject are 56, but the correct marks should be 72. I kindly request you to correct this error and issue a revised marksheet with the accurate information.
I have attached a copy of my original marksheet for your reference and any necessary documents to facilitate the correction.
Thank you for your attention to this matter. I look forward to your assistance in resolving the issue.
Yours faithfully, Aarushi Patel Roll Number: 2022345678 B.Com Department of Commerce University of Mumbai Contact: 9876543210
1. Write a letter to uncle thanking him for the birthday gift.
Priya Mehra 45, Rose Villa Apartments Meerut, 700019 18 January 2025
Dear Uncle Rajesh,
I hope you are doing well. I wanted to take a moment to thank you for the wonderful birthday gift you sent me. I was thrilled when I opened the gift and saw the beautiful wristwatch. It is exactly what I wanted, and I truly appreciate your thoughtfulness and generosity.
Your gift made my birthday even more special, and I will always cherish it. Thank you so much for being so thoughtful and for making my day extra memorable. I hope to see you soon so I can thank you in person.
Take care, and once again, thank you for the lovely gift!
With love, Priya
2. Write a letter thanking uncle for the new laptop.
Priya Mehra 45, Main street Delhi, 700019 18 January 2025
Dear Uncle Suresh,
I hope you are doing well. I wanted to express my heartfelt thanks for the amazing birthday giftโa brand new laptop! I was completely surprised and so excited when I received it. This laptop will be incredibly useful for my studies and projects, and I canโt thank you enough for such a thoughtful and generous present.
It means a lot to me, and I am truly grateful for your kindness. Iโm already enjoying using it and will make the best use of it. Youโve made my birthday extra special this year!
I look forward to seeing you soon and thanking you in person. Take care, and thank you once again for the wonderful gift!
Writing a leave application format for sick leave from job.
Sick Leave Application
Date: 19 January 2025
To, The Manager ABC Technologies Pvt. Ltd. Human Resources Department Delhi, 201301
Subject: Application for Sick Leave
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to inform you that I am unwell and unable to attend work due to a viral fever. As advised by my doctor, I need to take rest for three days to recover fully.
I kindly request you to grant me sick leave from 25 January 2025 to 27 January 2025. I will keep you informed if there is any need to extend the leave period. In case of any urgent matters, you can reach me at 9876543210.
Thank you for your understanding.
Yours sincerely, Priya Mehra Software Developer IT Department Contact: 9876543210
Here we have presented samples and format for authorization to another person to account or submitting loan documents.
1. Write a Authorization letter to bank due to illness.
Authorization Letter Due to Illness
Date: 22 January 2025
To, The Manager Axis Bank Civil Lines Branch New Delhi, 110054
Subject: Authorization Letter Due to Illness
Dear Sir/Madam,
I, Riya Verma, holding Account Number 4567890123, am unable to visit your branch in person due to illness. Therefore, I hereby authorize my brother, Arjun Verma, holding Aadhaar Number 1234 5678 9012, to act on my behalf and handle all necessary matters regarding the submission of KYC documents for my account.
Please allow Arjun Verma to carry out the required formalities on my behalf. I am attaching a copy of my medical certificate and identification documents along with this letter for your reference.
I kindly request you to cooperate with Arjun Verma in completing the process. Should you need any additional information, please feel free to contact me at 9876543210 or riyaverma@gmail.com.
Thank you for your understanding and assistance.
Yours sincerely, Riya Verma 45, Green Park, Civil Lines New Delhi, 110054 Contact: 9876543210
Enclosures:
Copy of my Aadhaar Card
Copy of Arjun Vermaโs Aadhaar Card
Medical Certificate
2. Write a Authorization letter Sample to collect loan document.
Authorization Letter to Collect Loan Documents
Date: 25 January 2025
To, The Manager HDFC Bank Loan Department Rajendra Nagar Branch Meerut, 800016
Subject: Authorization Letter to Collect Loan Documents
Dear Sir/Madam,
I, Shweta Singh, holding Loan Account Number 5678901234, have successfully completed the repayment of my loan. Due to personal reasons, I am unable to visit the branch to collect the loan documents in person. Therefore, I hereby authorize my father, Mr. Ramesh Singh, holding Aadhaar Number 1234 5678 9101, to collect the original loan documents on my behalf.
Please allow Mr. Ramesh Singh to collect the loan documents and sign any necessary acknowledgments on my behalf. I am attaching a copy of my identification proof along with Mr. Ramesh Singhโs identification proof for your reference.
I kindly request you to assist Mr. Ramesh Singh in completing the formalities for collecting the documents. Should you require any further information, please feel free to contact me at 9876543210 or via email at shweta.singh@gmail.com.
Writing an application letter for signature change in bank account. Here we have provided sample and format.
Neha Sharma 12, Green Avenue, Sector 5 Lucknow, 226001 25 January 2025
The Branch Manager State Bank of India Gomti Nagar Branch Lucknow, 226010
Subject: Application for Signature Change in Bank Account
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to request a change in my signature for my account held at your branch. Below are my account details:
Account Holder’s Name: Neha Sharma
Account Number: 9876543210
Branch Name: Gomti Nagar Branch
IFSC Code: SBIN0001234
Due to a recent change in my signature style, I would like to update my signature linked to my bank account. I have attached my old and new signatures for your reference.
Old Signature: _______________ New Signature: _______________
I kindly request you to update the signature in your records and enable me to operate my account with the new signature. I am also enclosing a self-attested copy of my Aadhaar card for verification purposes.
Thank you for your assistance in this matter. Please feel free to contact me at 9876543211 or nehasharma@gmail.com if any further information is required.
Writing an application to receive no due certificate from bank of a personal and education loan. Format and samples are provided below.
No Due Certificate
Date: 19th January 2025
To, The Branch Manager, XYZ Bank Ltd., City Branch, New Delhi – 110001.
Subject: No Due Certificate for Personal Loan
Dear Sir/Madam,
This is to certify that Mr. Rahul Sharma, holding a Personal Loan account with our bank, Account Number: PL123456789, has repaid the full amount of the loan taken from the bank.
As of the date of this certificate, no dues remain against the personal loan account mentioned above. The outstanding loan amount of Rs. 2,50,000/- (Two Lakhs Fifty Thousand Rupees) has been fully paid along with any applicable interest and charges. Therefore, the loan account stands closed with no further financial obligations.
We confirm that the said loan account has been satisfactorily settled and there are no dues pending.
Thank you for choosing XYZ Bank.
Issued by: Authorized Signatory XYZ Bank Ltd. (Branch Manager) Signature: ______________ Seal of the Bank
2. Write a no due certificate from bank of study loan.
No Due Certificate Date: 25th January 2025
To, The Principal, Delhi University” Delhi, Uttar Pradesh,
Subject: No Due Certificate for Study Loan
This is to certify that Mr. Rahul Sharma, son of Mr. Prakash Sharma, residing at 45, Park Street, City, has availed an Education Loan from ABC Bank, Branch Code: 12345, for the purpose of pursuing his higher education at XYZ University.
The details of the loan account are as follows:
Loan Account Number: 9876543210
Date of Loan Sanction: 10th June 2022
Loan Amount Sanctioned: โน2,50,000
Loan Amount Repaid: โน2,50,000
Outstanding Balance: โน0
Loan Closure Date: 25th January 2025
We hereby confirm that there are no outstanding dues or pending payments against the aforementioned loan account. The loan has been fully repaid, and the account is closed.
This certificate is issued at the request of Mr. Rahul Sharma for the purpose of submitting it to XYZ University.
For ABC Bank, Branch Manager Signature: ______________ (Stamp of the Bank)
3. Write a letter for No due certificate from bank format.
Abhilash House 5, Street 3 Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 2563147896 Abhilash@gmail.com
Date: 21-January-2025
To, The Branch Manager, HDFC Main Branch Meerut, Uttar Pradesh
Subject: Request for No Due Certificate for Education Loan
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to formally request a “No Due Certificate” for my Education Loan account with your bank.
The details of my loan account are as follows:
Loan Account Number: [Your Loan Account Number]
Loan Type: Education Loan
Date of Loan Sanction: [Loan Sanction Date]
Loan Amount: [Loan Amount Sanctioned]
Loan Closure Date: [Date of Loan Closure (if paid off)]
I have fully repaid the loan, and there are no outstanding dues against my account. I kindly request you to issue the No Due Certificate confirming the closure of my Education Loan account.
The certificate is required for submission to Meerut University for further processing of my academic records.
Thank you for your assistance. Please feel free to contact me if you need any further information.
Writing sample and format to inform a bank about the death of an account holder or joint account holder.
1. Write a sample letter to inform a bank about the death of an account holder.
Neha Sharma A-123, Green Park Colony New Delhi – 110016 Phone: 9876543210 Email: nehasharma123@gmail.com
Date: 19/01/2025
To, The Branch Manager State Bank of India Rajouri Garden Branch New Delhi – 110027
Subject: Intimation of Death of Account Holder and Request for Account Closure
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to inform you of the sad demise of Mr. Rajesh Sharma, who held an account with your bank under the account number 9876543210. He passed away on 10/01/2025, and I am enclosing the death certificate for your reference.
As Mr. Rajesh Sharma’s daughter, I would kindly request you to guide me through the necessary steps for closing the account and settling any remaining balance.
Please let me know if you require any additional documents or formalities to proceed with this process. I would appreciate it if you could expedite the closure as soon as possible and inform me of any further actions needed.
I look forward to your prompt assistance in this matter.
Thank you for your cooperation.
Yours faithfully,
Neha Sharma Daughter of Mr. Rajesh Sharma
Enclosures:
Death Certificate Copy
Identification Proof (Aadhar Card Copy)
2. Write a Sample letter to Bank about the death of joint account holder.
To, The Branch Manager Punjab National Bank Shastri Nagar Branch Meerut, Uttar Pradesh – 250004
Subject: Intimation of Death of Joint Account Holder and Request for Account Update
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to inform you of the unfortunate demise of Mrs. Sunita Verma, who was a joint holder of the account numbered 1234567890 with me at your bank. She passed away on 10/01/2025, and I am enclosing a copy of the death certificate for your reference.
As the surviving account holder, I would like to request your assistance in updating the account accordingly. Kindly let me know the necessary formalities or documentation required to complete this process. I would also appreciate any guidance on how to proceed with managing the account moving forward.
Please let me know if any further information is required. I look forward to your prompt assistance in handling this matter.
1. Write a letter to society for NOC to sell property.
Date: 24th January 2025
To, The President, ABC Housing Society, XYZ Road, Sector 12, City Name – 123456.
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to formally request a No Objection Certificate (NOC) from the ABC Housing Society for the sale of my property located at Flat No. 405, Block B, ABC Housing Society, XYZ Road, Sector 12, City Name – 123456.
I, Mr. Rahul Sharma, am the owner of the above-mentioned property, and I have decided to sell it to Mr. Sanjay Mehra, who has expressed interest in purchasing the flat. As part of the legal process for the sale, I would require an NOC from the society, confirming that the society has no objections regarding the transfer of ownership of the said property.
I assure you that all dues related to the society maintenance, electricity, and other charges have been cleared up to date. Enclosed are the following documents for your reference:
Copy of the property ownership document.
Proof of clearance of society dues.
Buyerโs ID proof.
I would be grateful if you could kindly issue the NOC at your earliest convenience to ensure a smooth and swift sale process. Should you require any further documentation or information, please feel free to contact me at 9876543210 or via email at rahul.sharma@email.com.
Thank you for your assistance in this matter.
Yours sincerely, Rahul Sharma Flat No. 405, Block B ABC Housing Society Phone: 9876543210 Email: rahul.sharma@gmail.com
2. Write a letter to society secretary for NOC to apply for a mortgage loan.
Subject: Request for No Objection Certificate (NOC) for Mortgage Loan Application
Date: 24th January 2025
To, The Secretary, XYZ Housing Society, ABC Street, Sector 8, City Name – 987654.
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope you are doing well. I am writing to request a No Objection Certificate (NOC) from the XYZ Housing Society for the purpose of applying for a mortgage loan against my property located at Flat No. 202, Block A, XYZ Housing Society, ABC Street, Sector 8, City Name – 987654.
I, Mrs. Priya Verma, am the owner of the aforementioned flat and I am in the process of securing a mortgage loan from ABC Bank Ltd. To complete my loan application, the bank requires an NOC from the housing society, stating that the society has no objection to me availing the loan against the property.
I assure you that all society dues, maintenance fees, and other charges have been paid in full and up to date. Kindly issue the NOC at your earliest convenience to enable me to proceed with the loan formalities.
For your reference, I have enclosed the following documents:
Copy of property ownership proof.
Loan application confirmation letter from ABC Bank Ltd.
Proof of clearance of society dues.
If you require any further information or documentation, please feel free to contact me at 9876543210 or via email at priya.verma@email.com.
I kindly request you to issue the NOC at the earliest so that I can proceed with my loan application smoothly.
Thank you for your cooperation and assistance.
Yours sincerely, Priya Verma Flat No. 202, Block A XYZ Housing Society Phone: 9876543210 Email: priya.verma@email.com
3. Write a Request letter to society for NOC for transfer of Billing name.
Subject: Request for No Objection Certificate (NOC) for Mortgage Loan Application
Date: 24th January 2025
To, The Secretary, XYZ Housing Society, ABC Street, Sector 8, Meerut – 987654.
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope you are doing well. I am writing to request a No Objection Certificate (NOC) from the XYZ Housing Society for the purpose of applying for a mortgage loan against my property located at Flat No. 202, Block A, XYZ Housing Society, ABC Street, Sector 8, City Name – 987654.
I, Mrs. Priya Verma, am the owner of the aforementioned flat and I am in the process of securing a mortgage loan from ABC Bank Ltd. To complete my loan application, the bank requires an NOC from the housing society, stating that the society has no objection to me availing the loan against the property.
I assure you that all society dues, maintenance fees, and other charges have been paid in full and up to date. Kindly issue the NOC at your earliest convenience to enable me to proceed with the loan formalities.
For your reference, I have enclosed the following documents:
Copy of property ownership proof.
Loan application confirmation letter from ABC Bank Ltd.
Proof of clearance of society dues.
If you require any further information or documentation, please feel free to contact me at 9876543210 or via email at priya.verma@email.com.
I kindly request you to issue the NOC at the earliest so that I can proceed with my loan application smoothly.
Thank you for your cooperation and assistance.
Yours sincerely, Priya Verma Flat No. 202, Block A XYZ Housing Society Phone: 9876543210 Email: priya.verma@gmail.com
Here we have provided samples and format for application to University for Degree Certificate.
Write a application to university for Degree Certificate.
Ananya Sharma 456, Green Park Colony Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 250001 ananya.sharma@gmail.com 9876543210 January 24, 2025
To, The Registrar Global University of Excellence Sector 12, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, 201310
Subject: Application for Issuance of Degree Certificate
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to request the issuance of my degree certificate for the Master of Science (M.Sc.) in Physics program that I completed in the year 2024 at your esteemed university. I have successfully completed all requirements for the degree, and I now require the official degree certificate for further academic and professional purposes.
Below are my details for your reference:
Name: Ananya Sharma
Roll Number: 202020MSP123
Course: Master of Science (M.Sc.) in Physics
Year of Graduation: 2024
Department: Department of Physics
I kindly request you to process my application and issue the degree certificate as soon as possible. Please inform me if any further documentation or steps are required.
Thank you for your attention to this matter. I look forward to your prompt response.
To, The Registrar Vibrant Academy University Sector 18, New Delhi, 110001
Subject: Application for Issuance of Degree Certificate
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to request the issuance of my degree certificate for the Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) program that I successfully completed at your esteemed university. I graduated in the year 2024, and I am in need of my official degree certificate for future academic and professional pursuits.
Below are my details for your reference:
Name: Rahul Kumar
Roll Number: 123456789
Course: Bachelor of Arts (B.A.)
Year of Graduation: 2024
Department: English Literature
I kindly request you to process my application and issue the degree certificate at the earliest. If there are any formalities or documents required from my side, please let me know.
Thank you for your attention to this matter. I look forward to receiving the degree certificate soon.
Write a letter for school teacher job to principal of the schools. Here sample and format are provided.
1. Write an application for the post of Primary teacher.
Anjali Sharma House 8, Main Street Meerut, UttarPardesh Anjali.Sharma@gmail.com 2563147823 21th January 2025
To, The Principal Shining Star International School Sector 12, Meerut Uttar Pradesh, 201310
Subject: Application for the Post of Primary Teacher
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to apply for the position of Primary Teacher in your esteemed institution, as advertised. I am confident that my educational background, skills, and enthusiasm for teaching children make me an ideal candidate for this role.
I have completed my Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) from Global University of Excellence and have if any, e 2 years of experience teaching in a primary school setting. I possess strong communication and interpersonal skills, which enable me to create a positive and effective learning environment for young students.
In addition, I am dedicated to fostering the holistic development of children by incorporating interactive learning techniques, creativity, and student engagement. I believe in not just teaching academic concepts but also nurturing social and emotional growth.
Please find my resume attached for your reference. I would appreciate the opportunity to discuss my qualifications in more detail. I am available for an interview at your earliest convenience and can be reached at 2365478596 or Anjali.Sharma@gmail.com.
Thank you for considering my application. I look forward to the possibility of contributing to your school’s mission and vision.
Yours sincerely, Anjali Sharma
2. Write a application for the Post of High School Teacher.
Hereโs an application letter for the post of High School Teacher with random details filled in:
To, The Principal St. Xavierโs High School Sector 12, Aliganj Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226024
Subject: Application for the Post of High School Teacher
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to apply for the position of High School Teacher in your prestigious institution, as advertised. With my educational qualifications and experience in teaching, I am confident that I will be able to contribute positively to the academic environment at St. Xavierโs High School.
I hold a Masterโs degree in English Literature from Lucknow University and have completed my Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) from Vibrant Academy University. I have been teaching English at the high school level for the past three years at Greenfield International School and have developed a deep understanding of the curriculum, student needs, and classroom management. My approach to teaching focuses on making learning interactive, engaging, and relevant to the students’ lives.
I am highly motivated to work with young minds and help them achieve their full potential, not only academically but also in terms of personal growth. My ability to build strong relationships with students and create a positive learning environment has been one of my key strengths.
Enclosed is my resume for your reference. I would appreciate the opportunity to meet with you to discuss my qualifications in more detail. Please feel free to contact me at [Your Phone Number] or [Your Email Address] to arrange a suitable time for an interview.
Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to your response.
Writing a e-mail application for refund of mobile purchase and advance payment letter. Format and samples are provided below.
1. Write a application for refund mail format.
Subject: Request for Refund of Mobile Phone Purchase – Order #12345
Dear Customer Support Team,
I hope this email finds you well. I am writing to request a refund for my recent purchase of the Samsung Galaxy S21, order number #12345, placed on January 10, 2025. Unfortunately, I am dissatisfied with the product due to its defective screen which has started flickering within a week of usage.
Below are the details of the transaction for your reference:
Order Number: #12345
Product Name: Samsung Galaxy S21
Date of Purchase: January 10, 2025
Amount Paid: โน45,000
Mode of Payment: Credit Card (HDFC Bank)
I kindly request a full refund of the amount paid as per your refund policy. Please let me know if you require any further details or documents to process this request.
I appreciate your prompt attention to this matter and look forward to your response.
To, The Manager Tech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. Building No. 12, Industrial Area Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 201307
Subject: Request for Refund of Advance Payment
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to formally request the refund of the advance payment made for the website development service on January 10, 2025. Due to unforeseen circumstances, I am unable to proceed with the planned service and would like to request the refund of the advance amount of โน15,000 paid.
Below are the details of the payment:
Payment Amount: โน15,000
Date of Payment: January 10, 2025
Mode of Payment: Bank Transfer (HDFC Bank)
Transaction Reference Number: 1234567890
I kindly request you to process the refund at the earliest. I would appreciate it if you could confirm the status of my refund and any further steps required from my side.
Thank you for your understanding and cooperation. Please feel free to contact me at 9876543210 or rahul.sharma@gmail.com for any further details.
Writing an application Email for payment release format and sample is provided below.
Write a request letter for Payment Release E-mail.
Subject: Request for Payment Release
Dear Mr. Sharma,
I hope this email finds you well. I am writing to kindly request the release of the pending payment for the invoice #12345 dated 15th December 2024 for the services rendered by our company, Tech Solutions Pvt. Ltd..
As per our agreement, the payment was due on 1st January 2025, and we have not yet received the payment. The total amount outstanding is โน50,000. We kindly request that you process the payment at your earliest convenience to avoid any further delays.
Please find the invoice attached for your reference. If you require any further information or documentation, do not hesitate to contact me.
We appreciate your prompt attention to this matter and look forward to receiving the payment soon.
Thank you for your cooperation.
Best regards, Ravi Patel Account Manager Tech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. Email: ravi.patel@techsolutions.com Phone: 9876543210
Writing a parents Teacher for school meeting notice format and samples.
Write a notice for Parents teacher’s meeting.
SUNRISE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL Sector 12, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh – 250004 Notice Date: 21th January 2025
Subject: Notice for Parents-Teachers Meeting
Dear Parents,
This is to inform you that a Parents-Teachers Meeting (PTM) will be held on 28th January 2025 (Monday) at 10:00 AM in the school auditorium. The purpose of this meeting is to discuss the academic progress and overall development of your child.
We request the presence of all parents to attend this meeting and discuss their child’s performance, behavior, and future goals with the respective class teachers.
Important Points:
Date: 28th January 2025
Time: 10:00 AM
Venue: School Auditorium
Purpose: To discuss the progress and development of students.
Kindly make sure to attend the meeting as your involvement in your childโs education is crucial to their success.
We look forward to your active participation.
Thank you. Principal SUNRISE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL (Signature)
Writing a leave extension application to school principal format and samples are provided here.
1. Write a leave extension letter to School.
Neha Sharma Class 10th, Roll No. 25 St. Josephโs School 3, Rajendra Nagar, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh – 250002 neha.sharma@gmail.com 9876543210 Date: 13th January 2025
To, The Principal St. Josephโs School Rajendra Nagar, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh – 250003
Subject: Request for Leave Extension
Respected Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you in good health. I, Neha Sharma, a student of Class 10th, Roll No. 25, am writing to inform you that I have been on medical leave since 15th January 2025 due to a severe fever and throat infection. I have been under treatment, and while I am recovering, my doctor has advised me to take some additional days of rest for a full recovery.
As per the doctor’s advice, I am requesting an extension of my leave for 5 more days, from 25th January 2025 to 29th January 2025. I assure you that I will catch up on the missed lessons and assignments once I return to school.
I kindly request you to grant me the leave extension and permit me to resume school after the recommended rest period. I am attaching the medical certificate from the doctor for your reference.
Thank you for your understanding and consideration. I look forward to your kind approval.
Writing samples and format for teacher’s experience certificate to the principal of school.
Write an application letter for teacher’s Experience Certificate to the principal.
Neha Verma 123, Model Town, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh – 250001 neha.verma@email.com 9876543210 Date: 21th January 2025
To, The Principal Sunrise International School Sector 12, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh – 250002
Subject: Request for Teacher’s Experience Certificate
Respected Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you in good health. I, Neha Verma, worked as a Mathematics Teacher at Sunrise International School, Meerut, from 1st July 2018 to 31st December 2024. I am writing to kindly request an Experience Certificate for the above-mentioned period of my employment.
During my time at the school, I have had the privilege of teaching various grades and contributing to the overall academic growth of the students. I have always worked with dedication and enthusiasm to provide the best possible education and support to my students. As I am now applying for a new teaching position, I require an official certificate mentioning my employment duration, position, and the subjects I taught.
I would greatly appreciate it if you could issue the Experience Certificate at your earliest convenience. Please let me know if any additional documents or formalities are needed from my side.
Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to your prompt response.
To, The Principal St. Maryโs School Meerut, Uttar Pradesh – 250002
Subject: Request for Concession in School Fees
Respected Madam/Sir,
I, Ravi Kumar, father of Riya Kumar, a student of Class 10th, Roll No. 25, am writing this letter to request a concession in the school fees for my daughter for the current academic year.
Due to unforeseen financial constraints in our family, it has become quite difficult for us to afford the full payment of the school fees. I work as a middle-class employee, and my income has been significantly impacted in recent months. Therefore, I kindly request you to consider granting a reduction in the fees, or to provide any available concessions that would help alleviate this burden.
I assure you that this request is made out of genuine necessity, and I am committed to ensuring my child continues her education without any interruption. I have attached the necessary documents regarding my financial situation for your reference.
I would be grateful if you could kindly consider my request and grant a reduction in the school fees, allowing my daughter to continue her studies without any hindrance.
Thank you for your time and understanding. I hope for a positive response.
Yours sincerely, Ravi Kumar (Father of Riya Kumar) (Signature)
2. Write a Application For fee Concession in College.
Ravi Sharma Student, B.A. (History) 2nd Year Roll No: 10234 Saraswati College 1, Shankar Vihar, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh – 250001 ravisharma@gmail.com 9998765432 Date: 14th January 2025
To, The Principal Saraswati College Meerut, Uttar Pradesh – 250002
Subject: Request for Fee Concession
Respected Sir/Madam,
I am Ravi Sharma, a student of B.A. (History) 2nd Year, Roll No. 10234, at your esteemed institution. I am writing this letter to humbly request a concession in the college fees for the current academic year.
Due to unforeseen financial difficulties in my family, I am facing challenges in paying the full amount of my tuition fees. My father is the sole breadwinner of the family, and recently, he has encountered some financial setbacks. As a result, it has become difficult for us to manage the entire fee payment for this semester.
Given the circumstances, I kindly request you to consider granting a reduction in my tuition fees or to provide any available financial assistance or concession. I assure you that I am committed to my studies and will continue to maintain good academic performance.
I have attached the necessary documents related to my financial situation, including my fatherโs income statement and any other documents required for your consideration.
I would be deeply grateful if you could kindly consider my request and help me continue my education without any interruption.
Thank you for your understanding and support. I look forward to your positive response.
Writing a application request for disconnection of landline and broadband. Here Format and samples are provided below.
1. Write a letter for BSNL Landline Disconnection.
Ravi Verma 123, Sector 5, Dwarka, New Delhi – 110075 ravi.verma@email.com +91-9876543210 Date: 14th January 2025
To, The BSNL Officer BSNL Customer Service Department Main Branch Delhi, UttarPardesh
Subject: Request for Disconnection of BSNL Landline Service
Dear Sir/Madam,
I, Ravi Verma, residing at 123, Sector 5, Dwarka, New Delhi – 110075, hold a BSNL landline connection with the following details:
Account Number: 123-456-789
Landline Number: 011-25987654
Address: 123, Sector 5, Dwarka, New Delhi – 110075
I would like to request the disconnection of my BSNL landline service due to personal reasons. Kindly process my request and confirm the disconnection at the earliest.
Please find the necessary documents for verification:
Copy of the landline bill
Address proof (Aadhaar Card)
Identity proof (Aadhaar Card)
I would appreciate it if you could confirm the date of disconnection and provide any final instructions or settlement details.
Thank you for your prompt attention to this matter.
Yours sincerely, Ravi Verma (Signature)
2. Write a letter for Disconnection of Broadband.
Amit Sharma 456, Rani Bagh, Pitampura, Meerut amit.sharma@gmail.com 9998765432 Date: 15th January 2025
To, The Customer Service Manager [ISP Name] [City/Branch Name] [City, State, PIN Code]
Subject: Request for Disconnection of Broadband Service
Dear Sir/Madam,
I, Amit Sharma, residing at 456, Rani Bagh, Pitampura, Meerut, am writing to request the disconnection of my broadband service. Below are the details of my broadband account:
Account Number: 987654321
Broadband Number: 011-65782340
Service Type: [Type of Broadband Plan]
Address: 456, Rani Bagh, Pitampura, New Delhi – 110034
Due to personal reasons, I no longer require the broadband service. Kindly initiate the disconnection process and confirm the disconnection date at the earliest. Please also provide me with the final bill and any outstanding dues, if applicable.
Enclosed, I am attaching the following documents for your reference:
Copy of the last broadband bill
Address Proof (Aadhaar Card)
Identity Proof (Aadhaar Card)
I would appreciate your prompt assistance in processing my request.
Writing a application for the surrender of PAN card by individuals, firms and partnership firms to the Income Tax Officer. Format and samples are provided below.
1. Write a Surrender PAN card letter format for Individuals.
Ravi Kumar 123, Shankar Vihar, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh – 250001 ravikumar@gmail.com 9876543210 Date: 17th January 2025
To, The Income Tax Officer Income Tax Department Meerut, Uttar Pradesh – 250002
Subject: Application for Surrender of PAN Card
Dear Sir/Madam,
I, Ravi Kumar, son of Vinod Kumar, residing at 123, Shankar Vihar, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh – 250001, wish to surrender my PAN card as I have been allotted multiple PANs. I would like to retain only one PAN and surrender the additional one to avoid any inconvenience in the future.
Below are the details of my PANs:
PAN to be retained: AAAPK1234Z
PAN to be surrendered: AABPK5678T
I request you to kindly process my application for the surrender of the additional PAN and update the records accordingly.
Please find enclosed the following documents for your reference:
Copy of PAN card to be retained
Copy of PAN card to be surrendered
Address proof (Aadhaar Card)
Identity proof (Passport)
I hope you will take the necessary steps at the earliest. Kindly acknowledge receipt of this application.
Thank you for your assistance.
Yours sincerely, Ravi Kumar (Signature)
2. Write a PAN card surrender letter format for firms.
XYZ Traders Pvt. Ltd. 123, A-Block, Connaught Place, New Delhi – 110001 xyztraders@gmail.com 9876543210 Date: 14th January 2025
To, The Income Tax Officer Income Tax Department New Delhi – 110002
Subject: Application for Surrender of PAN Card
Dear Sir/Madam,
We, XYZ Traders Pvt. Ltd., a private limited company registered under the Companies Act, 1956, having our office at 123, A-Block, Connaught Place, New Delhi – 110001, are writing to request the surrender of the PAN card allotted to us under the details mentioned below:
Firm Name: XYZ Traders Pvt. Ltd.
PAN to be retained: AABCX1234R
PAN to be surrendered: AABCX5678T
Firm Registration Number: U72200DL2008PTC182345
We request you to kindly process our application for the surrender of the additional PAN and update the records accordingly. We assure you that all tax-related filings and dues will continue under the PAN that we wish to retain.
Enclosed, please find the following documents for your reference:
To, The Income Tax Officer Income Tax Department New Delhi – 110002
Subject: Application for Surrender of PAN Card
Dear Sir/Madam,
We, ABC Traders, a partnership firm registered under the Partnership Act, 1932, having our office at 10, Moti Nagar, New Delhi – 110015, are writing to request the surrender of the PAN card allotted to us under the details mentioned below:
Firm Name: ABC Traders
PAN to be retained: AABCX1234Q
PAN to be surrendered: AABCX5678T
Partnership Firm Registration Number: 12345678
We request you to kindly process our application for the surrender of the additional PAN and update the records accordingly. All tax-related filings and dues will continue under the PAN that we wish to retain.
Please find enclosed the following documents for your reference:
Writing a declaration letter for sending marketing materials is provided below. Format and sample has been provided.
Write a Declaration letter for sending marketing Materials.
Priya Verma Marketing Manager ABC Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. 1234 Business Park, Sector 5 New Delhi – 110001 priya.verma@abcenterprises.com 9876543210 Date: 15th January 2025
To Whom It May Concern,
Subject: Declaration for Sending Marketing Materials
Dear Sir/Madam,
I, Priya Verma, in the capacity of Marketing Manager at ABC Enterprises Pvt. Ltd., hereby declare that the enclosed marketing materials (brochures, pamphlets, flyers, catalogs, etc.) are being sent to XYZ Distributors Pvt. Ltd. for the purpose of promotional and informational use only.
These materials are intended to showcase our companyโs products and services, providing useful information to the recipient. No personal or sensitive data is included, and all content adheres to the relevant legal and ethical guidelines for marketing communications.
We ensure that these materials are free from misleading or false information, and they are meant to support informed decision-making regarding our offerings. Should there be any questions or clarifications required, please feel free to contact me directly.
Writing a application request letter for NOC from bank on personal loan and simple loan. Here we have provided sample and format.
1.Write a Request letter for NOC from Bank.
Ritika Sharma House No. 12, Shanti Vihar Hapour Road, Meerut – 800001 ritikasharma123@gmail.com 9876543210 Date: 19 January 2025
The Branch Manager HDFC Bank Kankarbagh Branch Meerut – 800020
Subject: Request for No Objection Certificate (NOC) for Loan
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to request the issuance of a No Objection Certificate (NOC) for the loan account held with your bank. Below are the details of the loan:
Loan Account Number: 45678912345
Loan Type: Personal Loan
Loan Amount: โน 2,50,000
Date of Loan Sanction: 10th February 2022
I have successfully repaid the loan in full, and all the necessary dues have been cleared. I kindly request you to issue the NOC for my loan account as a confirmation that the loan has been fully settled and that the bank has no further claim.
I would be grateful if you could process my request at the earliest and provide me with the NOC for my records.
Thank you for your attention to this matter. I look forward to your prompt response.
Yours sincerely, Ritika Sharma
2. Write a NOC letter for loan from Bank.
HDFC Bank Kankarbagh Branch Karol Bagh, Delhi Date: 18 January 2025
To Whom It May Concern,
Subject: No Objection Certificate (NOC) for Loan Closure
This is to certify that Mr. Ravi Kumar, residing at House No. 14, Rajendra Nagar, Karol Bagh, Delhi, has availed a Personal Loan from HDFC Bank with the following details:
Loan Account Number: 45678965432
Loan Amount: โน 3,00,000
Date of Loan Sanction: 15th March 2020
Date of Loan Closure: 18th January 2025
We confirm that Mr. Ravi Kumar has successfully repaid the loan in full, along with all the applicable interest and charges. As of the loan closure date, there are no outstanding dues against the said loan account.
The bank has no further claims on the loan account, and this NOC is being issued upon the request of the borrower for their records.
Thank you for banking with HDFC Bank.
Yours sincerely, [Authorized Signatory Name] Branch Manager HDFC Bank, Kankarbagh Branch (Official Seal & Signature)
Here we are writing a request application for admission in school by parents to principal. Sample and format are given below.
Write a Request application for Admission in School by Parents.
Rajesh Sharma 45, Park Street New Delhi, Delhi, 110001 9876543210 rajsharma@email.com 23rd January 2025
The Principal St. Xavierโs School Sector 12, Dwarka New Delhi, Delhi, 110075
Subject: Request for Admission of My Child in Class 5
Respected Sir/Madam,
I, Rajesh Sharma, parent of Aryan Sharma, would like to request the admission of my child into your esteemed school in Class 5. We have heard about the excellent academic environment and extracurricular opportunities that your school provides, and we believe that it would be an ideal institution for the overall development of our child.
Aryan Sharma is 9 years old and has successfully completed Class 4 from ABC International School. We are confident that the nurturing environment at your school will help him excel both academically and personally.
Please provide us with information regarding the admission process and any further requirements. We are eager to proceed with the admission and look forward to your positive response.
An application requesting Hostel Accommodation to warden by students is provided here.
Sadiya Choudhary House 7, Shive temple street Delhi, Uttar Pradesh 1225635263 Sadiya.choudhary@gmail.com
Date: 12-January-2025
To, The Warden Shree Ram Hostel Meerut University Hapur Road, Meerut. Uttar Pradesh
Subject: Application for Hostel Room Allotment
Dear Sir/Madam,
I, Sadiya Choudhary, a second-year student of B.A in the Computer Science at Meerut University, I am writing to request allotment of a room in the Shree Ram Hostel for the current academic session 2025-2026.
I have recently been admitted to the college, and I am in need of hostel accommodation as I do not reside locally. I kindly request you to consider my application and allot me a room at the earliest.
I assure you that I will abide by all the rules and regulations of the hostel. Please let me know if any further documents or formalities are required for the allotment process.
Thank you for considering my application. I look forward to your positive response.
Yours sincerely, Sadiya Choudhary B.A, Second year Roll No. 23
To, The Warden Shree Ram Hostel Meerut University Meerut, Uttar Pradesh – 250001
Subject: Leave Application for My Daughter, Rakhi Kumar
Dear Sir/Madam,
I, Rajesh Kumar, father of Rakhi Kumar, a second-year student of B.A. in Computer Science at Meerut University, am writing to request a leave of absence for my daughter from the hostel from 27/01/2025 to 31/01/2025.
Due to a family wedding, it is necessary for her to be at home during this period. We request you to kindly grant her leave and allow her to stay at home during this time.
We assure you that she will return to the hostel as soon as the leave period is over and resume her regular attendance.
Please let us know if any further formalities are required to process this request.
Thank you for your understanding and consideration.
Yours sincerely, Rajesh Kumar Father of Sadiya Choudhary Phone: 9876543210
How to write (format) letter to the principal requesting transfer letter to another school. Its format and samples are provided here.
Write a Transfer letter to change school.
Amit Sharma D-23, Green Park New Delhi – 110016 Phone: 9876543210 Email: amitsharma@gmail.com
Date: 23/01/2025
To, The Principal Sunrise Public School Karol Bagh New Delhi – 110005
Subject: Request for Transfer Certificate
Dear Sir/Madam,
I, Amit Sharma, father of Riya Sharma, a student of class 10th A at your esteemed school, am writing to request a transfer certificate for my child.
Due to change of address, we will be relocating to another city, and thus, it will not be feasible for my child to continue her studies at your school.
I kindly request you to issue the transfer certificate at the earliest so that my child can continue her education without any interruptions.
Please let me know if any formalities or additional documentation is required to complete this process.
I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude for the excellent education and support provided by the school.
Thank you for your attention to this matter.
Yours sincerely, Amit Sharma [Studentโs Name]โs Father Phone: 9876543210
How to write an application requesting study certificate from college and school. Here we have provided their format and sample.
1. Write a Sample application for college study certificate.
Rajesh Kumar 456, Green Park, Delhi – 110001 Phone: 9876543210 Email: rajesh.kumar@gmail.com
Date: January 23, 2025
To, The Principal, Silverbrook College of Engineering 123 Innovation Lane, Delhi
Subject: Application for College Study Certificate
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you in good health. I am Rajesh Kumar, a former student of your college, having completed my Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science in 2023 from the Department of Computer Science. I am writing to kindly request the issuance of a College Study Certificate for my academic records.
The certificate is required for my higher studies application at a university abroad, and I would be grateful if you could process this request at the earliest. I have attached a copy of my enrollment ID (No. 12345) and my academic transcripts for your reference.
I kindly request you to issue the certificate and let me know if there are any formalities I need to complete.
Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to your kind assistance in this matter.
Sincerely, Rajesh Kumar Enrollment Number: 12345
2. Write a Sample letter for study certificate to the headmaster of School.
To, The Headmaster, Springdale School 12, Sector 5, Lucknow – 226010
Subject: Application for Study Certificate
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am Priya Sharma, a former student of your school, having completed my Class 12 in 2023 from the Science stream. I am writing to kindly request the issuance of a Study Certificate for my academic records.
The certificate is required for my college admission process, and I would be grateful if you could process this request at the earliest. I have attached a copy of my school ID card and my mark sheet for your reference.
I kindly request you to issue the study certificate and inform me of any formalities or fees involved.
Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to your kind assistance in this matter.
Here we have provided application written to bank manager to block ATM card due to loss of ATM. Here formats and samples are provided here.
1. Write a letter to Bank manager for Block your ATM card.
Meena Sharma 12, Green Park Avenue Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226010 meenasharma123@gmail.com 9876543210 13 January 2025
The Branch Manager State Bank of India Hazratganj Branch Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001
Subject: Request for ATM Card Blockage
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to request the immediate blockage of my ATM card due to its loss. Below are the details of my account and card for your reference:
Account Holder Name: Meena Sharma
Account Number: 123456789012
ATM Card Number: 5678
Branch: Hazratganj
I would appreciate it if you could take swift action to prevent any unauthorized transactions on my account. Kindly confirm the blockage of the card and issue me a replacement at the earliest.
Thank you for your prompt attention to this matter.
Yours faithfully, Meena Sharma
2. Write a Template application for block ATM card.
Ravi Kumar 56, Rose Garden Colony Karol Bagh, Delhi 800001 ravikumar456@gmail.com 9876543210 19 January 2025
The Branch Manager Punjab National Bank Gandhi Maidan Branch Chandni Chowk, Delhi 800001
Subject: Request for ATM Card Blockage
Respected Sir/Madam,
I am writing to inform you that I have lost my ATM card linked to my account. I kindly request you to block my card to prevent any unauthorized transactions. Below are my account and card details:
Account Holder Name: Ravi Kumar
Account Number: 987654321012
ATM Card Number: 1234
Branch Name: Gandhi Maidan Branch
I request you to take immediate action to block the card. Kindly confirm the blockage and provide a new card at your earliest convenience.
Samples and formats to write application request for admission in college and school is provided below.
1. Write a sample application letter for college for admission.
Falak Choudhary House 8, Street no. 12 Meerut, UttaraPardesh, 1254632541 Falak.choudhary@gmail.com
Date: 12-January-2025
To, The Principal, S.D Global 456 Maple Street Karol Bagh, Delhi
Subject: Application for Admission to B.E (Bachelor of Engineering)
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to apply for admission to the B.E (Bachelor of Engineering) at your esteemed college for the 2025. I have recently completed my 12th grade from M.S.V.M School, and I am keen to pursue my further studies in Computer Science.
I am particularly drawn to your college because of its excellent reputation, academic facilities, and the quality of education it provides. I believe that enrolling in your college will provide me with the necessary knowledge and skills to build a successful career in Computer Science Engineering.
Attached to this application are my academic transcripts, recommendation letters, and other required documents. I kindly request you to consider my application for admission. I am confident that I will be able to contribute to the collegeโs academic environment and am eager to make the most of the opportunities your institution offers.
Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to the opportunity of studying at your prestigious college.
Sincerely, Falak Choudhary
2. Write a Sample of application for taking Admission in School.
Deepali House 4, High Street Meerut, UttarPardesh 4152634562 Deepali@gmail.com
Date: 03-January-2025
To, The Principal, Silverbrook College of Engineering 123 Innovation Lane Silverbrook , Meerut
Subject: Application for Admission
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to apply for admission to your esteemed school for the 11th Grade for the 2025. I have recently completed my previous education from 10th Grade and am keen to pursue my studies at your institution.
I have heard a lot about the excellent academic facilities and the overall learning environment at your school. I am confident that your school will provide me with the right platform to enhance my skills and knowledge.
I kindly request you to consider my application for admission. I have attached all the necessary documents, including my previous academic records, birth certificate, and other required forms.
I look forward to your positive response and the opportunity to be a part of your school.
Here we have given sample application for cancellation of demand draft. Sample and format has been provided here.
1. Write a Sample application for cancellation of demand draft of bank.
John Doe 123, Green Lane New York, NY 10001 +1 234 567 890 johndoe@example.com
27 January, 2025
The Branch Manager ABC Bank Main Street Branch New York, NY 10001
Subject: Request for Demand Draft (DD) Cancellation
Dear Sir/Madam,
I, John Doe, having a bank account with your branch (Account Number: 987654321), would like to request the cancellation of a Demand Draft (DD) issued by your bank.
The details of the Demand Draft are as follows:
DD Number: 123456
Amount: $500
Date of Issue: January 25, 2025
Payee Name: Sarah Williams
The DD has not been encashed yet, and I would like to cancel it due to the fact that I no longer require it. I hereby request you to cancel the above-mentioned Demand Draft and refund the amount to my account.
Please let me know if any further formalities are required to process this request. I am attaching a copy of the DD for your reference.
Thank you for your prompt attention to this matter. I look forward to your confirmation.
Application is written the school to provide transfer certificate due to relocation and other issues. Samples and Format are provided here.
1. Write a letter for Transfer Certificate from School-Due to Relocation.
The Principal, St. Maryโs Convent School, Mawana Road, Near Ganga Canal, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh – 250001, India
Date: 4th January 2025
Subject: Request for Transfer Certificate due to Relocation
Respected Sir/Madam,
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to formally request the issuance of a Transfer Certificate (TC) for my child, Swati, who has been a student at your esteemed institution in 11th Class. Due to our familyโs relocation to Delhi, we are unable to continue his/her education at your school.
Swati Pal has been a part of the school since 22 March 2023, and during this time, we have been very pleased with the quality of education and care provided. Unfortunately, as we are now moving to Delhi, it will not be feasible for Swati Pal to continue attending your school.
We kindly request you to issue the Transfer Certificate at your earliest convenience so that we may complete the necessary formalities for transferring Swati Pal to a new school. We would appreciate it if you could also provide a detailed statement of the school fees and any other relevant documents to ensure a smooth transition.
I would like to thank you and the entire staff for the support and guidance provided to Swati Pal during her time at the school. We will always be grateful for the nurturing environment your school has provided.
Thank you for your understanding and assistance in this matter. I look forward to your prompt response.
Yours faithfully, Sandesh Kumar Class 9 Roll No: 23
2. Write a Application letter for TC by parents for changing school Due to Job Transfer.
To The Principal, Delhi Public School Sector 3, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi – 110070, India
Date: 10th January 2025
Subject: Application for Transfer Certificate due to Job Transfer
Respected Sir/Madam,
I am Mr. Rajesh Dhiman, the father of Ankit Dhiman, a student of class 9 at your esteemed institution. I am writing to inform you that due to my recent job transfer to a different city, it has become necessary for us to relocate. As a result, we regretfully request a Transfer Certificate (TC) for my son so that he can join a school near our new residence.
The relocation is unavoidable due to my job requirements, and this move will make it difficult for my son to continue his education at your school. Therefore, we kindly request you to issue the Transfer Certificate at your earliest convenience, so that my son can continue his education smoothly in the new city.
We would like to express our sincere gratitude for the support and quality education provided by your school during his time here. We hope to remain in touch and wish the school continued success in the future.
Thank you for your understanding and cooperation.
Yours faithfully, Mr. Rajesh Dhiman Father of Ankit Dhiman Contact No: 9632548523
3. How to write a TC letter for School after 10th grade.
To The Principal, Saraswati Vidya Mandir Inter College Shiv Chowk, Civil Lines South, Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh – 251001, India
Date: 12- January-2025
Subject: Application for Transfer Certificate after Completion of 10th Grade
Respected Sir/Madam,
I am Azeem, a student of class 10th at your esteemed school. I am writing this letter to formally request the issuance of a Transfer Certificate (TC) as I have successfully completed my 10th grade from your institution and now need the certificate for my admission to the next level of education in another school/college.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the knowledge and guidance I have received during my time at this school. The faculty, facilities, and environment have contributed greatly to my growth, both academically and personally.
Kindly issue the Transfer Certificate and any other necessary documents at your earliest convenience, so that I can proceed with my admission process smoothly.
How to write a foreclosure letter for Home loan from single account and joint account sample and formats are provided here.
1. Write a foreclosure letter for Home loan.
Anjali Sharma 12 Green Meadows, Block B Civil Lines, Prayagraj 800001 Phone: 9876543210 Email: anjali.sharma@gmail.com
Date: January 21, 2025
To The Branch Manager State Bank of India Boring Road Branch Naini, Prayagraj 800002
Subject: Request for Foreclosure of Home Loan
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to formally request the foreclosure of my home loan with State Bank of India, which was taken for the property located at 12 Green Meadows, Block B, Civil Lines, Prayagraj.
I have successfully arranged the required funds and would like to clear the outstanding balance in full. Please let me know the total amount due for closure, including any applicable fees or charges. I request you to process this foreclosure at your earliest convenience and provide me with a formal statement confirming the closure of my loan.
Please advise on the procedure for payment and the final documentation required to complete this process.
Thank you for your prompt attention to this request. I look forward to your confirmation.
Yours sincerely, Anjali Sharma
2. Write a Home loan Foreclosure letter for joint account.
To, The Branch Manager, HDFC Bank Connaught Place Branch Delhi – 110001
Subject: Request for Home Loan Foreclosure (Joint Account)
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I, Neha Sharma, along with my co-borrower Rajeev Sharma, holding a joint home loan account under the account number HDFC-1234567890, would like to request the foreclosure of the loan as per the terms and conditions of the loan agreement.
We have made all the necessary payments to clear the outstanding dues and wish to close the loan. Kindly provide us with the required details regarding the outstanding amount, including any prepayment penalties, if applicable. We request you to initiate the foreclosure process at your earliest convenience.
Please let us know the steps to complete this process, including the submission of any required documents and the payment of any outstanding charges. We would appreciate it if you could provide us with a No Dues Certificate upon successful closure of the loan.
Thank you for your prompt attention to this matter. We look forward to your cooperation and assistance in completing the foreclosure process.
Here we have presented samples and format for writing of application for full fee concession in school due to different reason like sole earner death, business loss and financial difficulties.
1. Write a letter to your Principal for School.
Abhinav Verma Class 12th, Section A Roll No. 24 123, Main Street New Delhi, 110001 Abhinav Verma@email.com 9876543210
Date: January 14 2025
The Principal Sunshine High School 147 Street, Dwarka New Delhi, 110001
Subject: Request for Full Fee Concession
Respected Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you in good health. I am Abhinav Verma, a student of Class 12th, Section A in your esteemed institution. I am writing to humbly request a full fee concession for the current academic year due to my familyโs financial difficulties.
My father, Mr. Rajesh Verma, who is the sole breadwinner of our family, has recently faced financial setbacks due to a medical emergency that required costly treatments. Despite these circumstances, I am determined to continue my studies with full dedication and perform well in academics. However, my family is currently unable to pay the school fees.
I kindly request you to consider my situation and grant me a full fee concession so that I can continue my education without any hindrance. I assure you that I will continue to work hard and contribute positively to the school community.
I hope for your kind consideration and a favorable response.
Thank you for your time and understanding.
Yours sincerely, Abhinav Verma Class 12th, Section A Roll No. 24
2. Write an Application to your Principal for full fee concession.
To St. Maryโs Convent School Mawana Road, Near Ganga Canal, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh – 250001, India
Date: 15th January 2025
Subject: Application for Full Fees Concession
Respected Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you in good health. I am Sofiya a student of class 12 (Science), and I am writing to request a full fees concession for the current academic year.
Due to unforeseen financial difficulties, my family is currently facing severe economic constraints. My father, Mr. Farman Choudhary, who is the sole earning member of our family, has recently lost his job due to the economic downturn, and my mother, Mrs. Farjana Choudhary, is a homemaker. This financial crisis has made it extremely difficult for us to meet the expenses of my education.
I am a sincere and hardworking student, and I have consistently performed well in my studies. I have scored 98% in my last exams and am committed to continuing my academic journey with dedication and passion.
Considering my current financial situation, I humbly request you to grant me a full fee concession for this academic year, which will allow me to continue my studies without any hindrance. I assure you that I will make the most of this opportunity and work hard to excel in my exams.
I kindly request you to consider my application favorably and grant the fee concession. I will be grateful for your understanding and support in this challenging time.
Thank you for your time and consideration.
Yours faithfully, Sofiya Class 12 (Science) Roll No: 1452
3. Write a Sample letter full fees concession Application for 9th Class.
To The Principal, The Shri Ram School D-3, Street No. 4, Vasant Vihar, New Delhi – 110057, India
Date: 9th January 2025
Subject: Application for Full Fees Concession
Respected Sir/Madam,
I am Iqra, a student of class 9 at your esteemed institution, and I am writing to request a full fees concession for the current academic year.
Due to unforeseen financial difficulties in my family, it has become increasingly challenging for my parents to pay the school fees. My father is currently struggling with his business, and my mother is a homemaker. The recent financial hardships have made it extremely difficult for us to manage the costs associated with my education.
I have always been a diligent student, and I take my studies very seriously. I have maintained good academic performance and strive to contribute positively to the school community. I am committed to continuing my education and ensuring that I perform well in my exams.
Given my current financial situation, I kindly request you to grant me a full fee concession for this academic year. Your support will enable me to continue my education without interruption.
I sincerely hope you will consider my application and provide the necessary help. I will be deeply grateful for your understanding and assistance.
Here we have provided how to write acknowledgement for college assignment single , group assignments and school assignments. Format and Samples are provided here.
1. Write a letter Acknowledgment for college assignment individual Assignments.
I, Danish Choudhary, a student of B.Sc. Computer Science, Roll Number: 12345, at ABC College of Technology, would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude and acknowledgment for the successful completion of my individual assignment on “Data Structures and Algorithms.”
I would like to extend my special thanks to my professor, Dr. Ramesh Verma, for providing valuable guidance and support throughout the process. His insights and suggestions have been instrumental in helping me understand the topic in depth.
Additionally, I would like to thank my peers for their constant encouragement and feedback during the preparation of the assignment.
I am also grateful to the college library and the online database “IEEE Xplore” for making the necessary resources available to complete this assignment effectively.
This assignment has allowed me to deepen my understanding of data structures, algorithm design, and their practical applications, and I am thankful for the opportunity to work on it.
Yours sincerely, Danish Choudhary B.Sc. Computer Science Roll Number: 12345 ABC College of Technology
2. Write a letter Acknowledgment Sample for assignment – Group assignment.
Acknowledgment
We, the undersigned, students of B.A. (Hons) Economics, Section B, at S.D Group of College, would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere gratitude and acknowledgment for the successful completion of our group assignment on “The Impact of Globalization on Emerging Economies.”
We would like to extend our special thanks to our professor, Dr. Neha Sharma, for her valuable guidance, constructive feedback, and constant support throughout the course of this assignment. Her expert advice was essential in helping us shape our research and analysis.
We also wish to express our gratitude to the college library staff for their assistance in accessing relevant research materials and to our peers and mentors for their encouragement and feedback during group discussions.
Lastly, we are grateful to each member of the group for their commitment and hard work, contributing to the timely completion of this project. The collaborative effort of all membersโAnkit Dhiman, Riya Singh, Rahul Verma, and Aditi Mehtaโhelped make this project a success.
This assignment provided us with an opportunity to deepen our understanding of globalization and its effects on emerging markets, and we are thankful for the opportunity to work as a team on this research.
Group Members: Ankit Dhiman (Roll No. 101) Riya Singh (Roll No. 102) Rahul Verma (Roll No. 103) Aditi Mehta (Roll No. 104) B.A. (Hons) Economics, Section B S.D Groups of College
3. Write a letter Acknowledgment for Assignment Example Individual School Assignment.
Acknowledgment
I, Ankit Dhiman, a student of Class 10, at St. Maryโs Convent School, would like to acknowledge and express my gratitude for the successful completion of my individual assignment on “The Role of Renewable Energy in Sustainable Development.”
I would like to extend my sincere thanks to my subject teacher, Mr. Suresh Kumar, for his valuable guidance and support throughout the preparation of this assignment. His suggestions and constant encouragement greatly helped in shaping my understanding of the topic.
I also wish to thank the school library and online resources for providing the necessary materials, without which this assignment would not have been completed effectively.
Lastly, I am thankful to my parents for their continuous support and motivation during this assignment process.
This assignment has greatly enhanced my knowledge of renewable energy and its role in sustainable development, and I am grateful for the opportunity to explore this important topic.
Yours sincerely, Ankit Dhiman Class 10 Roll No: 23 St. Maryโs Convent School
Here we have provided How to write a application to the bank manager to change your Mobile Number in Bank account details.
Write a Application to the Banks manager to change your Mobile Number in personal details
To The Bank Manager, State Bank of India, Sector 15 Branch, Rohini, New Delhi – 110085
Date: 14th January 2025
Subject: Request for Changing Registered Mobile Number
Respected Sir/Madam,
I am Ankit Dhiman, holding a savings account with your bank. My account number is 9876543210, and the mobile number currently registered with my account is 9876543210. Due to some personal reasons, I would like to update my mobile number in your records.
I kindly request you to update my mobile number to 9998765432 and make the necessary changes in the bank’s system. Please let me know if any further documentation or verification is required to complete this request.
I would be grateful if you could process this change at your earliest convenience.
Thank you for your assistance and support.
Yours faithfully, Ankit Dhiman Account Number: 9876543210 Mobile Number: 9876543210 New Mobile Number: 9998765432
Writing a consent letter format from parents to attend offline classes , to go on a school trip and to attend internship.
1. Write a Consent letter format from parents to attend offline Classes.
Bhaviya Haji Street, House no. 6 New Delhi, 214001 11-Jan-2025
To The Principal M.S.V.M Public School Sarvath New Delhi, 214001
Subject: Consent for My Child to Attend Offline Classes
Respected Sir/Madam,
I Bhaviya the parent of Shivi a student of 9th in your school, hereby provide my consent for my child to attend offline classes as per the school’s new schedule.
I understand the importance of in-person learning and I acknowledge the safety measures being implemented by the school to ensure a safe and conducive learning environment for all students. I am confident that my child will follow the safety protocols, including wearing a mask, maintaining social distancing, and adhering to the guidelines set by the school.
I am fully aware of the current situation and have considered the risks involved. However, after careful evaluation, I believe that attending offline classes will benefit my childโs education, and I give my permission for the same.
Please do not hesitate to contact me if any further information is required.
2. Write a letter Parental consent to go on a school trip.
Savita 89, Indira Street Alambagh , Meerut Uttar Pradesh 12-Jan-2025
The Principal Greenwood International School Gandhi nagar, Meerut
Subject: Consent for School Trip
Respected Sir/Madam,
I Savita the parent of Princy a student of 11th Class in your school, hereby give my consent for my child to participate in the school trip to Sunset Safari organized by the school.
I understand that all safety measures will be followed, and my child will adhere to the rules and regulations set by the school for the trip. I am aware of the details of the trip, including the date, location, and other necessary information, and I am satisfied with the arrangements made by the school.
I acknowledge that the school will take all necessary precautions during the trip, but I also understand that in case of any unforeseen circumstances, the school will not be held responsible. I trust that my child is fully capable of participating in this trip and will follow all instructions during the journey.
Please consider this letter as my formal approval for my child to attend the trip. Should you require any additional information, feel free to contact me.
The Manager XYZ Pvt. Ltd. 1234, Tech Park, Sector 45 Vasant Kunj Delhi, 122018
Subject: Consent to Attend Internship
Dear Kiran Kumar,
I Azna am a student of Data Science at Yale University. I am writing to give my consent to attend the internship program offered by XYZ Pvt. Ltd scheduled from 12-Jan-2025 to 15-Jan-2025. I am excited about the opportunity to work with your team and enhance my practical knowledge in Data Science.
I assure you that I will abide by all the terms and conditions of the internship program and will dedicate myself fully to learning and contributing to the companyโs work. I understand the expectations and responsibilities that come with this opportunity, and I am committed to adhering to all guidelines set by the organization.
I appreciate the opportunity to participate in this internship and look forward to gaining valuable experience under your guidance. Please let me know if any further documentation or formalities are required.
Thank you for considering my request. I am eager to begin this journey and contribute effectively to your team.
Yours sincerely, Azna Yale University Data Science
4. Write a Consent letter to use the school Auditorium for Annual Day Practice.
Zubariya Ansari 12th Class Student Street 5 Shamli Road, Muzaffarnagar 10-Jan-2025
To The Principal Bluebell High School Street 5 Janasath, Muzaffarnagar
Subject: Consent for Using the School Auditorium for Annual Day Practice
Respected Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to seek your permission to use the school auditorium for the practice sessions for the upcoming Annual Day event. The students have been preparing for the event, and we require the auditorium for rehearsals in the weeks leading up to the event.
We would like to request permission to use the auditorium for practice on the following dates and times:
15-Jan-m 2025 And time is 10:00 AM
We assure you that the space will be used responsibly, and all necessary precautions will be taken to maintain cleanliness and order. We will also ensure that the practice sessions do not interfere with other school activities.
We kindly request your consent to allow us to use the auditorium for this purpose. Your support in making the Annual Day event a success will be highly appreciated.
Thank you for considering our request. We look forward to your approval.
Yours sincerely, Zubariya Ansari 12th Class Student 5263452633
Writing a application to police for threatening and theft. Here we have provided you with samples and formats.
1. Write a Sample Complaint letter to Police for Threatening.
To The Station House Officer (SHO), Rohini Police Station, Sector 9, Rohini, New Delhi – 110085
Date: 17th January 2025
Subject: Complaint Regarding Threatening and Harassment
Respected Sir/Madam,
I, Reena pal, a resident of H-14, Sector 7, Rohini, New Delhi, am writing to file a complaint regarding a series of threatening phone calls and messages I have received. I am being harassed by an individual, whose identity I believe to be Amit Kumar. The individual has been threatening me with violence and has used abusive language over the phone and in text messages.
The threats have escalated over the past few days, and I fear for my safety. Below are the details of the incidents:
On 18th January 2025, I received a threatening call from 9876543210 where the individual said, “I will harm you if you donโt do as I say.”
On 19th January 2025, I received another text message from 9876543210 that stated, “You will regret crossing my path.”
I request your immediate intervention in this matter as I am concerned for my personal safety and well-being. Kindly investigate the issue and take appropriate action against the individual involved. I have attached the copies of the messages and phone logs for your reference.
I trust that you will take the necessary steps to ensure my protection and address this issue promptly.
Thank you for your attention to this matter.
Yours faithfully, Reena Pal H-14, Sector 7, Rohini, New Delhi Contact No: 9998765432
2. Write a Report theft.
To The Station House Officer (SHO), Shastri Nagar Police Station, Shastri Nagar, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh – 250002
Date: 15th January 2025
Subject: Report of Theft at Residential Premises
Respected Sir/Madam,
I, Rahul Verma, a resident of C-12, Shastri Nagar, Meerut, wish to report a theft that took place at my residence on the night of 19th January 2025. The incident occurred between 10:30 PM and 5:00 AM, during which unknown individuals broke into my house and stole valuable items.
Upon waking up the next morning, I discovered that the main door lock had been broken, and the following items were missing:
A gold necklace weighing 25 grams
Two gold rings weighing 10 grams each
A sum of โน50,000 in cash
A Dell laptop (Model No. XPS 13)
I immediately notified my neighbors, who confirmed that they did not witness any unusual activity during the night. I believe the culprits gained entry while my family and I were asleep and took advantage of the quiet residential area.
I kindly request you to register my complaint and investigate the matter. I have also attached the photos of the stolen items and the broken lock for your reference. Please take prompt action to identify the individuals responsible and recover the stolen property.
Thank you for your attention to this matter. I look forward to your swift response.
Writing a application leave from office for personal work like eye checkup, child parent teacher meeting and renewal of driving license. Here are the basic samples and formats provided.
1. Write a Leave request application for Personal Reasons Eye Checkup.
To The Manager, Tech Solutions Pvt. Ltd., Plot No. 25, Sector 10, Dwarka, New Delhi – 110075
Date: 20th January 2025
Subject: Leave Request for Eye Checkup
Respected Sir/Madam,
I, Ravi Kumar, working as a Software Developer in the IT Department, am writing to request leave for 1 day on 21st January 2025 due to a personal appointment for an eye checkup. I have been experiencing some discomfort in my eyes, and my doctor has scheduled a thorough checkup to address the issue.
I kindly request you to grant me leave for the mentioned day. I assure you that I will complete any pending work before my leave and ensure a smooth workflow in my absence.
Thank you for your understanding and consideration.
Yours sincerely, Ravi Kumar Software Developer IT Department Tech Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
2. Write a Leave application for personal work child’s parents teacher meeting.
To The Manager, BrightTech Solutions Ltd., Sector 25, Hapour Road Uttar Pradesh – 201301
Date: 17th January 2025
Subject: Leave Request for Attending Parent-Teacher Meeting
Respected Sir/Madam,
I, Suman Tewari, working as a Senior Analyst in the Finance Department, am writing to request leave for half-day on 18 January 2025. I need to attend a parent-teacher meeting at my childโs school, Greenfield International School, which is scheduled for that day.
I kindly request you to grant me leave for the aforementioned duration. I will ensure that my responsibilities are taken care of before leaving, and I will make up for any missed work upon my return.
Thank you for your understanding and consideration.
3. Write a Personal leave application mail Renewal of Driving license.
Subject: Leave Request for Renewal of Driving License
Dear Mr. Sharma,
I hope this email finds you well. I am writing to request 1 day of personal leave on 25th January 2025, as I need to renew my driving license. The renewal process requires my personal presence at the concerned office, and I would like to take the day off to complete this task.
I will ensure that my work is up to date before taking leave and will be available in case of any urgent requirements.
I kindly request you to grant me leave for the mentioned date.
Thank you for your understanding and consideration.
Best regards, Rahul Saini Senior Software Developer IT Department Tech Innovations Pvt. Ltd.
Writing a request letters to bank for issuing of ATM card and missing of an ATM card. Here we have provided samples and Format.
To The Branch Manager, Canara Bank, Sector 15 Branch, Rohini, New Delhi – 110085
Date: 14th January 2025
Subject: Request for Issuance of New ATM Card
Respected Sir/Madam,
I am writing to request the issuance of a new ATM card for my account. Below are the details of my account:
Account Holderโs Name: Sahil
Account Number: 123456789012
Branch: Sector 15, Rohini, New Delhi
I recently lost my ATM card and am unable to access my account. I kindly request you to block the old card and issue a new one at your earliest convenience.
Please let me know if any further documentation or formalities are required from my end to process this request.
I would appreciate your prompt assistance in this matter.
2. Write a letter to Bank manager for new ATM card.
To The Branch Manager, HDFC Bank, Sector 18 Branch, Noida, Uttar Pradesh – 201301
Date: 15th January 2025
Subject: Request for Issuance of New ATM Card
Respected Sir/Madam,
I am writing to request the issuance of a new ATM card for my account. I have unfortunately lost my previous ATM card and am unable to access my account using the card. Below are the details of my account:
Account Holderโs Name: Rohit Sharma
Account Number: 987654321001
Branch: Sector 18, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh
I kindly request you to block the lost card and issue a new one at your earliest convenience. I would appreciate your prompt assistance in this matter.
If any further formalities or documents are required, please inform me, and I will provide them immediately.
To The Branch Manager, Axis Bank, Connaught Place Branch, New Delhi – 110001
Date: 12th January 2025
Subject: Report of Missing ATM Card
Respected Sir/Madam,
I am writing to report the missing of my ATM card. Below are the details of my account:
Account Holderโs Name: Shivi
Account Number: 112233445566
Branch: Connaught Place, New Delhi
I noticed that my ATM card went missing on 10th January 2025. I have searched everywhere but have been unable to locate it. I suspect that it might have been misplaced while I was traveling.
I kindly request you to block the lost card immediately to prevent any unauthorized transactions. I would also like to request the issuance of a new card for my account.
Please let me know if any additional information or documents are required to process this request. I look forward to your prompt response and action.
Writing a application letter for closing of personal loan, home loan and car loan. Here we have provided the formats and samples.
1. Write a Personal loan closure letter format.
Taher Ali A-45, Green Park Colony Delhi, UttarPardesh Taher Ali@gmail.com 9876543210
12th January 2025
The Manager State Bank of India Rajpur Road Branch Meerut, UttarPardesh, 248001
Subject: Request for Loan Closure
Dear Sir/Madam,
I, Taher Ali, holding a personal loan account with your bank under the loan account number SBI/PL/2021/1234567, would like to formally request the closure of my loan. I have successfully repaid the total outstanding loan amount along with any applicable interest and charges, as confirmed by your records.
Loan Details:
Loan Account Number: SBI/PL/2021/1234567
Loan Start Date: 15th February 2021
Amount: โน5,00,000
Date of Full Payment: 10th January 2025
I kindly request you to provide me with a loan closure certificate along with the No Objection Certificate (NOC) for my reference. I would also appreciate it if you could update the closure details in my credit report to ensure that it reflects the closure of this loan.
Please feel free to contact me if any additional information is required from my side.
Thank you for your prompt attention to this matter.
Yours faithfully, Taher Ali [Signature]
2. Write a home loan closure letter.
Home Loan Closure Letter Format
Ravi Kumar A-45, Green Park Colony Prayagraj, UttarPardesh, 248001 Rai.kumar@gmail.com 9876543210
14th January 2025
The Manager HDFC Bank Rajpur Road Branch Delhi, UttarPardesh, 248001
Subject: Request for Home Loan Closure
Dear Sir/Madam,
I, Ravi Kumar, holding a home loan account with your bank under the loan account number HDFC/HL/2020/987654, would like to formally request the closure of my home loan. I have successfully repaid the total outstanding loan amount along with any applicable interest and charges, as confirmed by your records.
Loan Details:
Loan Account Number: HDFC/HL/2020/987654
Loan Start Date: 15th March 2020
Loan Amount: โน25,00,000
Date of Full Payment: 10th January 2025
I kindly request you to provide me with a loan closure certificate along with the No Objection Certificate (NOC) for my reference. I would also appreciate it if you could update the closure details in my credit report to ensure that it reflects the closure of this loan.
Please feel free to contact me if any additional information is required from my side.
Thank you for your prompt attention to this matter.
The Manager HDFC Bank Hazratganj Branch Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226010
Subject: Request for Car Loan Closure
Dear Sir/Madam,
I, Tariq Ahmed, holding a car loan account with your bank under the loan account number HDFC/CL/2022/654321, would like to formally request the closure of my car loan. I have successfully repaid the total outstanding loan amount along with any applicable interest and charges, as confirmed by your records.
Loan Details:
Loan Account Number: HDFC/CL/2022/654321
Loan Start Date: 10th January 2022
Loan Amount: โน8,00,000
Date of Full Payment: 15th January 2025
I kindly request you to provide me with a loan closure certificate along with the No Objection Certificate (NOC) for my reference. I would also appreciate it if you could update the closure details in my credit report to ensure that it reflects the closure of this loan.
Please feel free to contact me if any additional information is required from my side.
Thank you for your prompt attention to this matter.
Writing a permission letter from parents to go on a school trip and to participate in school annual function. Here we are providing its samples and formats.
1. Write a Permission letter from Parents to go on a School trip.
Permission Letter for School Trip
Date: 15th January 2025
To The Class Teacher Greenwood International School Sector 12, Vasant Vihar Meerut, UttarPardesh, 248001
Subject: Permission for Aarav Sharma to Attend the School Trip
Respected Sir/Madam,
I, Neha Sharma, am the parent of Aarav Sharma, a student of Class 5A in your school. I am writing to grant permission for my child to attend the upcoming school trip to Mussoorie on 25th January 2025.
I understand that the trip will provide my child with a valuable learning experience, and I give my full consent for my child to participate. I also acknowledge that the school has taken all necessary safety precautions for the trip, and I trust the school staff will ensure my childโs well-being during the event.
Please feel free to contact me if you need any further information. I am looking forward to your confirmation.
Thank you for organizing this enriching experience for the students.
2. Write a Permission letter to Principal from parents.
Permission Letter to Principal from Parents
Date: 16th January 2025
To The Principal St. Mary’s High School Shankar Vihar, Sector 10 Faridabad, Delhi, 121001
Subject: Permission for Rahul Verma to Participate in School Annual Day Event
Respected Sir/Madam,
I, Sunita Verma, am the parent of Rahul Verma, a student of Class 7B in your school. I am writing to request your permission for my child to participate in the upcoming School Annual Day Event scheduled for 28th January 2025.
I understand that this event will provide my child with an excellent opportunity to showcase his talents and engage in school activities, and I give my full consent for my child to take part in it. I assure you that Rahul will adhere to all the guidelines and safety measures set by the school.
Please let me know if any further information or forms are required from my side.
Writing an application of late fee due to financial problems or due to pandemic. Here we have provided their samples and format.
1. Write a application late fee submission for due to financial problems.
Application for Late Fee Submission Due to Financial Problems
Date: 18th January 2025
To The Principal Greenwood International School Sector 12, Vasant Vihar Prayagraj, UttarPardesh, 248001
Subject: Request for Late Fee Submission Due to Financial Problems
Respected Sir/Madam,
I am Neha Sharma, the parent of Aarav Sharma, a student of Class 5A in your school. I am writing to request your kind consideration and permission to submit the school fee after the due date, as we are currently facing financial difficulties due to unexpected medical expenses in the family.
I understand the importance of adhering to the fee deadlines and sincerely apologize for the delay. I assure you that the payment will be made as soon as we are able to resolve our current financial situation. I kindly request that you waive any late fee charges, considering the circumstances.
I humbly request you to allow me some time to submit the fee and appreciate your understanding and support in this matter.
Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to your positive response.
To The Principal Sunrise Academy Rajpur Road, Karol Bagh UttarPardesh, 248001
Subject: Request for Delay in Fee Payment
Respected Sir/Madam,
I, Ramesh Kumar, the parent of Priya Kumar, a student of Class 8B in your school, am writing to inform you that due to unforeseen financial constraints, I am unable to pay the school fee by the due date. I kindly request an extension for the fee payment.
I understand the importance of timely fee submission and sincerely apologize for the delay. The delay is due to some urgent personal financial obligations, and I assure you that the fee will be cleared at the earliest, by 15th January 2025.
I humbly request that you kindly grant me an extension and waive any late fee charges, considering my situation.
Thank you for your understanding. I appreciate your consideration of this matter.
3. Write a Sample Application for late fees due to low income during the Pandemic.
Date: 19th January 2025
To The Principal ABC School Main Road, Sector 5 New Delhi, 110001
Subject: Request for Late Fee Submission Due to Low Income During the Pandemic
Respected Sir/Madam,
I am Rajesh Kumar, the father of Aarav Kumar, a student of Class 10 in your esteemed school. I am writing this letter to request your understanding and permission for the delayed submission of my childโs school fees for the current academic year.
Due to the financial challenges faced during the ongoing pandemic, our familyโs income has significantly reduced, making it difficult for us to meet the fee payment deadline. Despite our best efforts to manage, we are currently facing a temporary financial crunch. I assure you that this situation is temporary, and I will be able to clear the outstanding fees as soon as possible.
I humbly request you to grant an extension of [mention the period, e.g., one week, ten days] to submit the fee and, if possible, to kindly waive any late payment charges, considering the financial hardship caused by the pandemic.
I sincerely apologize for the delay and hope for your understanding and support. I assure you that my child will continue to be diligent in studies and will not be affected by this matter.
Thank you for your time and consideration. I am looking forward to your positive response.
Writing a application for leave, permission from principal and conducting a event in school format and samples.
1. Write a Sample request letter for permission for 10 days leave.
Vivek Singh Software Developer IT Department XYZ Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 56, Blue Moon Complex Sector 15, Brahmapuri, Meerut – 122001 Vivek.singh@gmail.com 9998765432
Date: 13/01/2025
To, The HR Manager XYZ Technologies Pvt. Ltd. Dwarka, Delhi – 122002
Subject: Request for 10 Days Leave
Respected Sir/Madam,
I am writing to formally request permission for a leave of absence from 01/02/2025 to 10/02/2025 for a total of 10 days. The reason for my leave request is personal reasons.
I assure you that I will complete all pending tasks before my leave and will hand over my responsibilities to my colleague, Priya Sharma, for continuity. I will also be available in case of any urgent matters that require my attention during this period.
I kindly request your approval for the leave. I would greatly appreciate your understanding and cooperation.
Thank you for considering my request.
Yours sincerely, Ravi Kumar Software Developer XYZ Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
2. Write a Permission letter for Principal from Parents.
To, The Principal Greenwood International School Sector 16, prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh – 201302
Subject: Request for Permission for Shivi to be Absent from School
Respected Sir/Madam,
I am writing to inform you that my daughter, Shivi, who is in Class 8, Section A, will be unable to attend school from 14-January-2025 to 19-January-2025 due to health issue.
I kindly request you to grant permission for her absence during this period. We assure you that all necessary arrangements will be made to ensure that Shivi catches up on any missed lessons and assignments.
We appreciate your understanding and support in this matter.
Thank you for your cooperation.
Yours faithfully, Mr. & Mrs. Rajesh Kumar [Parentโs Signature]
3. Write a Permission letter for Conducting an Event.
Ravi Kumar Event Coordinator Greenwood International School Sector 15, Noida, Uttar Pradesh – 201301 ravi.kumar@email.com +91-9998765432
Date: 21/01/2025
To, The Principal Greenwood International School Sector 16, Noida, Uttar Pradesh – 201302
Subject: Request for Permission to Conduct an Event
Respected Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to request permission to organize and conduct an event titled “Cultural Extravaganza 2025” on 15th February 2025 at the School Auditorium. The event aims to showcase the diverse cultures within our school community and promote creativity among the students.
We have already planned the schedule, which includes various performances, exhibitions, and interactive activities. All participants have been briefed, and necessary safety measures are in place. This event is expected to help in the holistic development of our students and enhance their cultural awareness.
I kindly request your permission to hold this event on the specified date and at the mentioned venue. If needed, I am available to provide additional details or meet to discuss the logistics further.
I look forward to your approval and support for this initiative.
Thank you for considering our request.
Yours faithfully, Ravi Kumar Event Coordinator Greenwood International School
Writing a application for leave from Hostel to go home for the weekend or attending sister marriage.
1. Write a application for leave from Hostel to go home for the weekend.
To, The Warden, Sunshine Hostel, Greenfield University, New Delhi,
Date: 15th January 2025
Subject: Application for leave to go home for the weekend
Respected Sir/Madam,
I am Rahul Verma, a resident of Sunshine Hostel and currently pursuing my 2nd year in B.Tech at Greenfield University. I am writing to request your permission to grant me leave from the hostel to visit my home for the weekend.
I plan to leave the hostel on 26th January 2025 and return on 28th January 2025. During this time, I will ensure that all my academic work and assignments are completed beforehand.
Kindly approve my request for leave. I would be grateful for your consideration.
2. Write a application for Hostel for sister’s weeding.
To, The Warden, Maple Hostel, Brighton College, Delhi
Date: 13th January 2025
Subject: Application for leave for my sister’s wedding
Respected Sir/Madam,
I am Rohan Mehta, a resident of Maple Hostel and currently pursuing my 3rd year in B.Sc at Brighton College. I am writing to request leave from the hostel to attend my sister’s wedding, which is scheduled for 10th February 2025.
I kindly request permission to leave the hostel on 8th February 2025 and return on 15th February 2025. I will ensure that all my academic commitments are managed before my departure, and I will promptly resume my studies after returning.
I would be extremely grateful if you could grant me leave for this important family event.
To, The Warden, Riverdale Hostel, Harmony Institute of Technology, Meerut,
Date: 18th January 2025
Subject: Application for leave from hostel
Respected Sir/Madam,
I am Priya Sharma, a resident of Riverdale Hostel, currently in my 2nd year of B.Tech at Harmony Institute of Technology. I am writing to request leave from the hostel from 25th January 2025 to 30th January 2025 due to a family function that I need to attend.
I assure you that I will complete any pending assignments and return to the hostel on the mentioned date. I kindly request your permission to grant me leave for this period.
Writing a subject change application for a subject in class 11 and changing subject from English to French.
1. Write a application for change of subject in Grade 11.
To, The Principal, Green Valley High School, New Delhi,
Date: 18th January 2025
Subject: Application for change of subject in Grade 11
Respected Sir/Madam,
I am Nisha Verma a student of Grade 11, Section B, currently enrolled in the Commerce stream at your school. I am writing to request a change of subject from Mathematics to Informatics Practices.
After careful consideration and discussions with my teachers and parents, I have realized that my interest and aptitude lie more in the field of computer studies. I believe this change will help me perform better academically and align with my future career goals.
I kindly request you to consider my application and allow the subject change. I assure you that I will work hard to excel in the new subject.
Thank you for your time and consideration.
Yours sincerely, Nisha Verma Class 11B Roll No. 24 Contact: 9876543210
2. Write a application for change of subject from Hindi to French.
To, The Principal, Bright Future International School, Meerut
Date: 14th January 2025
Subject: Application for change of subject from Hindi to French
Respected Sir/Madam,
I am Akash Patel a student of Grade 9, Section C, currently studying Hindi as my second language at your school. I am writing to request a change of my second language subject from Hindi to French.
After consulting with my parents and teachers, I have realized that learning French will be more beneficial for me, especially considering my interest in languages and its global importance. I believe this change will enhance my academic growth and future opportunities.
I kindly request you to approve my application and allow me to switch from Hindi to French. I will put in my best effort to excel in the new subject.
Thank you for your consideration.
Yours sincerely, Akash Patel Class 9C Roll No. 18 Contact: 9876543210
3. Write a Subject change application in School from ESL to FLE.
House 8, Shiv Tample Street Muzaffarnagar, UttarPardesh 18-January-2025
The Principal, MSVM Public School Shamili Road Muzaffarnagar, UttarPardesh,
Subject: Application for Subject Change from ESL to FLE
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am Shivani Sharma a student of Class 9th, Section C, Roll Number 12. I am writing to kindly request a change in my subject selection from ESL (English as a Second Language) to FLE (French Language Education).
After considering my academic interests and future goals, I believe that switching to FLE will provide me with better opportunities for growth and learning. I am confident that this subject will enhance my language skills and align more closely with my aspirations.
I kindly request you to approve my subject change and guide me through any formalities required to complete this process. I will ensure that I catch up on any missed lessons and keep up with the course requirements.
Thank you for your attention to this matter. I look forward to your positive response.
Yours sincerely, Shivani Sharma Class 9th, Section C Roll Number: 12 [Parentโs Name] 9652432145
Writing an application Email for Internship for one-month duration or In-plant training.
1. Write a Sample application Email for a one-month Internship.
Subject: Application for One-Month Internship Opportunity
Dear Ravi Kumar,
I hope this email finds you well. My name is Ankit Dhiman, and I am a third-year student pursuing a Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science at PQR University. I am writing to express my interest in applying for a one-month internship at IIT Limited PVT LTD during the upcoming semester break, from 21-January-2025 to 30-January-2025.
I am particularly drawn to IIT Limited PVT LTD due to your innovative work in software development and I believe that this internship will provide me with valuable industry experience. I have developed strong programming and problem-solving skills through my coursework and projects, and I am eager to contribute to your team while learning from your talented professionals.
Attached is my resume for your review. I would greatly appreciate the opportunity to discuss how I can contribute to IIT Limited PVT LTD during this internship. Thank you for considering my application.
2. Write a application Sample mail for Internship for In-Plant training.
Subject: Application for In-Plant Training Internship Opportunity
Dear Mukesh Saini,
I hope this message finds you well. I am Arjun Patel, a third-year student pursuing a Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering at HDFC University. I am writing to express my interest in applying for an in-plant training internship at Tata Motors Industries, as part of my academic curriculum..
During my studies, I have developed a strong foundation in mechanical design, thermodynamics, and material science, and I am eager to apply this knowledge in a practical industrial environment. I believe that Tata Motors Industries offers the ideal platform to gain hands-on experience, improve my technical skills, and understand industry practices.
The in-plant training is scheduled for 4 weeks from March 15, 2025, to April 15, 2025, and I would greatly appreciate the opportunity to be a part of your esteemed organization during this period. Please find my resume attached for your review.
Thank you for considering my application. I look forward to the opportunity to contribute and learn as part of your team.
Best regards, Arjun Patel Third year, B.E. Bachelor of Engineering HDFC University 8574123654 Email: Arjun.Patel@gmail.com
3. Write a sample Internship Request E-mail.
Subject: Internship Request for Software Development
Dear Sandeep Kumar,
I hope this email finds you well. My name is Amjad, and I am currently pursuing a Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science at Sunrise University. I am writing to express my interest in an internship opportunity at Infosys Limited Industry during semester break.
I am passionate about software development and have gained valuable knowledge in “Employee Management System”. I believe an internship at Infosys Limited would allow me to apply my academic learning to real-world projects and further develop my skills in a professional environment.
I have attached my resume for your consideration and would be grateful for the opportunity to contribute to your team. I am confident that this internship would provide both valuable experience for me and contribute to your organization’s goals.
Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to your response.
Best regards, Amjad Bachelor of Technology , Software Developer Sunrise University Phone: 4152634574 Email: Amjed123@gmail.com
Application for change of E-mail or Personal Address to bank. This Applications formats and samples are given below.
1. Write a E-mail address change application.
Subject: Request for Change of Registered Email Address
Dear HDFC Bank Customer Support,
I hope this email finds you well. I am Ankit Dhiman, a customer of your bank with account number 1234567890. I am writing to request a change in my registered email address associated with my account.
I kindly request you to update my email address in your records for future communication and notifications. If any additional verification or documentation is required, please let me know, and I will promptly provide the necessary information.
Thank you for your attention to this matter. I look forward to your confirmation of the update.
Best regards, Ankit Dhiman Account Number: 1234567890 Phone: 9876543210
2. Write a Personal or Business address change application format.
Subject: Request for Change of Address
Dear Mr. Kapoor,
I hope this message finds you well. I am Rohit Sharma, a client at ABC Enterprises. I am writing to inform you of my recent change of address and to kindly request that you update your records accordingly.
Old Address: 12 Old Street, Shiv Nagar, Meerut, 400050
New Address: 34 New Lane, Ocean View Apartment, Delhi, 411057
Please update my contact details in your records to ensure that future correspondence, deliveries, and services are sent to the new address. If any further information or verification is required, please feel free to contact me.
Thank you for your attention to this matter. I appreciate your prompt action in updating my details.
Writing Acknowledgement letter for college project format and sample is provided below.
1. Write a letter Acknowledgement for Individual Project.
Date: 18 January 2025
To, The Principal, ABC College of Engineering, Sector 12, Knowledge Park, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh โ 201310
Subject: Acknowledgement for Submission of College Project
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you in good health and high spirits. I, Parul, a student of the final year B.Tech in Computer Science, hereby acknowledge the submission of my project titled “Development of an AI-Based Chatbot for Customer Support” under the guidance of Dr. Rajesh Kumar, Head of the Department, Computer Science.
I am pleased to inform you that the project has been completed as per the guidelines and requirements set forth by the department. The project has been submitted for review and evaluation as part of my academic requirements.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Rajesh Kumar for his continuous support, guidance, and encouragement throughout the duration of this project.
Thank you for your attention, and I look forward to your valuable feedback.
Sincerely, Parul B.Tech, Computer Science ABC College of Engineering Phone: 9876543210 Email: Parul@gmail.com
Writing a letter to principal from parents for granting of leaves or joining the school late.
1. Write a letter to principal from parents to grant 5 days off.
Mr. Ramesh Kumar 123, Shiv Nagar New Delhi, Delhi – 110058 rameshkumar@gmail.com 9876543210 21th January 2025
To, The Principal Shree Krishna Public School Sector 15, Rohini New Delhi – 110085
Subject: Request for 5 Days Leave for My Child, Aarav Kumar
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am the parent of Aarav Kumar, a student of Class 6 in your esteemed school. I am writing to kindly request leave for my child for 5 days, from 1st February 2025 to 5th February 2025, due to a family function that requires us to travel out of town.
We assure you that Aarav will catch up on the lessons missed during this period and complete any assignments or work given to him. We request you to kindly grant permission for this leave and inform us if any additional formalities are required.
I would appreciate your understanding and approval of this request.
2. Write a letter by parents to the principal for joining School late.
Date: 21th January 2025
To, The Principal, Greenwood International School, 123 Main Street, Meerut
Subject: Request for Late Joining to School
Respected Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you in good health. I am writing to inform you that my child, Riya Sharma, who is a student of Class 10, has been unable to join school on time due to a family emergency.
I kindly request you to allow my child to join the school from 1st February 2025. We assure you that she will make up for the missed lessons and assignments. We are fully committed to supporting her education and ensuring that she catches up with the classwork and syllabus.
We hope for your understanding and positive consideration in this matter. Please let us know if any further documentation or information is required.
Writing letters for requesting for internship for position like content writer and graphic designer.
1. Write a request letter for internship – content writer.
Aarti Sharma B-24, Green Park, New Delhi, Delhi – 110016 aartisharma@gmail.com 9876543210 15th January 2025
To, The HR Manager Creative Writers Hub Building No. 12, Sector 21, Gurugram, Haryana – 122018
Subject: Request for Content Writing Internship
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. My name is Aarti Sharma, and I am currently a final-year student at Delhi University, pursuing a degree in English Literature. I am writing to express my interest in applying for an internship as a content writer with Creative Writers Hub.
I have developed a deep interest in content writing and have gained experience in writing blog posts, articles, and social media content during my academic projects and freelance work. I am eager to apply my knowledge and enhance my skills by contributing to your creative team. I believe this internship would offer me an excellent opportunity to learn from industry experts and grow professionally.
Please find my resume and a few of my writing samples attached for your review. I am available to begin the internship immediately and am open to both part-time and full-time positions.
I would be extremely grateful if you could consider my application for an internship position. I am confident that my passion for writing and dedication to learning will allow me to contribute effectively to your team.
Thank you for considering my request. I look forward to hearing from you soon.
2. Write a Internship request letter for graphic designer.
Ravi Kapoor F-12, Rajouri Garden, New Delhi, Delhi – 110027 ravikapoor@gmail.com 9998765432 23th January 2025
To, The HR Manager Design Works Studio Building No. 15, Sector 8, Dwarka, Delhi – 122002
Subject: Request for Graphic Design Internship
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. My name is Ravi Kapoor, and I am currently a second-year student at National Institute of Design, New Delhi, pursuing a degree in Graphic Design. I am writing to express my interest in applying for an internship as a graphic designer at DesignWorks Studio.
I have developed a strong passion for graphic design and have gained experience working with Adobe Photoshop, Illustrator, and InDesign to create digital artwork, promotional material, and brand logos. I am eager to expand my skills and gain practical experience by working with professionals in your esteemed studio.
Please find attached my resume and portfolio showcasing a few of my recent projects for your review. I am available to start the internship from March 2025 and am open to both part-time and full-time opportunities.
I would be grateful if you could consider my application for an internship position. I am confident that my creativity and design skills will allow me to make a positive contribution to your team.
Thank you for considering my request. I look forward to the possibility of learning from your talented professionals and contributing to your design projects.
Writing a application to HR ( Human resource) Manager for copy of Pay slip for the month.
1. Write a application letter for pay slip to HR.
Rohit Sharma Software Developer IT Department Tech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. 25th January 2025
To, The HR Manager Tech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. 123, Tech Park, Sector 12 Hapour Road, Meerut – 122018
Subject: Request for Pay Slip
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to request a copy of my pay slip for the month of December 2024. I require the pay slip for tax filing purposes.
Please find my details below for your reference:
Employee ID: TS2345
Designation: Software Developer
Department: IT Department
I would appreciate it if you could kindly process my request and provide me with the pay slip at your earliest convenience. If any additional information is needed, please let me know.
2. Write a application letter for pay slip to school authorities.
Neha Verma Teacher, Mathematics Department Shree Ram Public School 22 January 2025
To, The Principal Shree Ram Public School B-Block, Vikas Puri Delhi – 110018
Subject: Request for Pay Slip
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to kindly request a copy of my pay slip for the month of December 2024. I require the pay slip for tax filing purposes.
Please find my details below for your reference:
Employee ID: SRPS234
Designation: Teacher, Mathematics Department
Department: Mathematics
I would appreciate it if you could process my request and provide me with the pay slip at your earliest convenience. If any additional information is required, please feel free to contact me.
Here we will write a application for fee refund from college which will be addressed to Principal.
1. Write a application for fee refund from college.
Ananya Sharma Roll Number: 12345 B.A. (English), 1st Year St. Xavierโs College 19th January 2025
To, The Principal St. Xavierโs College P. G. Road, Meerut – 400001
Subject: Application for Fee Refund
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to formally request a refund of the fees I have paid for the academic year 2024-2025, as I have decided to withdraw my admission from St. Xavierโs College due to personal reasons.
I had enrolled in the B.A. (English) program, and the total fee amount paid was โน35,000. As per the collegeโs fee refund policy, I am eligible for a refund, and I would be grateful if you could process my request at your earliest convenience.
Please let me know if any additional documents or forms are required to initiate the refund process. I would appreciate your prompt assistance in this matter.
Writing appointment letter for the post of TGT, PRT and other jobs. All kinds of jobs follow the same pattern.
1. Write a appointment letter for a teacher for the post of TGT English.
St. Maryโs International School 123 Green Avenue, New Delhi, 110001 Phone: 011-12345678 Email: info@stmaryschool.in
Date: 23th January 2025
To, Ms. Priya Sharma 456 Bluebell Lane, New Delhi, 110002
Subject: Appointment for the Post of TGT English
Dear Ms. Sharma,
We are pleased to inform you that after reviewing your qualifications, experience, and performance in the interview, you have been selected for the position of TGT English at St. Maryโs International School. This appointment is based on the following terms and conditions:
Date of Joining: 1st February 2025
Position: Trained Graduate Teacher (TGT) โ English
Department: English
Salary: Your monthly salary will be โน40,000, as per the schoolโs pay scale and policies.
Working Hours: The regular working hours will be from 8:00 AM to 3:00 PM, Monday through Friday.
Probation Period: You will be on probation for a period of 6 months, during which your performance will be monitored and evaluated.
Leave Policy: As per the schoolโs leave policy, you will be entitled to 20 days of annual leave.
Duties and Responsibilities: As TGT English, your duties will include teaching English to students of classes 6 to 10, preparing lesson plans, conducting tests and assessments, attending parent-teacher meetings, and participating in school activities as required.
Please confirm your acceptance of this appointment by signing and returning the duplicate copy of this letter by 31st January 2025.
We are confident that you will make significant contributions to the academic growth of our students and enhance the overall teaching environment at St. Maryโs International School.
We look forward to welcoming you to our school community. Please feel free to contact the administration if you have any questions or need further clarification.
Congratulations once again, and we wish you success in your new role.
Sincerely, Mr. Amit Verma Principal St. Maryโs International School
Acknowledgment: I, Ms. Priya Sharma, accept the appointment as TGT English at St. Maryโs International School, and I agree to abide by the terms and conditions mentioned above.
2. Write a appointment letter for the teacher for the post of PRT.
Springdale International School 123 Knowledge Park, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 250001 Phone: 0121-1234567 Email: info@springdale.edu.in
Date: 21th January 2025
To, Ms. Neha Yadav 456 Green Street, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 250002
Subject: Appointment for the Post of Primary Teacher (PRT)
Dear Ms. Yadav,
We are pleased to inform you that after reviewing your qualifications, experience, and performance in the interview, you have been selected for the position of Primary Teacher (PRT) at Springdale International School. This appointment is based on the following terms and conditions:
Date of Joining: 1st February 2025
Position: Primary Teacher (PRT)
Grade/Subject: Classes 1 to 5
Salary: Your monthly salary will be โน30,000, as per the schoolโs pay scale and policies.
Working Hours: Your regular working hours will be from 8:00 AM to 3:00 PM, Monday to Friday.
Probation Period: You will be on probation for a period of 3 months, during which your performance will be evaluated.
Leave Policy: As per the schoolโs leave policy, you will be entitled to 20 days of annual leave.
Duties and Responsibilities: Your responsibilities will include teaching primary school students, preparing lesson plans, conducting tests, assessments, parent-teacher meetings, and participating in various school activities.
Please confirm your acceptance of this appointment by signing and returning the duplicate copy of this letter by 30th January 2025.
We are confident that you will contribute significantly to the academic growth of our students and the overall success of Springdale International School.
We look forward to welcoming you to our school community. Should you have any questions, please feel free to reach out to the administration.
Congratulations once again, and we wish you success in your new role.
Sincerely, Mr. Ramesh Verma Principal Springdale International School
Acknowledgment: I, Ms. Neha Yadav, accept the appointment as Primary Teacher (PRT) at Springdale International School, and I agree to abide by the terms and conditions mentioned above.
Here we are writing a letter to the principal for school leaving certificate.
1. Write a application letter for School leaving certificate.
To The Principal, Sunrise Public School, Green Valley Road, Meerut 25th January 2025.
Subject: Application for School Leaving Certificate
Respected Sir/Madam,
I am Priya Sharma, a student of class 10th in your esteemed school. I am writing this application to kindly request you to issue my School Leaving Certificate, as my family is relocating to Delhi, and I will be joining a new school there.
I have cleared all my dues and returned all the library books and other school property. Therefore, I request you to process my application and provide the School Leaving Certificate at the earliest.
I would be grateful for your assistance in this regard.
Thanking you in anticipation.
Yours sincerely, Priya Sharma Class 10th – A Roll Number: 25 Contact Details: 9876543210
Writing a Application to the bank manager as you require a new pass book as previous one has been completely filled and or lost.
1. Write a request letter for new pass book.
To The Branch Manager, State Bank of India, MG Road Branch, Delhi, 21th January 2025.
Subject: Request for Issuance of New Passbook
Respected Sir/Madam,
I am Radhika Mehta, holding a savings account in your esteemed bank with account number 123456789012. I am writing this letter to request the issuance of a new passbook, as my current passbook is lost.
Kindly issue me a new passbook at your earliest convenience. I am ready to fulfill any formalities or documentation required for the same.
I would be grateful for your prompt assistance in this matter.
To The Branch Manager, Punjab National Bank, Shastri Nagar Branch, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 15th January 2025.
Subject: Application for New Passbook
Respected Sir/Madam,
I, Anjali Verma, hold a savings account in your bank with account number 987654321123. I would like to inform you that my current passbook is completely filled, and I require a new one.
Kindly issue me a new passbook at your earliest convenience. I am ready to provide any necessary documents or complete formalities if required.
Thank you for your kind attention to this matter. I look forward to your assistance.
Sample letters and format for the issuing and replacing of ATM card.
1. Write a application letter for new ATM card.
To The Branch Manager, HDFC Bank, Civil Lines Branch, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 25th January 2025.
Subject: Application for New ATM Card
Respected Sir/Madam,
I, Rohit Kumar, am a savings account holder at your bank with account number 123456789012. I am writing this letter to request the issuance of a new ATM card, as my previous card has been damaged.
Kindly issue me a new ATM card at your earliest convenience. I am ready to fulfill any required formalities and submit necessary documents for the same.
I would appreciate your prompt action in this matter and look forward to your assistance.
2. Write a application letter for renewing ATM card.
To The Branch Manager, ICICI Bank, Rohilkhand Branch, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 24th January 2025.
Subject: Application for Renewal of ATM Card
Respected Sir/Madam,
I, Anjali Singh, hold a savings account with your bank, and my account number is 987654321098. I am writing to request the renewal of my ATM card as it is about to expire.
I kindly request you to issue me a renewed ATM card at your earliest convenience. I am ready to fulfill any required formalities or provide any necessary documents for the same.
Thank you for your attention to this matter. I look forward to your prompt assistance.
Here we have given samples and format of salary advance letter for medical reasons in family.
1. Write a salary advance request letter.
To The HR Manager, Tech Solutions Pvt. Ltd., Sector 12, Delhi, 25th January 2025.
Subject: Request for Salary Advance
Respected Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am Rohan Sharma, working as a Software Developer in the IT Department at Tech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. I am writing to request an advance on my salary for the current month due to urgent medical expenses related to my family.
I would be grateful if you could consider my request and provide me with an advance of โน15,000 as per the companyโs policies. I assure you that I will repay the advance as per the terms set by the company.
Thank you for considering my request. I look forward to your understanding and positive response.
Yours sincerely, Rohan Sharma Employee ID: TS12345 IT Department Contact: 9876543210 Signature
2. Write a salary advance letter for medical reasons.
To The HR Manager, Tech Solutions Pvt. Ltd., Vibhuti Khand, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, 25th January 2025.
Subject: Request for Salary Advance due to Medical Emergency
Respected Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am Priya Verma, working as a Senior Marketing Executive in the Marketing Department at Tech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. I am writing to request an advance on my salary for the current month due to an urgent medical situation.
Unfortunately, I have been diagnosed with a severe health condition and need immediate treatment, which has resulted in unexpected medical expenses. Therefore, I kindly request an advance of โน20,000 from my salary to help manage the situation.
I assure you that I will repay the advance as per the companyโs policy. Your understanding and support during this difficult time will be highly appreciated.
Thank you for considering my request. I look forward to your positive response.
Here we have presented sample and format for issuing of new bank pass book and duplicate bank pass book.
1. Write a application for New Bank pass book.
To The Branch Manager, State Bank of India, MG Road Branch, Meerut, 26th January 2025
Subject: Request for a New Bank Passbook
Respected Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am Priya Sharma, an account holder at your bank, holding an account with account number 1234567890. I am writing to request the issuance of a new passbook as my current passbook has been completely used up.
I kindly request you to issue a new passbook at the earliest, as I require it for my banking transactions and record-keeping.
I would appreciate it if you could process my request at your earliest convenience. Please let me know if any additional information or documents are needed to facilitate the issuance of the new passbook.
Thank you for your attention to this matter. I look forward to your prompt response.
To The Branch Manager, HDFC Bank, Aliganj Branch, Lucknow, 21th January 2025.
Subject: Request for Issuance of Duplicate Passbook
Respected Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am Priya Sharma, an account holder at your bank, holding an account with account number 9876543210. I am writing to inform you that I have unfortunately lost my original passbook and request the issuance of a duplicate passbook.
Despite my best efforts, I have been unable to locate the original passbook. Therefore, I kindly request you to issue a duplicate passbook for my account at your earliest convenience. I assure you that I will comply with any formalities or requirements necessary for the process.
Please let me know if any further documentation or verification is needed for processing my request.
I appreciate your attention to this matter and look forward to your prompt assistance.
Writing a quotation letter for requesting and responding of the parties involved , bulk purchase of product and regarding information whether a material is present or not and its cost.
1. Write a Requesting for a Quotation letter with the fee details of various courses.
The Admissions Officer Techno Global Institute Plot No. 45, Institutional Area Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, 201308
Subject: Request for Quotation for Course Fees
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am interested in pursuing B.Tech in Computer Science Engineering at your esteemed institution. I would appreciate it if you could provide me with a detailed quotation for the fees and other charges applicable to this course for the upcoming academic year.
Kindly include the following details in your quotation:
Course fees for B.Tech in Computer Science Engineering registration fees.
Hostel fees (if applicable).
Miscellaneous fees lab fees.
Any discounts or scholarships that may be available.
Payment terms and installment options (if applicable).
I would appreciate it if you could send the quotation by January 25, 2025, as I am keen to make my decision at the earliest.
Thank you for your time and assistance. I look forward to your response.
2. Write a Respond to the Request for a Quotation letter.
Anjali Mehta Sales Manager Techno Global Institute Plot No. 45, Institutional Area Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, 201308 anjali.mehta@email.com 9876543210
Date: January 20, 2025
Mr. Ravi Kumar Admissions Officer Kailash Nagar Near City Mall Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 250001
Subject: Response to Request for Quotation
Dear Mr. Ravi Kumar,
I hope this letter finds you well. Thank you for your interest in our B.Tech Computer Science Engineering program. In response to your request for a quotation, we are pleased to provide the following details for the course:
Course: B.Tech in Computer Science Engineering Price: โน1,25,000 per annum Additional Charges: โน5,000 registration fee
Hostel Fees: โน40,000 per annum
Miscellaneous Charges: โน3,000 examination fees
Discounts/Scholarships: We are offering a 10% discount on the total fees for students with more than 90% in their board exams.
Payment Terms: Full payment can be made in one installment, or you can opt for quarterly payments with a 5% surcharge.
Validity of Quotation: The quotation is valid until February 15, 2025.
Should you have any further questions or require any adjustments, please feel free to contact us. We look forward to welcoming you to our campus and supporting your educational journey.
Thank you for considering Techno Global Institute.
Yours sincerely, Anjali Mehta Sales Manager Techno Global Institute 9876543210 anjali.mehta@email.com
3. Write a Request letter for Quotation for the Bulk Purchase of Product.
The Sales Manager Alpha Electronics Pvt. Ltd. A-12, Rajouri Garden Near Metro Station New Delhi, 110027
Subject: Request for Quotation for Bulk Purchase of Laptops
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to inquire about the bulk purchase of laptops for our company, Tech Solutions Pvt. Ltd.. We are planning to purchase 100 units of 14-inch laptops and would appreciate it if you could provide us with a detailed quotation for this order.
Please include the following information in your quotation:
Price per unit for the bulk quantity.
Total cost for the requested quantity of 100 units.
Discounts available for bulk purchases.
Delivery charges and expected delivery time.
Payment terms advance, installment options, etc.
Warranty/Return policy if applicable
Any additional charges if applicable.
We are looking forward to establishing a long-term business relationship and would appreciate receiving your quotation by January 25, 2025 to proceed further.
Thank you for your attention to this matter. We look forward to your prompt response.
The Sales Manager Alpha Electronics Pvt. Ltd. Plot No. 23, Tech Park Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, 201308
Subject: Request for Information Regarding Availability and Cost of Laptops
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to inquire about the availability and cost of 14-inch laptops for our company, Tech Innovations Pvt. Ltd.. We are looking to purchase 50 units of the laptop model XYZ-123, and would like to know the following details:
Availability of the product in the desired quantity of 50 units.
Price per unit of the laptop.
Any discounts available for bulk purchases.
Estimated delivery time for the product.
Payment terms and conditions.
Any warranty or return policy information.
We are looking forward to hearing from you soon to proceed with our order. Kindly provide the requested information at your earliest convenience.
Thank you for your assistance. I look forward to your prompt response.
Writing a application for requesting character certificate for higher studies, schools and scholarship.
1. Write a Application for Requesting a character certificate from college for Higher studies.
Rahul Sharma 56, Green Park Apartments Rajendra Nagar Meerut rahul.sharma@gmail.com 9876543210
Date: January 17, 2025
The Principal Delhi University Karol Bagh Road Delhi
Subject: Request for Issuance of Character Certificate for Higher Studies
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I, Rahul Sharma, have completed my Bachelor of Arts (History Honors) from your esteemed institution in the year 2024. I am now applying for higher studies at a postgraduate level and would require a Character Certificate from the college as part of the application process.
I kindly request you to issue me the character certificate at your earliest convenience, as I need to submit it along with my admission documents. Your prompt assistance in this matter will be highly appreciated.
Thank you for your support.
Yours sincerely, Rahul Sharma Roll Number: 102034 Delhi University
2. Write a Certificate Application letter for Scholarship.
Anjali Verma 101, Rose Garden, Lajpat Nagar, New Delhi, 110024 anjali.verma@email.com 9876543210
Date: January 11, 2025
The Principal Delhi University North Campus New Delhi, 110007
Subject: Application for Certificate for Scholarship
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you in good health. I, Anjali Verma, a student of B.A. (English Honors) with Roll Number 123456, would like to request a certificate from the college to apply for a scholarship.
As part of the scholarship application process, I am required to submit a certificate from the institution to verify my academic record and other necessary details. I kindly request you to issue this certificate to support my application for the scholarship. I believe this scholarship will help me pursue my higher studies and fulfill my academic goals.
Thank you for considering my request. I look forward to your positive response at the earliest.
Yours sincerely, Anjali Verma B.A. (English Honors) Roll Number: 123456 Delhi University
3. Write a School character Certificate Application.
The Principal Greenwood Public School Sector 12, Dwarka New Delhi, 110078
Subject: Application for Character Certificate
Dear Sir/Madam,
I, Ravi Kumar, a student of Class 12, Science Stream, with Roll Number 201234, have successfully completed my studies at Greenwood Public School. I am writing to request a Character Certificate from the school, which is required for my future academic or professional purposes.
I kindly request you to issue me the character certificate, confirming my good conduct and behavior during my time at the school. I would be grateful if you could process my request at the earliest convenience.
Thank you for your consideration.
Yours sincerely, Ravi Kumar Class 12, Science Stream Roll Number: 201234 Greenwood Public School
To, Mr. Rahul Sharma Global Book Distributors Plot 45, Sector 18 Meerut, 201301
Subject: Purchase Order for Books
Dear Mr. Sharma,
I hope this letter finds you well. We are pleased to place a purchase order for the following books for educational institution, as per the details provided below:
Book Title
Author/Publisher
Quantity
Price per Unit
Total Price
Introduction to Computer Science
A.K. Jain / Tech Publishers
50
โน400
โน20,000
Advanced Mathematics
P.N. Gupta / ABC Press
30
โน550
โน16,500
Modern English Grammar
H.C. Verma / Scholarly Books
20
โน300
โน12,000
The total amount for this order is โน48,500, including applicable taxes and shipping charges. We kindly request that you process this order at your earliest convenience and deliver the books by February 10, 2025, to the following address:
Please confirm the receipt of this order and provide an invoice for the same. Payment will be made upon receipt of the books in good condition, as per the terms previously agreed upon.
If you need any further information, feel free to contact me at ankit.dhiman@abcbooks.com or call me at 9876543210. We look forward to receiving the books promptly.
Thank you for your cooperation.
Yours sincerely, Ankit Dhiman Purchase Manager
2. Write a Business order letter-Purchase to the order stationary supplies.
The Sales Manager XYZ Stationery Supplies Plot No. 25, Industrial Area New Delhi 110001
Subject: Order for Stationery Supplies
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. We are pleased to place an order for stationery supplies for our office, Kumar Enterprises. Kindly process our order as per the following list:
A4 Size Paper (75 GSM) โ 10 Reams
Ballpoint Pens (Blue) โ 50 Boxes
Highlighters (Assorted Colors) โ 20 Pieces
Staplers (Medium) โ 15 Units
Notepads (Ruled, A5 Size) โ 30 Units
Paper Clips (Large, Box of 100) โ 25 Boxes
Please ensure that the items are of good quality and are delivered to our office at the address mentioned above by 25-January-2025. Kindly send the invoice along with the delivery, and we will process the payment promptly upon receipt.
We look forward to your prompt confirmation of this order and timely delivery.
Subject: Confirmation of Your Stationery Supplies Order
Dear Mr. Dhiman,
Thank you for your recent order dated January 20, 2025. We are pleased to confirm that we have received your order for stationery supplies, and the items are being processed as per your request.
The details of the items ordered are as follows:
A4 Size Paper (75 GSM) โ 10 Reams
Ballpoint Pens (Blue) โ 50 Boxes
Highlighters (Assorted Colors) โ 20 Pieces
Staplers (Medium) โ 15 Units
Notepads (Ruled, A5 Size) โ 30 Units
Paper Clips (Large, Box of 100) โ 25 Boxes
We are pleased to inform you that the total cost of the order is โน17,800, which is within your specified budget of โน18,000. Your order will be shipped to your office address in Lucknow by January 28, 2025, well before your preferred delivery date.
Once the delivery has been made, the invoice will be sent along with the goods. Please feel free to reach out to us if you have any questions or need further assistance. We appreciate your business and look forward to serving you again in the future.
Pavan Computer Operator IT Support HCL Technologies Faridabad Delhi, 110091 12-Jan-2025
The Manager/HR Department HCL Technologies Faridabad Delhi, 110091
Subject: Request for Salary Increment
Dear Ravi Kumar
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to formally request a salary increment. I have been working at HCL Technologies as a Computer Operator for the past 4 year, and I am proud of the contributions I have made to the organization during this time.
Over the course of my tenure, I have taken on additional responsibilities, contributed to various successful projects, and consistently met or exceeded my performance targets. I believe that my skills, experience, and dedication to my work have added significant value to the team and the company as a whole.
Considering my ongoing contributions, market trends, and my dedication to the organization, I would appreciate it if you could review my request for a salary adjustment. I am confident that a salary increment would not only reflect my current role and responsibilities but would also motivate me to continue striving for excellence in my work.
Thank you for considering my request. I am happy to discuss this further at your convenience.
Yours sincerely, Pavan 1452637859 Pavan@gmail.com
2. Write a Salary Appraisal Request mail.
Subject: Request for Salary Appraisal
Dear Aadesh
I hope this email finds you well. I am writing to formally request a review of my current compensation package. Over the past 3 years, I have taken on increased responsibilities and have consistently met or exceeded the expectations in my role as Network Engineer.
Some of the key achievements I would like to highlight include:
successful completion of a major project, increased revenue, improved process efficiency.
leading a team, delivering high-quality results.
Improving customer satisfaction.
In light of my performance and contribution to the companyโs success, I would like to kindly request a discussion regarding a salary adjustment that better reflects my current role and responsibilities. I am confident that this request aligns with the value I bring to the team and the organization.
I would appreciate the opportunity to meet and discuss this in more detail at a convenient time for you. Thank you for considering my request, and I look forward to your feedback.
Write a application for issuing of cheque book for the first time for an account and issuing next time.
1. Write a Application for Cheque book issue.
Vajid Choudhary House 5, Purani Street Hapour Road, Meerut 12-Jan-2025
The Branch Manager State Bank of India (SBI) Meerut Branch Meerut, Uttar Pradesh –
Subject: Request for Issuance of Cheque Book
Dear Sir/Madam,
I, Vajid Choudhary, hold a savings account with your bank, and the details of my account are as follows:
Account Number: 1254 6325 7896 7485
Account Type: Savings
Branch: Meerut Branch
I kindly request you to issue a cheque book for my account as I require it for my upcoming transactions. I would appreciate it if you could process my request at your earliest convenience.
Thank you for your prompt attention to this matter. Please do let me know if any further documents or information is required.
Yours faithfully, Vajid Choudhary 2563458512
2. Write a Application for new Cheque Book.
Abhishek Golden ball Street Meerut 13-Jan-2025
The Branch Manager HDFC Bank Connaught Place Branch New Delhi, Delhi 110001
Subject: Request for Issuance of New Cheque Book
Dear Sir/Madam,
I, Abhishek, hold a savings account with your esteemed bank. The details of my account are as follows:
Account Name: Abhishek
Account Number: 7485 4563 1254 9632
Account Type: Current Account
Branch: Connaught Place Branch
I am writing to request the issuance of a new cheque book as I have exhausted the leaves in my previous cheque book. I would appreciate it if you could kindly process my request and issue the new cheque book at your earliest convenience.
Thank you for your prompt attention to this matter. Please let me know if any further documents or information is required.
Samples are provided here for writing a complaining application for Electric wire change and burnt electricity meter.
1. Write a application for Electricity wire change.
To, The Senior Engineer, Electricity Department, Green Park Area, Delhi – 110016.
Date: 21rd January 2025
Subject: Application for Replacement of Damaged Electricity Wires
Respected Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you in good health. I writing to bring to you kind attention the poor condition of the electricity wires in our areas, specifically at House no. 123, Block C, Green Park, Delhi. The existing wires have old and worn out posing a serious risk to the softly of the residents, Due to the damaged condition of the wirers, we have been facing frequent power outages and fluctuations, causing in convenience to the house holds as well as potential hazards.
I kindly request you to arrange for the replacement of the damaged wires as soon as possible to ensure the safety and uninterrupted supply of electricity your prompt action in this regard will be highly appreciated.
Thanking you in anticipation of your immediate attention to this matter.
Yours sincerely, Amit Sharma House No. 123, Block C, Green Park, Delhi Phone: 9876543210
2. Write a application for electricity meter Burnt.
To, The Senior Engineer, Electricity Department, Rajiv Nagar Division, Meerut – 800024.
Date: 20 January 2025
Subject: Application for Replacement of Burnt Electricity Meter
Respected Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to inform you that the electricity meter installed at my residence, located at House No. 67, Block B, Rajiv Nagar, Patna, has recently burnt out. As a result, we are currently without electricity, and this is causing significant inconvenience to our daily activities.
I kindly request you to take immediate action to inspect the burnt meter and replace it with a new one at the earliest. I would also appreciate it if you could inform me about the necessary steps or formalities required from my side to expedite the process.
Your prompt attention to this issue will be highly appreciated.
To, The HR Manager XYZ Technologies Pvt. Ltd. Ganga Nagar, Meerut – 122002
Subject: Request for Experience Certificate
Respected Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to request the issuance of an Experience Certificate for the period I worked at XYZ Technologies Pvt. Ltd. as a Software Developer from 01/06/2022 to 20/1/2025.
During my tenure at the company, I gained invaluable knowledge and skills that have contributed significantly to my professional growth. I would be grateful if you could issue the certificate mentioning the details of my employment, role, and key responsibilities.
I have attached the necessary documents for your reference, including my final settlement details and any additional forms required for processing the request.
I would appreciate your prompt assistance in issuing the certificate at your earliest convenience.
Writing Application for NOC to apply for a new job, request letter format for training/teaching and format to close bank account.
1. Write a Application for NOC to Apply for a new job.
Subject: Application for No Objection Certificate (NOC) for New Job
Dear Mr. Sharma,
I hope this email finds you well. I am Disha Sharma, currently working as a Software Developer in the IT Department at Tech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. I am writing to request a No Objection Certificate (NOC) to apply for a new job opportunity with Innovate Tech Systems.
As per the terms of my current employment, I require an NOC to ensure that my transition is smooth and in compliance with the company policies. I have thoroughly enjoyed my time working here, and I am grateful for the opportunities provided to me. However, after careful consideration, I have decided to explore new career prospects.
Please let me know if any additional formalities or documentation is required to process this request. I appreciate your support and cooperation in this matter.
Thank you for your understanding and assistance.
Sincerely, Disha Software Developer IT Department Tech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. Phone: 9876543210 Email: Disha@email.com
2. Write a application NOC Request letter format for teaching/training.
Riya Verma 123 Green Avenue Karol Bagh, Delhi, 800001 riya.verma@email.com 9876543210
Date: 21/01/2025
To, The Principal Modern Academy Saket, Delhi, 800002
Subject: Request for No Objection Certificate (NOC) for Teaching/Training
Respected Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to formally request the issuance of a No Objection Certificate (NOC) for my participation in a Teaching Methodology and Pedagogical Skills Training Program, which will take place from 01/02/2025 to 15/02/2025 at Global Education Institute, Delhi.
I assure you that my involvement in this training program will not affect my current duties and responsibilities at Modern Academy. I am committed to continuing my work without any disruption and will ensure all my tasks are completed in a timely manner during this period.
Kindly grant me the required NOC so that I can proceed with the enrollment and attend the program. Your approval will greatly assist me in advancing my professional skills, which I believe will also benefit my contributions to the institution.
I appreciate your understanding and support in this matter. I look forward to your positive response.
Thank you.
Yours sincerely, Riya Verma Assistant Teacher Department of English
3. Write a NOC request letter format to close a loan account.
Ravi Kumar 56, Blue Moon Complex Sector 15, Raj nagar, Prayagraj – 122001 ravi.kumar@email.com 9998765432
Date: 15/01/2025
To, The Branch Manager ABC Bank Ltd. Hapour road Meerut – 122002
Subject: Request for No Objection Certificate (NOC) for Loan Account Closure
Respected Sir/Madam,
I, Ravi Kumar, holding a loan account with your bank (Account Number: L123456789), am writing to request the issuance of a No Objection Certificate (NOC) for the closure of my loan account. I have fully repaid the outstanding amount as of 11/01/2025.
With this letter, I kindly request you to provide the NOC confirming that there are no dues pending on the loan account, and that the loan account may be closed. I would also appreciate it if you could update the status of my loan account to โClosedโ in your records.
I have attached the necessary documents, including the final payment receipt and other required forms, for your reference and further processing.
I would be grateful for your prompt action on this request and look forward to receiving the NOC at your earliest convenience.
Thank you for your cooperation.
Yours faithfully, Ravi Kumar Loan Account Number: L123456789
Sample letters and format for Appointment letter and mail for Employee from Employer.
1. Write a Appointment letter for Employee.
To, The Sales Manager ITI Limited, Naini ITI Limited, Naini, Mirzapur Road, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh – 211010
Date: 1-Jan-2025
To, Rahul Sharma Transport Nagar, Meerut PIN: 122002
Subject: Appointment Letter
Dear Rahul Sharma,
We are pleased to offer you the position of Software Developer at ITI Limited, Naini. We are confident that your skills and experience will be an asset to our team. Below are the details of your employment:
1. Position: Your designation will be Software Developer.
2. Job Location: Your job will be based at our office in Gurugram, Haryana and you may be required to travel as per the company’s needs.
3. Salary: Your monthly salary will be 50000 This is inclusive of all allowances and deductions as applicable under company policy.
4. Joining Date: Your expected joining date will be 1-Feb-2025 Kindly report to Reporting Managerโs Suresh Kumar on your first day.
5. Working Hours: You are expected to work from 9:30 to 6:30 from Monday to Saturday, with breaks as per company norms.
6. Benefits: You will be entitled to the following benefits:
15 days of annual leave
Medical Insurance
Provident Fund, Gratuity
7. Probation Period: You will be on probation for a period of 3 months after which your performance will be reviewed, and your employment status will be confirmed, subject to satisfactory performance.
8. Termination: Either party may terminate this employment with a notice period of 1 month or payment in lieu of notice, as per company policy.
We request you to kindly acknowledge your acceptance of this offer by signing and returning a copy of this letter.
We look forward to having you as a part of our team. Should you have any questions regarding this letter, please feel free to reach out to us.
Bajaj Hindusthan Sugar Ltd. nd Floor, Sector 46, Near Huda City Centre, Daurala, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh – 250221
Date: 11-Jan-2025
To, Sunita Garg House 5, Street 6 Hapur Road, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh – 250002
Subject: Appointment Letter
Dear, Sunita Garg
We are pleased to inform you that you have been selected for the position of Computer operator at Bajaj Hindusthan Sugar Ltd. located at Daurala, Meerut. After careful consideration of your application and interview performance, we are confident that your skills and experience will contribute to the success of our organization.
Below are the details of your appointment:
1. Position: Computer operator
2. Department: IT Support
3. Location: Bajaj Hindusthan Sugar Ltd, 2nd Floor, Sector 46, Near Huda City Centre, Daurala, Meerut, PIN: 122018
4. Reporting To: Mr. Ravi Verma, IT Manager
5. Start Date: 1st February 2025
6. Salary: Your monthly salary will be โน40000 payable on a monthly basis.
7. Working Hours: Working hours 9:00 AM to 6:00 PM, Monday to Friday
8. Probation Period: You will be on a probation period of 3 months after which your performance will be reviewed.
9. Other Benefits:
12 days of paid annual leave per year
7 days of casual leave per year
Sick leave as per company policy
10. Job Responsibilities: You are expected to perform the duties assigned to you, which include
Operating and maintaining computer systems
Managing daily data entry tasks
Ensuring smooth functioning of hardware and software
Handling system troubleshooting and providing technical support
Assisting in generating reports and maintaining records
Performing other administrative duties as required by the department
Please sign and return a copy of this letter, indicating your acceptance of the terms and conditions mentioned.
We are excited to have you join our team and look forward to working with you.
Best regards, Sunita Garg Computer Operator Bajaj Hindusthan Sugar Ltd.
Employee Acceptance: I, [Employee Name], accept the offer of employment and agree to the terms and conditions outlined in this appointment letter.
Subject: Appointment Order for the Position of Computer Operator
Dear Ankit Dhiman
We are pleased to inform you that you have been selected for the position of Computer Operator at ITC Limited. Your application and interview performance have been reviewed, and we are confident that your skills and experience will be a great asset to our organization.
Below are the details of your appointment:
Position: Computer Operator Department: IT Support Location: Chandni Chowk, New Delhi, Uttar Pradesh – 250221 Reporting To: Rohit Kumar Start Date: 1-Jan-2025 Salary: โน450000 per month Working Hours: 9:00 AM to 6:00 PM, Monday to Friday Probation Period: 6 months Benefits: Paid Leave,
You are required to sign and return a copy of this email to confirm your acceptance of the offer. We kindly ask you to complete the joining formalities and bring the necessary documents on your first day of work.
We are excited to have you on board and look forward to your contributions to the company. If you have any questions or require further details, feel free to reach out to us.
Once again, congratulations, and welcome to the team!
Best regards, Ankit Dhiman Computer Operator ITC Limited 4528665223
Employee Acceptance:
I, [Employee’s Name], accept the offer of employment and agree to the terms and conditions outlined in the appointment order.
Sample letter and format of Apology letter for delivery of damaged product, for delay in supply of garments and missing to mark attendance.
1. Write a formal apology letter for Delivery of Damaged Product.
Subject: Apology for Delivery of Damaged Product
Dear Rekha,
I hope this message finds you well. We are writing to sincerely apologize for the damaged product you received in your recent order with us. We understand how disappointing this must be and deeply regret the inconvenience this has caused you.
We strive to ensure that all products are delivered in perfect condition, but in this instance, we have fallen short of our standard. Please be assured that this is not reflective of the quality of service we aim to provide.
We are investigating the cause of this issue to ensure that this does not happen again in the future. In the meantime, we would be more than happy to arrange for a replacement or refund for the damaged product. Kindly let us know your preference, and we will expedite the process for you.
Once again, we apologize for this inconvenience and thank you for your understanding and patience. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any further questions or concerns.
To, Priya Verma House 5, Street 8 Faridabad, New Delhi
Subject: Apology for Delay in Supply of Garments
Dear Priya Verma
I hope this message finds you well. I am writing to sincerely apologize for the delay in the delivery of the garments you ordered from us. We understand the inconvenience this has caused, and we take full responsibility for the delay in fulfilling your order.
Due to unforeseen circumstances, there were delays in our production and supply chain processes. We have been working diligently to resolve the issue, and we are committed to ensuring that such delays do not occur in the future.
Please rest assured that we are doing everything we can to expedite the shipment of your order. We are making all necessary arrangements to ensure that the garments reach you as soon as possible, and we expect them to arrive by 03-Jan-2025.
As a gesture of goodwill, we would like to offer you a free shipping, on your next order.
We greatly appreciate your patience and understanding in this matter. If you have any further concerns or require any assistance, please do not hesitate to contact us. We value your business and are committed to providing you with the best possible service.
Once again, we apologize for any inconvenience this may have caused and thank you for your continued trust in us.
Yours sincerely, Rahul Sharma Sales Manager ABC Textiles Pvt. Ltd. 123, Textile Park, Phase 2 New Delhi, Uttar Pradesh
3. Write a Apology mail format for missing to mark Attendance.
Subject: Apology for Missing Attendance
Dear Ravi Kumar
I hope this email finds you well. I would like to sincerely apologize for missing my attendance on 02-Jan-2025 due to Family function. I understand the importance of maintaining accurate attendance records and deeply regret any inconvenience this may have caused.
Please let me know if any additional steps are required from my side to correct this oversight. Moving forward, I will ensure to be more mindful and avoid such mistakes.
Thank you for your understanding.
Best regards, Ravi Kumar Software Developer IT Support
Write a sample letter and format to Principal to participate in the National level literary Competition, school leave application , to principal for leave for going out of station and for absence from school.
1. Write a Leave letter to Principal to participate in the National level literary Competition.
Joyti 9th Class, Roll No. 23 House 5, Mangal Street Lanka, New Delhi 13-Jan-2025
The Principal Shine Public School Karol Bagh, New Delhi
Subject: Leave Request for Participation in National Literary Competition
Respected Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to request leave from school for 02-Jan-2025 as I have been selected to represent our school in the National Literary Competition that is scheduled to take place during these dates. 14-january-2025 to 18-january-2025.
This is an important event, and I believe it will provide me with a great opportunity to showcase my skills and gain exposure. I assure you that I will make up for the missed lessons and assignments upon my return.
I kindly request you to grant me leave for these days, and I would be grateful for your approval.
Thank you for your consideration.
Yours sincerely, Joyti 9th Class, Roll No. 232 Shine Public School
2. Write a School leave letter for sick leave.
Deepali 12th Class, Section A House 9, large building Street Ganga Nagar, Meerut 04-Jan-2025
To, The Principal Royal Heritage School Hapour Road, Meerut
Subject: Request for Sick Leave
Respected Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to inform you that I am feeling unwell and unable to attend school due to illness. I kindly request you to grant me sick leave from 05-Jan-2025 to 07-Jan-2025 I will ensure to complete any missed lessons or assignments upon my return.
I would be grateful for your understanding and approval.
Thank you for your attention to this matter.
Yours sincerely, Deepali 12th, A Roll Number : 21 Contact No. 4528363582
3. Write a letter to principal for leave for going out of station.
Ankush Saini 11th B House 3, Street 5 Sharda Road, Meerut 05-Jan-2025
To, The Principal Jeevandeep Public School Hauz Khas, New Delhi
Subject: Request for Leave to Go Out of Station
Respected Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you in good health. I am writing to inform you that I will need to go out of station for personal work, from 06-Jan-25 to 08-Jan-25. I kindly request you to grant me leave for the aforementioned period.
I will make sure to catch up on any missed lessons and complete the assignments once I return.
Thank you for your consideration. I look forward to your approval.
Yours sincerely, Ankush Saini 11th B Roll Number 12 Contact No. 9126385462
4. Write a letter for Absence from school.
Vivek Singh 12th C 123 Green Street Lajpat Nagar, New Delhi 16-Jan-2025
To, The Principal Greenwood International School New Delhi – 110001
Subject: Request for Excuse from Absence
Respected Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to inform you that I was absent from school on 10-Jan-2025 illness.
I apologize for not being able to inform you in advance. I kindly request you to excuse my absence. I will ensure that I catch up on all missed lessons and assignments promptly.
Thank you for your understanding and consideration.
Yours sincerely, Vivek Singh 12th C Roll Number 25 Contact No. 4582637845
Write a sample letter regarding applying to job vacancy, return and replacement of damaged product and purchase of material in bulk.
1. Write a Sample letter Regarding applying to job vacancy.
Sudheer Kumar House 56, Street 4 Katra, Prayagraj PIN: 400013 Sudheerkumar@gmail.com 9526385467
Date: 12-Jan-2025
The Hiring Manager Bajaj Auto Limited Ganga Nagar, Meerut PIN Code: 411045
Subject: Application for Job Vacancy
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to express my interest in the Software Developer position advertised on your company’s website. I have Java, problem-solving, software development methodologies, B.Sc. in Computer Science and believe that my skills and expertise make me a suitable candidate for this role.
I hold a IIT Delhi from software Developer and have 2 years experience. My previous roles have honed my abilities in Coding, Software Solutions Design, which I am eager to apply to your team.
I have attached my resume for your reference, which provides further details about my qualifications and experience. I am confident that I can contribute effectively to your company and am excited about the opportunity to work with your esteemed organization.
I would welcome the opportunity to discuss how my background, skills, and qualifications align with your requirements. I am available for an interview at your earliest convenience and can be reached at 9526328526 or via email at Sudheerkumar@gmail.com.
Thank you for considering my application. I look forward to the opportunity to contribute to your team.
Sincerely, Sudheer Kumar [Your Signature]
2. Write a letter Enquiry mail format Sample Regarding return and replacement of damaged product.
Subject: Inquiry Regarding Return and Replacement of Damaged Product
Dear Meesho,
I hope this email finds you well. I am writing to inform you about a recent purchase I made from your store/website. Unfortunately, upon receiving the product, I noticed that it is damaged.
Below are the details of my purchase:
Order Number: RT12456
Product Name: Hair Oil
Date of Purchase: 02-Jan-2025
Delivery Date: 08-Jan-2025
Issue: Briefly describe the damage leaking, expired.
I would appreciate it if you could guide me through the process of returning the damaged product and arranging for a replacement. Kindly let me know the steps I need to follow, including any documentation or procedures required for the return and replacement.
If you need any further details or pictures of the damaged product, please let me know, and I will be happy to provide them.
I look forward to your prompt assistance in resolving this issue.
Thank you for your attention to this matter.
Best regards, Rakhi 4528652344 Delhi
3. Write a Business Enquiry letter Regarding Purchase of Material in Bulk.
Arjun Sharma Zivame House 4, Street 2 Chandni Chowk, Delhi PIN: 110006 Arjunshrma@gmail.com 4528632545
Date: 12-Jan-2025
To, The Sales Manager Myntra 2nd Floor, 20, Tower C, Manyata Tech Park, Lukarganj, Meerut
Subject: Business Enquiry Regarding the Purchase of Material in Bulk
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to inquire about the possibility of purchasing Pajama sets and shorts in bulk from your company. We are a Pajama sets and shorts based in Delhi, and we are looking to expand our procurement of materials for our upcoming project.
We are particularly interested in purchasing 2,000 units of cotton Pajama sets and 1,500 units of cotton shorts. Kindly provide us with the following information:
Price per unit for bulk orders: Please share the per unit cost for 2,000 Pajama sets and 1,500 shorts.
Delivery lead time and shipping charges: Let us know the estimated delivery time to Karnataka, along with shipping costs.
Any discounts or offers available for bulk purchases: If there are any promotional offers, discounts for bulk purchases, or any loyalty benefits, please inform us.
Payment terms and conditions: We would appreciate it if you could outline the payment terms, such as upfront payment, payment upon delivery, or any installment options.
Product specifications and certifications (if applicable): Please provide details about the fabric, quality, and any relevant certifications, such as eco-friendly, organic cotton, or other standards.
Warranty or guarantee details (if applicable): Do you offer any product warranty, replacement, or satisfaction guarantee for defective items?
We are eager to establish a long-term relationship with your company and would appreciate a prompt response with the requested details. Please feel free to contact us should you require any further information.
Thank you for your time and consideration. We look forward to hearing from you soon.
Sample letter and format highlighting the effects of Air Pollution, the issue of opened manholes and frequent breakdown of electricity.
1. Write a Sample letter to Editor to Highlights the effects of Air Pollution.
Mr. Arvind Kumar House 8, Street 3 Begum Pul, New Delhi Arvindkumar@gmail.com
Date: 15-Jan-2025
To, The Editor, Aaj Meerut, Uttar Pradesh – 226001
Subject:Highlighting the Dangers of Air Pollution and Its Effects
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to you to bring attention to the increasingly alarming issue of air pollution, which continues to pose a serious threat to public health and the environment. It is essential that this issue be highlighted, as the effects are being felt daily in our cities, especially in urban areas like Delhi.
The air quality in many cities has worsened over the years due to factors such as industrial emissions, vehicular pollution, and the burning of crop residue. The hazardous particles in the air, such as PM 2.5, can lead to severe respiratory issues, cardiovascular diseases, and other health problems. Vulnerable groups, such as children, the elderly, and people with pre-existing conditions, are particularly at risk.
Apart from the health concerns, air pollution is also taking a toll on the environment. It leads to smog, which reduces visibility, harms plant life, and accelerates climate change by contributing to global warming.
It is high time that both the government and the public take significant steps to curb air pollution. Stringent regulations should be enforced on industrial emissions, vehicle exhaust, and agricultural practices. Furthermore, public awareness campaigns need to be initiated to educate people on the importance of reducing their carbon footprint.
I urge you to use your esteemed platform to raise awareness on this issue and encourage action from the concerned authorities. It is crucial that we take immediate steps to protect both our health and the environment for future generations.
Thank you for your time and consideration.
Yours faithfully, [Your Signature] Mr. Arvind Kumar
2. Write a Sample letter to the Editor of a Newspaper to Highlight the issue of open manholes.
Rajive Pal 45 Shanti Nagar, Lajpat Nagar, New Delhi, 110024 rajivepal@gmail.com 4528568257
12-Jan-2025
The Editor Hindustan Times – New Delhi Pine code- 110001
Subject: Urgent Need to Address the Issue of Open Manholes in the City
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to draw attention to a pressing issue that affects the safety and well-being of the residents of New Delhiโthe increasing number of open manholes on our streets. These open manholes pose a serious threat to pedestrians, cyclists, and motorists alike, especially during the night or in times of heavy rainfall when visibility is low.
The situation is particularly alarming in areas such as Karol Bagh, South Extension, where several manholes have been left uncovered for weeks. Despite repeated complaints from concerned citizens, no substantial action has been taken by the local authorities. These open manholes not only disrupt the smooth flow of traffic but also endanger the lives of the people, especially children and the elderly.
There have already been instances of accidents and injuries, and it is only a matter of time before a major tragedy occurs if the situation is not addressed immediately. I urge the concerned authorities to take prompt action by covering these manholes and ensuring regular maintenance to prevent such occurrences in the future.
I hope your esteemed newspaper will highlight this issue to raise awareness and encourage swift action from the authorities.
Thank you for your attention to this matter.
Yours sincerely, Rajive Pal [Your Signature]
3. Write a Sample letter to the Editor regarding Frequent Breakdown of Electricity.
Farman Salmani House 7, Street 15 Dwarka, Delhi farmansalmani@gmail.com 4526385462
Date: 12-Jan-2025
The Editor The Telegraph Lajput Road, Prayagraj
Subject: Frequent Breakdown of Electricity in Park Street
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to bring attention to the ongoing issue of frequent electricity breakdowns in our area, Park Street. The situation has become unbearable as we are experiencing constant power cuts, often without any prior notice or adequate explanation from the electricity department.
These power cuts are not only affecting the daily lives of residents but also causing significant disruption to businesses, students’ studies, and the overall functioning of households. Many residents, including the elderly and those with health conditions, are finding it difficult to manage during long hours of power outage, especially during extreme weather conditions.
Despite numerous complaints and grievances filed with the local electricity board, the issue remains unresolved. Temporary fixes have been applied, but the root cause of the problem seems to be neglected. This persistent breakdown of electricity also increases the risk of damage to electrical appliances due to fluctuating voltage levels.
I urge the authorities to take immediate and effective steps to improve the electricity supply in our area, ensure proper maintenance of transformers and cables, and establish a reliable system for addressing public concerns. Timely communication regarding scheduled power cuts and any maintenance work should also be provided to the residents.
I hope your esteemed newspaper will highlight this issue and encourage swift action from the concerned authorities to resolve the matter promptly.
To, The Branch Manager State Bank of India (SBI) Branch Name: SBI Connaught Place, New Delhi
Subject: Request for Closure of Bank Account
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to formally request the closure of my bank account with your branch. Below are the details of my account:
Account Holder Name: Mr. Neha Gupta
Account Number: 1245 4785 2365 4785
Account Type: Savings
I would like to close this account and request you to transfer any remaining balance to my other bank account. I also request you to issue me a confirmation of the account closure.
Please find attached the necessary documents, including my identity proof and account passbook, to facilitate the closure process. If any further formalities are required, kindly let me know, and I will comply.
I would appreciate it if the closure process could be completed at your earliest convenience.
Sample letters and format for Relieving letter is provided here. Sample letters include reliving letter request from Employee, Relieving mail and relieving letter from an employee.
1. Write a Reliving letter request from Employee.
Dear Rahul Kumar,
I hope this message finds you well. I am writing to formally request my relieving letter following my resignation from IIT Limited Pvt Ltd, effective Saturday. As per the terms of my notice period, I have completed all necessary handovers and responsibilities during my time at the company.
I kindly request you to provide me with my relieving letter at your earliest convenience, as it will be required for my future employment. I would also appreciate any assistance in clearing any remaining formalities from my end.
Thank you for your support throughout my tenure at IIT Limited Pvt Ltd. I have enjoyed my time working with the team and value the experiences gained.
I hope this email finds you well. I am writing to formally request the issuance of my relieving letter following the completion of my notice period with Tata Consultancy Services (TCS). As you are aware, my last working day was Saturday, 12-Jan-2025 and I have successfully completed all the formalities, including handing over my responsibilities.
I would greatly appreciate it if the relieving letter could be provided at your earliest convenience, as it is required for my future employment purposes. Please let me know if any additional information or documents are needed from my side to process the same.
Thank you for your support and guidance during my tenure at Tata Consultancy Services (TCS). I have truly enjoyed my time here and learned a great deal. I hope to keep in touch and wish the team continued success.
Looking forward to your prompt response.
Best regards, Sadiya Choudhary Software Engineer 452635821 Employee ID, 125471
3. Write a Relieving letter from Employee.
Date: 08-Jan-2025
To, Recipientโs Name: Mr. Rajiv Sharma Designation: HR Manager Company Name: Global Tech Solutions Company Address: Charthawal, Muzaffarnagar
Subject: Resignation and Request for Relieving Letter
Dear Mr. Rajiv Sharma,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to formally resign from my position as Senior Software Engineer at Tech Innovators Pvt. Ltd., effective Last Working Day was Tuesday 14-Jan-2025.
I have had a fulfilling experience working with Tech Innovators Pvt. Ltd and appreciate the opportunities and support provided during my tenure. However, due to career growth, I have decided to pursue other career opportunities.
I request you to kindly issue my relieving letter, settle any pending dues, and provide me with my experience letter. I will ensure a smooth transition of my responsibilities during the notice period and am willing to help in the handover process to my successor.
Thank you once again for the guidance and opportunities I received here. I look forward to maintaining a positive relationship with Tech Innovators Pvt. Ltd in the future.
Sample letter and format of Application. Here we have given sample letters for new ATM Card issue Application, bank statement, Bank letter statement request for IT returns, account statement for loan application and bank statement for scholarship.
1. Write a Sample letter for New ATM Card issue Application.
Sameer Khan House 5, Street 3 Mahanagar, Lucknow 2563452851 Sameerkhan@gmail.com
06-Jan-2025
Kotak Mahindra Bank Kotak Mahindra Bank Ltd, C-2, 2nd Floor, Begum Bagh, Meerut
Subject: Request for Issuance of New ATM Card
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to request the issuance of a new ATM card for my account with your bank. Below are the details of my account:
Account Holder Name: Sameer khan
Account Number: 1234 5678 9101 1122
Branch Name: Mumbai Main Branch
Due to loss of the previous ATM card I am unable to use my existing ATM card. I kindly request that a new ATM card be issued at the earliest.
Please let me know if any additional information or documentation is required for processing my request. I would appreciate it if you could process this request promptly.
Thank you for your attention to this matter. I look forward to your swift response.
Yours sincerely, Sameer Khan [Your Signature ]
2. Write a letter Bank Statement.
Anjali Saini House 8, Street 5 Purkazi, Muzaffarnagar Anjalisaini@gmail.com 2546352862
07-Jan-2025
The Branch Manager Punjab National Bank (PNB) 7 Bhikaji Cama Place, Sardar Patel Marg, Muzaffarnagar- 110066
Subject: Request for Bank Statement
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to request a bank statement for my account for the period from 11-Jan-2025 to 15-Jan-2025.
Please find my account details below:
Account Holder Name: Anjali Saini
Account Number: 1254 8533 6978 5412
Branch Name: Shivaji Nagar Branch
I kindly request you to provide the bank statement either via email or in printed form at your earliest convenience. If any additional formalities or charges are required, please do let me know.
Thank you for your attention to this request. I look forward to your prompt response.
Yours sincerely, Anjali Saini [Signature ]
3. Write a Bank statement request letter for IT returns.
The Branch Manager Union Bank of India Naini, Prayagraj
Subject: Request for Bank Statement for Income Tax Return
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to request a copy of my bank statement for the period of 14-Jan-2025 to 14-Jan-2025 to file my Income Tax Return for the financial year 2025. The statement is required for verification of transactions and other necessary documentation as per the Income Tax departmentโs requirements.
Please find below my account details for your reference:
Account Holder Name: Rajendra Kumar
Account Number: 1254 2563 1452 6352
Branch Name: MG Road Branch
I would appreciate it if you could provide the requested statement at your earliest convenience. Should you require any additional documents or information to process this request, please do not hesitate to contact me.
Thank you for your attention to this matter. I look forward to your prompt response.
Yours faithfully, Rajendra Kumar [Your Signature]
4. Write a Application for Account statement for loan application.
To The Branch Manager Kotak Mahindra Bank Civil Lines, Prayagraj
Subject: Request for Account Statement for Loan Application
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to kindly request an account statement for my current account with your branch for the purpose of applying for a loan.
Below are the details of my account:
Account Holder Name: Aasif Alvi
Account Number: 2141 5263 5482 5266
Branch Name: Sector 15 Branch
I require the statement for the past 1 year to complete my loan application process. Please provide me with a copy of the statement at your earliest convenience.
If any further details are required, kindly let me know. I would greatly appreciate your prompt assistance in this matter.
Thank you for your cooperation.
Yours sincerely, Aasif Alvi [Your Signature]
3. Write a letter requesting Bank statement for Scholarship.
Irfan Choudhary House 8, Street 12 Sardhana, Meerut 914857698548 Irfan@gmail.com 12-April-22
To, The Branch Manager Canara Bank Canara Bank Building, 112, J C Road, Meerut
Subject: Request for Bank Statement for Scholarship Application
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to request a bank statement for the past 6 months for my account held with your branch. The statement is required as part of the documentation for my scholarship application.
Below are the details of my account:
Account Holder Name: Irfan Choudhary
Account Number: 8574 4578 9632 4512
Branch Name: Shivaji Nagar Branch
I would be grateful if you could kindly provide the requested bank statement at your earliest convenience. If there are any formalities or charges associated with this request, kindly let me know, and I will comply promptly.
Thank you for your attention to this matter. I look forward to your positive response.
Sample letter and format of writing job applications. Learn how to write job application for cryptographer and English teacher for High school. A sample job application in mail template is also provided.
1. Write a formal letter of job Application for the position of cryptographer.
Ankit Dhiman House 8, Street 6 Naini, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh Ankit.Dhima@gmail.com 2546823352
Subject: Application for the Position of Cryptographer
Dear Sudheer Kumar
I am writing to express my interest in the position of Cryptographer at Allied Nippon Limited as advertised on Company Website. With my background in computer science and extensive experience in cryptography, I am confident in my ability to contribute effectively to your team.
I hold a degree in B.Tech in Computer Science from Delhi University and have worked on various projects involving encryption algorithms, secure communication protocols, and data protection. My experience includes working with cryptographic libraries, developing secure encryption systems, and analyzing potential vulnerabilities in existing systems. I am skilled in programming languages such as Java, Python have a deep understanding of both symmetric and asymmetric encryption techniques.
I am particularly drawn to this opportunity because of the type of projects they handle. I am excited about the prospect of joining your team and contributing to your efforts in enhancing cybersecurity solutions.
Enclosed is my resume, which provides further details about my qualifications and experience. I would welcome the opportunity to discuss how my skills align with the needs of your team in more detail. Please feel free to contact me at 912546823352 or via email at Ankit.Dhima@gmail.com to schedule an interview.
Thank you for considering my application. I look forward to the opportunity to speak with you.
Sincerely, Ankit Dhiman
2. Write a Sample job Application letter for the post of High School English teacher.
Varsha 123, Bright Lane Street New Delhi, Delhi, 110001 Varsha@gmail.com 9876543210
Date: January 15, 2025
Hiring Manager Greenfield High School 456, School Road Hapour Road, Meerut 110002
Subject: Application for the Position of High School Teacher
Dear Amit Gupta
I am writing to express my interest in the position of High School Teacher at Greenfield High School, as advertised on your website. I believe my qualifications, experience, and passion for teaching make me a strong candidate for this role.
I hold a Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) degree from Delhi University and have taught at various schools for over 2 years. I specialize in English and have a proven track record of helping students excel in their academics. My teaching philosophy revolves around creating an engaging and inclusive learning environment that promotes the development of both academic skills and personal growth.
I am highly skilled in lesson planning, classroom management, and developing interactive teaching methods to cater to different learning styles. I am also adept at using modern educational technology to enhance lessons and facilitate distance learning. My experience in student assessments, extracurricular activities, and parent-teacher communication would be an asset to your school.
I am particularly interested in joining Greenfield High School because of its strong academic reputation and commitment to nurturing well-rounded students. I would love the opportunity to contribute to the continued success of your students and school community.
I have enclosed my resume for your review. I would be delighted to further discuss how my qualifications and experiences align with your needs. Please feel free to contact me at +91 9876543210 or via email at Varsha@gmail.com to schedule an interview.
Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to the possibility of working with your esteemed institution.
Sincerely, Varsha
3. Write a Sample Job Application mail Template.
Subject: Application for Software Developer – Robin
Dear Ravi Kumar
I hope this email finds you well. I am writing to express my interest in the Software Developer position at Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) as advertised on Company Website.
I am a highly motivated and skilled professional with experience in Software Developer. I have attached my resume for your review, which provides detailed information about my qualifications, experience, and skills that align with the requirements of the position. I am confident that my 2 year experience would be an asset to your team.
I am excited about the opportunity to contribute to Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) and would love to further discuss how my background and skills can be a good fit for this role. Please feel free to contact me at 2563415478 or via email at your convenience.
Thank you for considering my application. I look forward to the possibility of working with your team.
Best regards, Robin [Your LinkedIn Profile or Portfolio (if applicable)] 2563487522
Sample letters and format of Complaint letter. Learn how to complain about poor maintenance of the garden and improper waste disposal, damaged product received and Installation of new street lights.
1. Write a Complaint letter of Poor maintenance of the garden and improper waste disposal.
Sana Khan, Shiv temple street Civil Lines Road, Uttar Pradesh sanakhan@gmail.com 4526352744 16-Jan-2025
The Municipal Officer East Delhi Municipal Corporation (EDMC) East Delhi Municipal Corporation, 419, Shakti Kendra, Patparganj, New Delhi – 110092
Subject: Complaint Regarding Poor Maintenance of the Garden and Improper Waste Disposal
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to express my concern about the poor maintenance of the garden and the improper waste disposal in our locality, 25 Hillcrest Road, San Francisco, CA 94102. The garden, which is an essential part of our community, is in a deplorable condition. The plants are overgrown, and the pathways are full of weeds and litter. This not only spoils the aesthetic beauty of our neighborhood but also poses a health hazard.
In addition, waste disposal in the area has become a serious issue. The garbage bins are often overflowing, and waste is scattered around the area. This uncleanliness attracts stray animals and insects, creating an unhygienic environment and causing a potential health risk to the residents.
I request that immediate action be taken to restore the garden to its proper condition and ensure that waste is collected and disposed of regularly. Timely intervention will help in improving the quality of life in our neighborhood.
Thank you for your prompt attention to this matter.
Yours sincerely, Sana Khan [Your Signature]
2. Write a Complaint letter to Damaged Product Received.
Customer Service Department Amazon Building 2 Info Park Street 6 Hapur Road, Meerut Code : 122002
Subject: Complaint Regarding Damaged Product Received
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to inform you that I have received a damaged product from your company. I had placed an order for a makup item on 12-May-21 and received it on 16-May-21. Unfortunately, upon opening the package, I noticed that the product was damaged and unusable.
The specific issues with the product are as follows:
The product I received had a large crack on the screen and multiple scratches on the body, rendering it unusable.
I kindly request a replacement for the damaged product or a full refund at your earliest convenience. I have attached photos of the damaged item and the packaging as evidence.
Please let me know the steps I need to take for the replacement or refund process. I expect a swift resolution to this issue and appreciate your prompt attention to the matter.
Thank you for your understanding and cooperation. I look forward to your response.
Yours sincerely, Sarita Order No. 45 7- Jan-21 [Your Signature]
3. Write a Complaint letter Installation of New street lights.
Rajesh Kumar House No. 15, Street 5 New Delhi RajeshKumar@gmail.dom 2365854263 11-Jan-2025
The Municipal Officer Sandeep Kumar Dr. S.P. Mukherjee Civic Centre, Minto Road, New Delhi – 110002
Subject: Request for Installation of New Street Lights
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to bring to your attention the urgent need for the installation of new street lights in 15 River Road, Dallas, TX 75201 in our locality. For the past few months, the street has been poorly lit, which has resulted in various inconveniences for the residents, especially during the night. The absence of proper lighting has also raised concerns about the safety and security of the neighborhood, as it creates opportunities for accidents and unsocial activities.
As a concerned resident, I kindly request you to take prompt action and install adequate street lights in the area to ensure the safety and well-being of the residents. Your attention to this matter would be greatly appreciated.
Thank you for your cooperation and timely assistance.
Sample letters and format for invitation. Learn how to write invitation letter for Graduation ceremony and invitation letter for a weeding.
1. Write Invitation letter for Event-formal invitation letter for Graduation Ceremony.
Ankit Dhimay Event Coordinator Bright Future University 123, University Road New Delhi, Delhi, 110001
Date: 03-Jan-2025
Subject: Invitation to Graduation Ceremony
Dear Rahul Kumar
I am pleased to extend a formal invitation to you to attend the Bright Future University’s Graduation Ceremony for the Class of 2025, which will be held on 18-Jan-2025 at 10:00 AM at The Grand Auditorium, Bright Future University Campus, New Delhi.
This ceremony marks a significant milestone for our students, celebrating their hard work, dedication, and achievements. Your presence at this event would greatly honor us and our graduates, and we sincerely hope you will be able to join us on this special occasion.
Please RSVP by 10-Jan-2025 to confirm your attendance. We look forward to celebrating this important day with you.
Thank you, and we hope to see you at the event.
Sincerely, Ankit Dhiman Event Coordinator Bright Future University
2. Write a Informal Invitation letter for a wedding.
Subject: You’re Invited to Our Wedding!
Dear Sandeep Kumar
I hope you’re doing well! Iโm thrilled to share the exciting news that Deepa and I are getting married, and we would love for you to join us on our special day.
Our wedding will take place on 25 March 2025 at The Royal Banquet Hall, starting at 5:30. It would mean so much to us to have you there to celebrate this joyous occasion and share in our happiness.
We are planning a fun-filled celebration with lots of laughter, dancing, and, of course, delicious food. We canโt wait to celebrate with all our loved ones!
Please let us know if you can make it, and feel free to bring your plus one. We really hope to see you there.
Sample letters and format for writing a letter to Principal. Learn how to request principal for on duty leave application, permission to attend a family function, requesting leave for taking care of sick mother and conducting Re-examination.
1. Request letter to Principal for an On Duty Leave Application of two days.
Suhail 11th class wagon Street 5 Bypass, Muzaffarnagar 12-Jan-2025
The Principal S.D Groups of College Street 5 Kukra Muzaffarnagar
Subject: Request for On-Duty Leave for Two Days
Respected Sir/Madam,
I am writing to request your permission to be granted on-duty leave for two days, from 12-Jan-2025 to 14-Jan- 2025, as I am required to attend a family function.
I assure you that I will catch up on any missed lessons and complete all assigned work promptly. I would be grateful if you could kindly grant me this leave and provide your approval.
Thank you for considering my request. I look forward to your positive response.
Yours sincerely, Suhail, 11th Class Roll no. 12
2. Write a letter to your Principal seeking permission to attend a family function.
Manish 12th Class Baker Street Hapou Road, Meerut 02-Jan-2025
The Principal Evergreen Public School 45 Green Avenue, Springfield, IL 62701 Hapour Road, Meerut
Subject: Request for Permission to Attend a Family Function
Respected Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to request your permission to be excused from school for 03-Jan-2025 to 04-Jan-2025 as I need to attend an important family function.
I assure you that I will make up for the missed lessons and complete all assignments promptly. I would be grateful if you could kindly grant me leave for these days.
Thank you for considering my request. I look forward to your approval.
Yours sincerely, Manish 12th Class Roll No: 42
3. Write a letter to the Principal of your School Requesting leave for a week to take care of your sick mother.
Kaviya 10th Class Street 6 Dwarka, New Delhi, 110075 17-Jan-2025
The Principal Maple Grove School 56 Maple Grove Lane, Lincoln, NE 168502 Sakat, New Delhi
Subject: Request for Leave to Take Care of Sick Mother
Respected Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to request leave for a week, from 18-Jan-2025 to 25-Jan-2025 as my mother is unwell, and I need to take care of her during this time.
Given the circumstances, I would be grateful if you could kindly grant me leave for this period. I assure you that I will catch up on all missed lessons and complete my assignments once I return.
Thank you for your understanding and consideration. I look forward to your approval.
Yours sincerely, Kaviya 10th Class Roll No: 23
4. Letter to your Principal seeking permission for a Re-examination.
Abdul Vahid 9th Class Street 6 Sastri Road, Meerut 05-Jan-2025
The Principal Silver Oak High School 88 Silver Oak Street, Riverside, CA 92501 Hapour Road, Meerut
Subject: Request for Permission to Appear in Re-Examination
Respected Sir/Madam,
I hope you are doing well. I am writing to respectfully request permission to appear for a re-examination of English which I missed due to illness. I understand the importance of the examination and sincerely regret my inability to attend it.
I would be grateful if you could kindly allow me the opportunity to take the re-examination and make up for the missed paper. I assure you that I will give my best effort in the re-examination.
Thank you for considering my request. I look forward to your positive response.
Yours sincerely, Abdul Vahid 9th Class Roll No: 20
Sample letter and format of authorization letter. Letters like Application letter to collect Registered Post, to collect certificate and Authorization letter format for Bank are provided here to increase your English writing skills.
1. Application letter to collect Registered Post.
Soniya House 6, Street 2 Shastri Nagar, Meerut Pine code : 682001. 9152634523 soinya126@gmail.com
12-Jan-2025
To, The Postmaster Meerut GPO (General Post Office) 29, Hapur Road, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh – 250001
Subject: Authorization to Collect Registered Post
Dear Sir/Madam,
I Soniya, hereby authorize Vijay Kumar, who is my relative to collect the registered post addressed to me at your office.
Details of the registered post are as follows:
Registered Post Number: RP123456789IN
Date of Dispatch: 12th January 2025
Vijay Kumar will present a valid identification proof along with this authorization letter for verification.
I request you to kindly hand over the registered post to the authorized person mentioned above.
Thank you for your cooperation.
Yours faithfully, Soniya [Your Signature]
2. Authorization letter to collect certificate.
Ankit Dhiman House 8, Street 3 Hazratganj Lucknow 9145235221 ankit127@gmail.com
Date: 02-Jan-2025
To, The Head of Department, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia National Law University Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh – 226031
Subject: Application for Collecting Certificate
Dear Sir/Madam,
I, Ankit Dhiman, am writing to authorize Sandeep Kumar, who is my friend, to collect my “Certificate of Excellence in Computer Science” from your office on my behalf. Due to personal commitments, so I am unable to collect the certificate myself.
The details of the certificate are as follows:
Certificate Name: Ankit Dhiman
Roll Number/Student ID: R12345
Date of Issue: 12- Jan-21
The authorized person, Sandeep Kumar, will present a valid identification proof along with this letter for verification.
I request you to kindly hand over the certificate to the authorized person mentioned above.
Thank you for your understanding and cooperation.
Yours faithfully, Ankit Kumar [ Your Signature]
3. Authorization letter format for Bank.
Mahin House 3, Big Mosque Street Naini, Prayagraj 9145263524 Mahin@gmail.com
11-Jan-2025
To, The Branch Manager Bank Name: State Bank of India (SBI) Branch Name: SBI MG Road Branch Address: 123, MG Road, Near Brigade Road, City: Delhi State: Uttar Pradesh Pin Code: 110001
Subject: Authorization to Collect Documents,
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am Mahin holding an account with your branch Account Number: 1234567890123456, hereby authorize Monish, who is my friend to collect my passbook on my behalf.
The details of the authorization are as follows:
Account Number: 1234567890123456
Authorized Personโs Name: Monish
Relationship with Authorized Person: Friend
Purpose of Authorization: collect my passbook
Monish will present a valid photo ID Aadhaar Card along with this authorization letter for verification.
I kindly request you to assist the authorized person in completing the required formalities.
Sample letters and formats in English for writing to your friend. Learn how to describe your summer holiday, ancestral house, hobbies, birthday party, and school trip in about 200 words. These letters are ideal for school exams and competitive exams, helping you enhance your letter-writing skills with practical examples.
1. Letter to your friend about your Summer Holidays.
Flat 113, Sector 12 Dwarka, New Delhi 14- Jan- 25
Dear, Amit
I hope this letter finds you well. I wanted to share all the amazing things I did during my summer holidays. It was such a refreshing break, and I can’t wait to tell you about it!
This summer, my family and I took a trip to Paris. The weather was perfect, and we spent most of our days exploring the beautiful surroundings. We visited Eiffel Tower and it was breathtaking! I also tried some new activities like Take a Photography, and I was surprised by how much fun I had.
Apart from that, I spent a lot of time reading and catching up on my favorite shows. It felt so good to relax and not worry about school for a while. I even picked up a new hobby โ Painting, and I think Iโm really getting the hang of it.
How about you? How did you spend your summer? I’d love to hear all about your adventures and any exciting things you’ve been up to.
Looking forward to seeing you soon!
Warm regards, Vikas
2. Letter to your friend about Lockdown.
House Number 11, Mandir Vali Gali, Kukra Muzaffar agar 23-Dec-21
Dear Sadiya,
I hope you and your family are doing well during these uncertain times. I wanted to write and check in with you, especially with everything that’s been going on due to the lockdown.
This lockdown period has been quite a challenge, hasnโt it? Staying indoors for such a long time felt strange at first, but Iโve slowly adjusted. Itโs been a mix of boredom, anxiety, and learning to appreciate the little things. Iโve found myself doing things I normally wouldnโt, like baking, reading more books, and even trying yoga!
The biggest challenge has been not being able to meet friends and family. I miss hanging out with you and everyone. Video calls help, but itโs not the same, is it? On the bright side, Iโve been spending more time with my family, and weโve grown closer. We play board games, watch movies, and even do some home workouts together.
How have you been managing? I hope you’re finding ways to stay positive and keep yourself occupied. It feels like such a long time since we were all together, and I really miss that. Hopefully, once things settle down, weโll be able to meet and have some normalcy again.
Stay safe, and take care of yourself and your family. Looking forward to hearing from you soon!
Warm regards, Sofiya
3. Letter to your friend about Describing your Ancestral House.
House number 9, Street Sleepy Hollow, New York 11- jan-25
Dear Utsav,
I hope you are doing well. I wanted to share something special with you today โ the experience of visiting my ancestral house. Itโs a place that holds so much history and nostalgia for me, and I think youโll enjoy hearing about it.
The house is located in Sleepy Hollow, and itโs been in our family for generations. Itโs a traditional home, made of like wood or stone and Ancestral things, with old-style architecture that reminds me of a simpler time. The front yard is massive, filled with ancient trees, and thereโs even a small garden where my grandparents used to grow vegetables and flowers. I remember them telling me stories of how they used to harvest crops right from the backyard.
Inside, the house is a mix of old and new. The furniture is mostly wooden, and some pieces are over a hundred years old! The walls are adorned with family photos, and thereโs a certain warmth in the air that makes me feel connected to my roots. The kitchen is especially fascinating โ itโs still equipped with an old clay stove that my great-grandmother used to cook on. Even though we have modern appliances now, itโs lovely to imagine how meals were prepared back in the day.
One of my favorite parts is the attic, where all sorts of antiques are stored โ old trunks, faded books, and even a few traditional garments that have been passed down through generations. It feels like stepping into a time capsule.
Spending time here always gives me a sense of belonging and pride in my familyโs history. Itโs amazing to think about the generations that lived here before me, each adding their own memories and stories to the house.
I hope youโll get to visit one day โ Iโd love to show you around! Have you ever visited your ancestral home? Iโd love to hear about it if you have.
Take care, and I hope to see you soon!
Warm regards, Ankit
4. Letter to your friend about your Hobby.
14- Warli Road Parel, Mumbai, 1-January-25
Dear Varsha,
I hope youโre doing well! I wanted to share something interesting with you today โ my hobby. Over the past few months, Iโve gotten really into painting, gardening, photography, etc. and it has become a big part of my daily routine.
It all started when I was looking for something creative and relaxing to do in my free time. I came across and I discovered my hobby Singing, painting, etc. and I thought Iโd give it a try. To my surprise, I enjoyed it more than I expected! Now, I spend hours singing, painting different landscapes, taking photos of nature, or tending to my plants.
One of the things I love most about painting is how it allows me to unwind and express myself. For example, when Iโm painting, I feel like I can put all my thoughts and emotions into the colors and shapes. Itโs such a peaceful and fulfilling experience.
Iโve also been learning new techniques by watching tutorials or reading books. Itโs exciting to see myself improving bit by bit, and Iโm really proud of the progress Iโve made. I even like completing a project, doing work with focus or mastering a new skill.
What about you? Do you have any hobbies youโve been enjoying recently? Iโd love to hear all about them. Maybe we can even try each otherโs hobbies sometime!
Looking forward to hearing from you.
Take care, Reena
5. Letter to your friend about Describing your Birthday Party.
House number 8, Street 7 Meerut, Uttarpradesh 21-January-25
Dear Sundeep,
I hope youโre doing well! I wanted to tell you all about my birthday party this year, which was an absolute blast.
The party was held at my house, and I invited my close friends and family. We decorated the place with colorful balloons, streamers, and fairy lights, creating such a fun atmosphere. The theme of the party was the theme is Pink or purple balloons, tiaras, castles, and fairy lights etc. and it really set the tone for the evening.
There were games, music, and of course, lots of food! We played a few fun party games like Balloon Pop, Tug of War and everyone was laughing and having a great time. The highlight, however, was the cake! It was a chocolate flavor, Butterfly design, and everyone loved it.
I also received some amazing gifts, and I felt so grateful to have such thoughtful friends and family. We danced to our favorite songs, enjoyed delicious food, and spent the whole evening talking and having fun. The best part was when we all gathered around for the birthday song โ I felt so loved and happy.
I really missed you being there, and I canโt wait for us to celebrate together next time. How have you been? Iโd love to hear about what youโve been up to.
Looking forward to seeing you soon!
Warm regards, Kamil
6. Letter to your friend about your School trip.
House number 5 , Street 56 Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 7-May-2025
Dear Sita
I hope this letter finds you well! I wanted to share with you the exciting experience I had during our recent school trip. It was a fantastic adventure, and I canโt wait to tell you all about it!
This year, our school organized a trip to a museum and it was such an amazing experience. We left early in the morning and traveled by bus, enjoying the scenic views along the way. The journey itself was fun, and we had plenty of time to chat, play games, and even sing songs during the ride.
When we reached museum, we were greeted by our guide who took us on a tour of the place. The most exciting part was visiting a museum, “I saw many historical and cultural things there, where I learned so much about “The most interesting thing I learned was that the museum had a lot of information about ancient civilizations, which I didn’t know before.”. It was amazing to see history come to life right in front of my eyes.
We also had some free time to explore the area, and I spent it with my friends many activities like shopping, taking photos, hiking. The food was delicious, and we had a great time bonding with our classmates and teachers.
The trip was not just fun, but it also helped me learn new things and appreciate the beauty of nature and history. I really wish you had been there to enjoy it with me!
How about you? Have you gone on any trips lately? Iโd love to hear all about it. Hope we get to go on a trip together soon!
Adjectives is one of the important concepts of English Grammar and Spoken English. Here we have presented our content in Hindi and English, which provides all the needed learning.
It is a good pen. He is brave. That is a fast train. They are bad persons. Milk is sweet. Sohan is not lazy. She is beautiful. A black cow was grazing.
Ram is a good boy. The table is long. It is very cold. She is beautiful. The pen is red. He was a kind man.
2. Adjectives of Quantity
Adjectives of Quantity เคธเฅ เคฎเคพเคคเฅเคฐเคพ เคฏเคพ เคชเคฐเคฟเคฃเคพเคฎ เคเคพ เคฌเฅเคง เคนเฅเคคเคพ เคนเฅ | * Adjectives of Quantity show how much of a thing is meant.
เคเคจ เคตเคพเคเฅเคฏเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเคเฅเคค some (เคเฅเค), much (เค เคงเคฟเค), little (เคจเคนเฅเค เคเฅ เคฌเคฐเคพเคฌเคฐ), whole (เคชเฅเคฐเคพ), all (เคธเคฌ), enough (เคชเคฐเฅเคฏเคพเคชเฅเคค), เคเคฐ a lot of (เคฌเคนเฅเคค) Adjectives of Quantity เคนเฅเคเค –
He had some/little/no/enough/a lot of rice. The whole money was distributed. He did not eat any rice.
Note : เคเคธเฅ เคเคฐ เคญเฅ เคเค Adjectives of Quantity เคนเฅเค เคฏเคนเคพเค เคเค เคฌเคพเคค เคตเคฟเคถเฅเคท เคฐเฅเคช เคธเฅ เคฐเคเคจเฅ เคนเฅ เคเคฟ Adjectives of Quantity เคธเฅ เคฎเคพเคคเฅเคฐเคพ เคฏเคพ เคชเคฐเฅเคฃเคพเคฎ เคเคพ เคฌเฅเคง เคนเฅเคคเคพ เคนเฅ, เคธเคเคเฅเคฏเคพ เคเคพ เคจเคนเฅเค เคเคจเคฎเฅเค เคธเฅ all, no, some, เคเคคเฅเคฏเคพเคฆเคฟ เคเฅเค เคเคธเฅ เคถเคฌเฅเคฆ เคนเฅ | เคเคฟเคจเคเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเค เคธเคเคเฅเคฏเคพ เคเคพ เคฌเฅเคง เคเคฐเคพเคจเฅ เคฎเฅเค เคญเฅ เคนเฅเคคเคพ เคนเฅ | เคตเฅเคธเฅ เคธเฅเคฅเคฟเคคเคฟ เคฎเฅเค Adjectives เคเฅ เคฐเฅเคช เคฎเฅเค เคเคฌ เคเคจเคเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเค เคนเฅเคคเคพ เคนเฅ, เคคเคฌ เคเคจเฅเคนเฅเค Adjectives of Number เคเคนเคพ เคเคพเคคเคพ เคนเฅ เคเฅเคธเฅ, เคเคจ เคตเคพเคเฅเคฏเฅเค เคฎเฅเค some, all เคเคฐ no Adjectives of Number เคนเฅเค –
Some boys are absent today. All men are mortal. There are no pictures in this book.
3. Adjectives of Number
Adjectives of Number เคธเฅ เคตเฅเคฏเคเฅเคคเคฟเคฏเฅเค เคฏเคพ เคตเคธเฅเคคเฅเคเค เคเฅ เคธเคเคเฅเคฏเคพ เคฏเคพ เคเฅเคฐเคฎ เคเคพ เคฌเฅเคง เคนเฅเคคเคพ เคนเฅ
* Adjectives of number show how many persons or things are meant, or in what order a person stands.
เคเคจ เคตเคพเคเฅเคฏเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเคเฅเคค few, no, many, some, enough, several, all, one, two, first เคเคฐ second Adjectives of Number เคนเฅเค –
He had few/no/many/some/several/enough/two horses. All men must die. The cat has one tail ant two eyes. He was the first/second man.
Some are born great. Many of them were killed. Any of them could do. Few escaped unhurt. All is/are mortal. One should do one’s duty.
Note 3.
I have some milk. (some-adjective of quantity) I have some mangoes. (some – adjective of number) Some of them are absent. (some -Indefinite pronoun)
Exercise
Direction: Tell which adjectives in the following sentences are adjectives of quality/adjectives of quantity /adjectives of number –
Examples:
(a) He was an old man. (old-Adjective of Quality)
(b) Some boys are coming today. (some-Adjective of Number)
(c) Some water might be there. (some -Adjective of Quantity)
(d) Some are born great. (some-Pronoun great- Adjectives of Quality)
1. All men must die.
2. some boys are playing.
3. I have some milk.
4. Some are ill.
5. There are six boys in the class.
6. He asked me several questions.
7. He was third man.
8. The poor man had no money.
9. There were no horses there.
10. Many persons have not much money.
11. I did not take any tea.
12. I have enough books, but not enough time.
13. He has little knowledge.
14. Many of them were foolish.
15. One must not praise oneself.
16. Each of us has one month and two ears.
17. All is mortal.
18. The rich man had a lot horses.
19. He had a lot of gold.
20. Few cats like cold water.
Answers: 1. All men must die. โ All – Adjective of Number
2. Some boys are playing. โ Some – Adjective of Number
3. I have some milk. โ Some – Adjective of Quantity
4. Some are ill. โ Some – Pronoun
5. There are six boys in the class. โ Six – Adjective of Number
6. He asked me several questions. โ Several – Adjective of Number
7. He was the third man. โ Third – Adjective of Number
8. The poor man had no money. โ Poor – Adjective of Quality
9. There were no horses there. โ No – Adjective of Number
10. Many persons have not much money. โ Many – Adjective of Number, Much – Adjective of Quantity
11. I did not take any tea. โ Any – Adjective of Quantity
12. I have enough books, but not enough time. โ Enough – Adjective of Number (for books), Adjective of Quantity (for time)
13. He has little knowledge. โ Little – Adjective of Quantity
14. Many of them were foolish. โ Many – Adjective of Number
15. One must not praise oneself. โ One – Adjective of Number
16. Each of us has one mouth and two ears. โ Each – Adjective of Number, One – Adjective of Number, Two – Adjective of Number
17. All is mortal. โ All – Pronoun
18. The rich man had a lot of horses. โ Rich – Adjective of Quality
19. He had a lot of gold. โ A lot of – Adjective of Quantity
20. Few cats like cold water. โ Few – Adjective of Number
Explanation: Adjectives of Number tell us how many or the order of something (e.g., six, many, third). Adjectives of Quality describe the kind or quality of a noun (e.g., old, poor). Adjectives of Quantity describe how much of something is meant (e.g., some, little).
* The Adjective used to point out some persons or thing is called a demonstrative adjective.
This, That These Those เคเคฐ Such เคฎเฅเคเฅเคฏ Demonstrative Adjectives เคนเฅเค เคเคเฅ เคฆเคฟเค เคเค เคตเคพเคเฅเคฏเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เคเคจเคเฅ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ เคฆเฅเคเฅเค –
This man will guide you. I did not like that woman. These/Those pens are mine. I hate such things.
Note: เคเคฌ This, That, These. Those เคเคฐ Such เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ เคเฅเค เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเคเฅเคค เคจเคนเฅเค เคฐเคนเคคเคพ, เคคเคฌ เคฏเฅ Demonstrative Pronouns เคเคนเคฒเคพเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค | เคเฅเคธเฅ, เคเคจ เคตเคพเคเฅเคฏเฅเค เคฎเฅเค This, That, These, Those เคเคฐ Such Demonstrative Pronouns เคนเฅเค –
This/That is Ram. These/Those are cats. Such was his reply.
5. Possessive Adjectives
Possessive Adjectives เคธเฅ เค เคงเคฟเคเคพเคฐ เคฏเคพ เคธเคฌเคเคง เคเคพ เคญเคพเคต เคตเฅเคฏเคเฅเคค เคนเฅเคคเคพ เคนเฅ * Possessive adjectives show possession or relation.
my, our, your, his, her, its เคเคฐ their Possessive Adjectives เคนเฅเค เคเคจ เคตเคพเคเฅเคฏเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เคเคจเคเฅ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ เคฆเฅเคเฅเค –
This is my/your/our/his/her/their school. Its colour is black. My mother is ill.
Note: his เคเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเค Pronoun เคเฅ เคฐเฅเคช เคฎเฅเค เคญเฅ เคนเฅเคคเคพ เคนเฅ, เคเคฟเคเคคเฅ เคเคธ เคธเฅเคฅเคฟเคคเคฟ เคฎเฅเค เคเคธเคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ เคเฅเค Noun เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเคเฅเคค เคจเคนเฅเค เคฐเคนเคคเคพ เคเฅเคธเฅ – This is his. This book is his.
* Own, very, same, very same, etc are such adjectives as are used to convey emphasis on the nouns that follow them. Such adjectives are called emphasizing adjectives.
I saw them with my own eyes. (เค เคชเคจเฅ เคเคเคเฅ เคธเฅ ) This is the very book I wanted. (เคตเคนเฅ เคเคฟเคคเคพเคฌ ) This is the same book I wanted. (เคฌเคฟเคฒเฅเคเฅเคฒ เคตเคนเฅ เคเคฟเคคเคพเคฌ) HE lived in the very same house for ten years. (เคเคธเฅ เคเคฐ เคฎเฅเค)
Adverb is one of the important part of English Grammar and Spoken English. So, It is necessary to give information about Adverb. Its knowledge is necessary for all English speakers and here it is presented in Hindi and English.
Note: เคเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ how often (เคเคฟเคคเคจเฅ เคฌเคพเคฐ) เคฒเคเคพเคเคฐ เคชเฅเคฐเคถเฅเคจ เคเคฐเคจเฅ เคชเคฐ เคเฅ เคถเคฌเฅเคฆ เคเคคเฅเคคเคฐ เคเฅ เคฐเฅเคช เคฎเฅเค เคเคคเคพ เคนเฅ, เคตเคน Adverbs of Frequency เคเคนเคฒเคพเคคเคพ เคนเฅ | เคเฅเคธเฅ –
(a) He came here often twice. Came how often (เคเคฟเคคเคจเฅ เคฌเคพเคฐ เคเคฏเคพ) ? – twice
(b) I have always helped you. Helped how often (เคเคฟเคคเคจเฅ เคฌเคพเคฐ เคฎเคฆเคฆ เคเฅ เคนเฅ)? – always
เคธเฅเคชเคทเฅเคเคค: twice เคเคฐ always Adverbs of Frequency เคนเฅเค |
3. Adverbs of Manner: Adverbs of Manner เคธเฅ เคฏเคน เคฌเฅเคง เคนเฅเคคเคพ เคนเฅ เคเคฟ เคเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเคพ เคธเคเคชเคพเคฆเคจ เคเคฟเคธ เคขเคเค เคธเฅ เคฏเคพ เคเฅเคธเฅ เคนเฅเคคเคพ เคนเฅ | * Adverbs of manner tell how or in what manner an action is done.
Examples: slowly, carefully, beautifully, sadly, bravely, loudly, quickly, fast (เคคเฅเคเฅ เคธเฅ ), hard (เคเคกเคผเคพเค เคธเฅ), well (เค เคเฅเคเฅ เคคเคฐเคน เคธเฅ ), etc.
(a) She writes beautifully. Writes how (เคเฅเคธเฅ เคฒเคฟเคเคคเฅ เคนเฅ) ?- beautifully (b) He runs fast. Runs how (เคเฅเคธเฅ เคฆเฅเคกเคผเคคเคพ เคนเฅ ) ?- fast
เคธเฅเคชเคทเฅเคเคค: beautifully เคเคฐ fast adverbs of Manner เคนเฅเค |
4. Adverbs of place : Adverbs of Place เคธเฅ เคเคพเคฐเฅเคฏ เคเฅ เคธเคเคชเคพเคฆเคจ เคเฅ เคธเฅเคฅเคพเคจ เคเคพ เคฌเฅเคง เคนเฅเคคเคพ เคนเฅ |
* Adverbs of place tell where or at what place an action is done.
Examples of Relative Adverbs: where, how, when, why, how, long how much, how many, etc. This is the house where he lived. Let me know when you will come. I don’t know the reason why he left the place. Do you know how he will act. I don’t know how much he has.
Verbs provides the one of the most important concept on English Grammar and Spoken English. It is necessary to understand the content provided in the post. Here we have provided the English Language knowledge content in Hindi and English.
am, is, are, was, were, do, does, did, have, has, had, shall, will, can, could, may, must, ought, should, would, need, dare, used to.
เคเคจ Auxiliary Verbs เคฎเฅเค เคธเฅเค am, is, are, was, were, have, has, had, do, does, did, need เคเคฐ dare เคเคธเฅ Verbs เคนเฅเค เคเฅ เคเคญเฅ Main Verb เคเฅ เคคเคฐเคน เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเคเฅเคค เคนเฅเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค เคคเฅ เคเคญเฅ Helping Verb เคเฅ เคคเคฐเคน, เคเฅเคธเฅ –
(a) He is ready. (is-main verb)
(b) He is going. (is-helping verb)
(c) Did he come? (did-helping verb)
(d) He did this. (did-main verb)
Note 1. เคฏเคฆเคฟ เคเคฟเคธเฅ เคตเคพเคเฅเคฏ เคฎเฅเค เคเค เคนเฅ เคเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏเคพ เคนเฅ, เคคเฅ เคตเคน เคเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏเคพ Main Verb เคเคนเคฒเคพเคเคเฅ เคเฅเคธเฅ – (a) I have a dog. (have-main verb) (b) He is a boy. (is-main verb)
(b) I like these beautiful flowers. like what – these beautiful flowers. เคเฅเคฏเคพ เคชเคธเคเคฆ เคเคฐเคคเคพ เคนเฅเค? – เคฏเฅ เคธเฅเคเคฆเคฐ เคซเฅเคฒ (เค เคค: เคเคธ เคตเคพเคเฅเคฏ เคฎเฅเค เคเคฟเคฏเคพ like เคเคพ object these beautiful flower เคนเฅ |)
(c) My father loved me very much. loved whom? – me เคเคฟเคธเฅ เคชเฅเคฏเคพเคฐ เคเคฐเคคเฅ เคฅเฅ? – เคฎเฅเคเฅ (me) เค เคค: เคเคธ เคตเคพเคเฅเคฏ เคฎเฅเค เคเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏเคพ loved เคเคพ object me เคนเฅ |
(d) He is playing in the field. playing what? No reply เคเฅเคฏเคพ เคเฅเคฒ เคฐเคนเคพ เคนเฅ ? เคเฅเค เคเคตเคพเคฌ เคจเคนเฅเค เคเคฟเคธเฅ เคเฅเคฒ เคฐเคนเคพ เคนเฅ? เคเฅเค เคเคตเคพเคฌ เคจเคนเฅเค เค เคค: เคเคธ เคตเคพเคเฅเคฏ เคฎเฅเค เคเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏเคพ is playing เคเคพ เคเฅเค Object เคจเคนเฅเค เคนเฅ |
He gave me money. gave what? – money (เคเฅเคฏเคพ เคฆเคฟเคฏเคพ? – money_ gave whom? -me (เคเคฟเคธเคเฅ เคฆเคฟเคฏเคพ ? – me) เคธเฅเคชเคทเฅเคเคค: เคฏเคนเคพเค me เคเคฐ money เคฆเฅ Objects เคนเฅเค |
Exercise
Direction: Pick out the objects of the verbs in these sentences –
Examples:
(a) He is reading a book. (Ans. – a book)
(b) The teacher taught English. (Ans. – English)
(c) I love my father and mother. (Ans.-my father and mother)
(d) Why did he beat you? (Ans. – you )
(e) He was singing a song in the room. (Ans. – a song)
(f) Birds sing in the trees. (Ans. – no object)
(g) The teacher taught us English. (Ans. – us, English)
1. My mother loves me.
2. I love my mother.
3. Do you know English?
4. I shall solve the problem.
5. My father bought me a pen.
6. He did the work.
7. Kindly give me the pen.
8. He gave Ram a book.
9. The dog can run fast.
10. Birds fly in the sky.
11. He reads in this school.
12. The children are flying kites.
13. He reads English and Hindi.
14. They play cricket in the field.
15. The boy cut his hand with a knife.
16. I don’t like that naughty boy.
17. I love the students of this school.
18. Bring a glass of water.
19. They are cutting the old trees.
20. They make these types of furniture.
Answers:
1. My mother loves me. me (object)
2. I love my mother. my mother (object)
3. Do you know English? English (object)
4. I shall solve the problem. the problem (object)
5. My father bought me a pen. me, a pen (objects)
6. He did the work. the work (object)
7. Kindly give me the pen. me, the pen (objects)
8. He gave Ram a book. Ram, a book (objects)
9. The dog can run fast. no object
10. Birds fly in the sky. no object
11. He reads in this school. no object
12. The children are flying kites. kites (object)
13. He reads English and Hindi. English and Hindi (objects)
14. They play cricket in the field. cricket (object)
15. The boy cut his hand with a knife. his hand (object)
16. I don’t like that naughty boy. that naughty boy (object)
17. I love the students of this school. the students of this school (object)
18. Bring a glass of water. a glass of water (object)
19. They are cutting the old trees. the old trees (object)
20. They make these types of furniture. these types of furniture (object)
1. First Person เคเฅ Reporting Verb เคเฅ Subject เคเฅ เค เคจเฅเคธเคพเคฐ 2. Second Person เคเฅ Reporting Verb เคเฅ Object เคเฅ เค เคจเฅเคธเคพเคฐ 3. Third Person เคเฅ No change.
1. He said to me, “I am your friend.” He told me that he was my friend.
2. She said to me, “I am to help you,” She told me that she was help me.
3. Sita said to me, “I love you.” Sita told me that She loved me.
4. My son said to me, “I am doing my lesson.” My son told me that he was doing his lesson.
5. Geeta said to Ram, “I have always helped you.” Geeta told Ram that She had always helped him.
6. Ram said to Sita, “I have been waiting for you.” Ram told Sita that he had been waiting for her.
7. My father said to me, “I wanted to give me a bicycle.” My father told me that he had wanted to give me a bicycle.
8. He said to the boys, “I was playing with you.” He told the boys that he had been playing with them.
9. Radha said to Ram, “I had seen him.” Radha told Ram that she had seen him.
10. He said, “I had been playing.” He said that he had been playing.
11. He said to me, “I shall help you.” He told me that he would help me.
12. He said to me, “I can help you.” He told me that he would help me.
13. He said to me, “He may help me.” He told me that he might help him.
14. He said, “I could kill the bird.” He said that he could kill the bird.
15. He said, “I was absent.” He said that he had been absent.
16. He said to her, “I was busy, so I did not help you.” He told her that he had been busy, so he hadn’t helped her.
EXERCISE
Direction: Change the following into indirect speech-
1. He said to me, “I am your friend.”
2. She said to me, “I am to help you.”
3. They said to her, “We want to help you.”
4. She said to her sister, “I have sympathy for you.”
5. The boy said to mother, “I am going to my friend.”
6. He said to the girl, “I have always helped you.”
7. You said to the girl, “I have not beaten your dog.”
8. He said to me, “I have been waiting for you for two hours.”
9. He said to them, “I can help you.”
10. She said to me, “I should not vex you.”
11. Mohan said to Reeta, “I love you.”
12. I said to them, “I have love for you.”
13. He said to her, “I help you because you are a good girl.”
14. He said to me, “I can help you if you don’t harm me.”
15. He said, “I have everything that I need.”
16. She said to him, “I shall be your guide.”
17. I said to her, “If you help me I shall help you.”
18. He said to me, “Your brother playing with my brother.”
19. Ram said to his sister, “I have come to help you, so you should not be afraid of anything.”
20. He said to the farmer, “I have been serving you for years but you have never cared for me.”
Answers:
1. He said to me, “I am your friend.” He told me that he was my friend.
2. She said to me, “I am to help you.” She told me that she was to help me.
3. They said to her, “We want to help you.” They told her that they wanted to help her.
4. She said to her sister, “I have sympathy for you.” She told her sister that she had sympathy for her.
5. The boy said to mother, “I am going to my friend.” The boy told his mother that he was going to his friend.
6. He said to the girl, “I have always helped you.” He told the girl that he had always helped her.
7. You said to the girl, “I have not beaten your dog.” You told the girl that you had not beaten her dog.
8. He said to me, “I have been waiting for you for two hours.” He told me that he had been waiting for me for two hours.
9. He said to them, “I can help you.” He told them that he could help them.
10. She said to me, “I should not vex you.” She told me that she should not vex me.
11. Mohan said to Reeta, “I love you.” Mohan told Reeta that he loved her.
12. I said to them, “I have love for you.” I told them that I had love for them.
13. He said to her, “I help you because you are a good girl.” He told her that he helped her because she was a good girl.
14. He said to me, “I can help you if you don’t harm me.” He told me that he could help me if I didnโt harm him.
15. He said, “I have everything that I need.” He said that he had everything that he needed.
16. She said to him, “I shall be your guide.” She told him that she would be his guide.
17. I said to her, “If you help me I shall help you.” I told her that if she helped me, I would help her.
18. He said to me, “Your brother is playing with my brother.” He told me that my brother was playing with his brother.
19. Ram said to his sister, “I have come to help you, so you should not be afraid of anything.” Ram told his sister that he had come to help her, so she should not be afraid of anything.
20. He said to the farmer, “I have been serving you for years but you have never cared for me.” He told the farmer that he had been serving him for years, but the farmer had never cared for him.
EXERCISE
Direction: Change the following into indirect speech-
1. He said, “I ate two mangoes.”
2. She said to me, “You helped me.”
3. He said to her, “I wanted to help you.”
4. He said, “I was absent.”
5. Ram said to, “I was your friend.”
6. The boy said, “I was playing in the field.”
7. Gopal said to her, “I was going to you.”
8. The child said to her mother, “I was playing with my friends.”
9. They said to me, “We were your friends.”
10. He said, “I had finished the work.”
11. Ram said to me, ” I had informed you.”
12. He said to me, “I had been waiting for you.”
13. They said, “We had been doing for years.”
14. They said to the girls, “You danced well.”
15. My mother said to my brothers, “I was making tea for you.”
16. He said to me, “I was busy, so I did not help you,”
17. He said, “I could pass examination.”
18. She said, “It might be dangerous.
19. The boys said to me, “we did not understand the lesson.”
20. He said to me, “You should help me but I know that you will not help me because I never helped you.”
Answers:
1. He said that he had eaten two mangoes. 2. She told me that I had helped her. 3. He told her that he had wanted to help her. 4. He said that he had been absent. 5. Ram told me that he had been my friend. 6. The boy said that he had been playing in the field. 7. Gopal told her that he was going to her. 8. The child told her mother that he had been playing with his friends. 9. They told me that they had been my friends. 10. He said that he had finished the work. 11. Ram told me that he had informed me. 12. He told me that he had been waiting for me. 13. They said that they had been doing that for years. 14. They told the girls that they had danced well. 15. My mother told my brothers that she had been making tea for them. 16. He told me that he had been busy, so he had not helped me. 18. He said that he could pass the examination. 19. She said that it might be dangerous. 20. The boys told me that they had not understood the lesson.
1. He said, “The earth is round.” He said that the earth is round. 2. My father said to me, “Honesty is the best policy.” My father told me that that honesty is best policy. 3. He said, “Work is worship.” He said that work is worship. 4. The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.” The teacher said that The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 5. He remarked, “A bad carpenter quarrels with his tools.” He remarked that a bad carpenter quarrels with his tools. 6. He says, Two and two is four.” He says that two and two is four.
EXERCISE
Direction: Change the following into indirect speech-
1. He said, “The earth moves round the sun.”
2. The priest said, “Man is mortal.”
3. He said, “I had won the prize.”
4. She said to me, “I had been playing with you.”
5. He said, “I get up early in the morning.”
6. My son said to me, “I have done my lesson, so I am playing.”
7. He said to me, “I did not love you at all.”
8. The teacher said, “Labour never goes in vain.”
9. The mother said, “My child is my love.”
10. He said, “sympathy is greater than gold.
11. My father said, “Work is worship.”
12. He says to me, “You never helped me, so I will not help you.”
13. He said to me, “Time and tide wait for no man.
14. She will say to me, “You have cheated me,”
15. She will say, “I could find her.”
16. He said to me, “I know what you did.”
17. I said, “Iron is more useful that gold.
18. They said, “We can’t live without water,”
19. He said to me, “I was teaching your son.”
20. He said to her, “I had been teaching your son.”
Answers:
1. He said that the earth moves round the sun.
2. The priest said that man is mortal.
3. He said that he had won the prize.
4. She said to me that she had been playing with me.
5. He said that he gets up early in the morning.
6. My son said to me that he had done his lesson, so he was playing.
7. He said to me that he had not loved me at all.
8. The teacher said that labour never goes in vain.
9. The mother said that her child is her love.
10. He said that sympathy is greater than gold.
11. My father said that work is worship.
12. He says to me that I never helped him, so he will not help me.
13. He said to me that time and tide wait for no man.
14. She will say to me that I have cheated her.
15. She will say that she could not find her.
16. He said to me that he knew what I did.
17. I said that iron is more useful than gold.
18. They said that they cannot live without water.
19. He said to me that he was teaching my son.
20. He said to her that he had been teaching her son.
1. He said, “I am busy that day.” He said that he was busy that day. 2. She said, “I shall do it tomorrow.” She said that she would do it the next day. 3. He said, “I don’t like this boy.” He said he did not like that boy. 4. He said, “I am now speaking to this boy.” He said that he was then speaking to this boy.” 5. They said, “We are starting the day after tomorrow.” They said that they were starting in two day’s time. 6. He said, “She died a year ago.” He said that she had died a year before.
1. He said, “This is my table.” เค เคเคฐ เคเฅเคฌเฅเคฒ Reporter เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฎเคจเฅ เคฌเฅเคฒเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคธเคฎเคฏ เคญเฅ เคฎเฅเคเฅเคฆ เคนเฅ, เคคเฅ Indirect Speech เคฎเฅเค this เคเฅ that เคฎเฅเค เคจเคนเฅเค เคฌเคฆเคฒเคพ เคเคพเคเคเคพเฅค เคเฅเคธเฅ- He said that this was his table.
2. This morning Ram said to me, “I shall give you money today.” This morning Ram told me that he would give me money today. เคฏเคนเคพเค this morning เคธเฅ เคฏเคน เคธเฅเคชเคทเฅเค เคนเฅ เคเคฟ เคฆเคฟเคจ เคจเคนเฅเค เคฌเคฆเคฒเคพ เคนเฅเฅค เค เคคเค today เคเคพ that day เคจเคนเฅ เคนเฅเคเคพเฅค
EXERCISE
Direction: Change the following into indirect speech-
1. He said, “I am going to Patna today.”
2. She said to me, “I shall stay here with you.”
3. He said, “I shall do it tomorrow.”
4. She said, “My father came yesterday.”
5. They said to, “We shall see you tomorrow.
6. He said, “The sky is cloudy now.”
7. He said, “I did not break these plates.
8. My boss said to me, “You can take this away with you.”
9. He said, “I saw a book here.”
10. She said, “I am now opening this book,”
11. She said, “I will dance tomorrow.”
12. He said, “She arrived yesterday and will go tomorrow.”
13. She said, “I shall join the office next week.”
14. She said, “My husband died a year ago.”
15. He said, “I will come here again tomorrow.”
Answers:
1. He said that he was going to Patna that day.
2. She told me that she would stay there with me.
3. He said that he would do it the next day.
4. She said that her father had come the previous day.
5. They told me that they would see me the next day.
6. He said that the sky was cloudy then.
7. He said that he had not broken those plates.
8. My boss told me that I could take that away with me.
9. He said that he had seen a book there.
10. She said that she was opening that book then.
11. She said that she would dance the next day.
12. He said that she had arrived the previous day and would go the next day.
13. She said that she would join the office the following week.
14. She said that her husband had died a year ago.
15. He said that he would come there again the next day.
(a) He said, “I am waiting for you.” He told me that he was waiting for me. or, He told her that he was waiting for her.
(b) He said, “I do not wish to see any of you. He told us that he did not wish to see any of us. or He told them that he did not wish to see any of them.
(a) “I have completed my job, “he said. He said that he had completed his job. (b) “I am always ready to help you, “she said to me, “because I was her neighbour.
EXERCISE
Direction: Change the following into indirect speech-
1. He says, “I am your friend and are my friend.”
2. She said, “I was waiting for you.”
3. The boys said, “We can’t do without your help.”
4. You said, “I will not given this pen to you.”
5. “You should help me, “said she.
6. “Okay, I will come tomorrow,” he said.
7. He said, “Rekha, I love you.”
8. She said, “You should help me, Mohan.”
9. “You can sit here, “Mohan, “the teacher said.
10. The boss said, “Well, you can take it now.”
11. “I wrote three letters yesterday,” said she.
12. He said, “Radha, You are my life.”
13. “Everything I have is yours,” she said.
14. “I had completed my job,” he said.
15. He said, “Well, I shall punish you today.”
16. “I shall help you,” she said to me, “If you help you.”
17. “Two and two is four,” said the teacher.
18. “I love you,” the man said to her, “because you have been kind to me,”
19. “You are a good boy,” said the teacher,” so I shall help you.”
20. “You can go now,” the master said to the servant, “because I don’t need you.”
Answers:
1. He says that he is my friend and I am his friend.
2. She said that she had been waiting for me.
3. The boys said that they couldn’t do without my help.
4. You said that you would not give that pen to me.
5. She said that I should help her.
6. He said that he would come the next day.
7. He said that Rekha was his love.
8. She said that I should help her, Mohan.
9. The teacher told Mohan that he could sit there.
10. The boss said that I could take it then.
11. She said that she had written three letters the previous day.
12. He said that Radha was his life.
13. She said that everything she had was mine.
14. He said that he had completed his job.
15. He said that he would punish me that day.
16. She said to me that she would help me if I helped her.
17. The teacher said that two and two is four.
18. The man said to her that he loved her because she had been kind to him.
19. The teacher said that I was a good boy and that he would help me.
20. The master told the servant that he could go because he didnโt need him.
1. He said to me, “Bring a glass water.” He ordered me to bring a glass of water. 2. The doctor said to me, “Walk in the morning,” The doctor advised me to walk in morning. 3. My son said to me, “Please buy me a coat.” My son requested me to buy him a coat. 4. He said, “Run” He ordered to me run. 5. She said, “”Ram, do as I say.” She told/asked/ordered Ram to do as she said 6. The teacher said, “Show me that work that you have done.” The teacher told/asked/ordered the student to show him the work that he (the student) had done.
EXERCISE
Direction: Put the following into indirect speech-
1. She said to me, “Bring a glass of water.”
2. She said to me, “Bring me a glass of water.”
3. He said to me, “Go there.”
4. The old man said to his servant,” Close the door.”
5. He said, “Stand up on the bench.”
6. My mother said to me, ” Switch off the T.V.”
7. My son said to me, “Please give me some money.”
8. He said to his wife, “Prepare a cup of tea.”
9. The doctor said to me, “Take the medicine in time.”
10. Mother said to me, “Go to market.”
11. The beggar said to me, “Kindly give me some food.”
12. The teacher said, “Get up early.”
13. The doctor said to me, “Take care of your health.”
14. She said to me, “Have a cup of tea.”
15. The saint said to me, “Believe in God.”
16. He said to her, “Wait for me till I God.”
17. He said to her, “Please remember what I told you.”
18. Mohan said to his brother, “Depend on what I say.”
19. The teacher said, “Work hard if you want to get success.”
20. She said to us, “Do whatever you like.”
Answers:
1. She told me to bring a glass of water.
2. She told me to bring her a glass of water.
3. He told me to go there.
4. The old man told his servant to close the door.
5. He told me to stand up on the bench.
6. My mother told me to switch off the T.V.
7. My son requested me to give him some money.
8. He told his wife to prepare a cup of tea.
9. The doctor told me to take the medicine in time.
10. Mother told me to go to the market.
11. The beggar requested me to give him some food.
12. The teacher told me to get up early.
13. The doctor told me to take care of my health.
14. She told me to have a cup of tea.
15. The saint told me to believe in God.
16. He told her to wait for him till he came.
17. He told her to remember what he had told her.
18. Mohan told his brother to depend on what he said.
19. The teacher told me to work hard if I wanted to get success.
1. He told me, “Don’t shout in the class.” He asked me not to shout in the class. or, He forbade me to shout in the class.
2. He said, “Don’t make too much noise, children.” He asked the children not to make too much noise. or He forbade the children to make too muchnoise.
3. “Don’t drive too fast, “she said She told me not to drive too fast. She forbade me to drive too fast.
Note: เคงเฅเคฏเคพเคจ เคฆเฅเค เคเคฟ forbade เคเฅ เคฌเคพเคฆ not to เคเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเค เคจเคนเฅเค เคนเฅเคเคฐ เคธเคฟเคฐเฅเคซ ‘to’ เคเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเค เคนเฅเค เคนเฅเฅค
EXERCISE
Direction: Put the following into indirect speech-
1. My father said to me, “Don’t walk in the sun.” 2. Ram said to his servant, “Do not do this.” 3. He said, “My son, don’t kill the bird.” 4. He said, “Don’t sleep late.” 5. The teacher told us, “don’t talk in the class.” 6. The doctor said to her, “Don’t drink.” 7. He said, “Don’t ask many questions.” 8. The beggar said, “Don’t bear me,” 9. The thief said to the judge, “Don’t send me to jail.” 10. He said, “Don’t touch this wire, John” 11. “Don’t stay here,” she said. 12. The student said to the teacher, “Please do not order me to go out of the class.” 13. Ranjan said to his friend, “Do not spoil your health.” 14. She said to me, “Don’t go today.” 15. I said, “Don’t be misguided.” 16. The doctor said to me, “Don’t smoke if you want to improve your health.” 17. The teacher, “Don’t make a noise when I am in the class. 18. I said, “Don’t drive fast when the road is busy.” 19. She said o him, “Do not go there if you want to stay here.” 20. I said to my friend, “Don’t be afraid when you are with me.”
Answers: +
1. My father told me not to walk in the sun.
2. Ram told his servant not to do that.
3. He advised his son not to kill the bird.
4. He advised not to sleep late.
5. The teacher told us not to talk in the class.
6. The doctor advised her not to drink.
7. He advised not to ask many questions.
8. The beggar pleaded not to beat him.
9. The thief begged the judge not to send him to jail.
10. He warned John not to touch that wire.
11. She advised not to stay there.
12. The student requested the teacher not to order him to go out of the class.
13. Ranjan advised his friend not to spoil his health.
14. She advised me not to go that day.
15. I advised not to be misguided.
16. The doctor advised me not to smoke if I wanted to improve my health.
17. The teacher instructed not to make noise when he/she was in the class.
18. I advised not to drive fast when the road was busy.
19. She advised him not to go there if he wanted to stay here.
20. I told my friend not to be afraid when he was with me.
EXERCISE
Direction: Put the following into indirect speech –
1. “Don’t believe everything you hear, “he warned me. 2. “Look before you leap,” he said to her. 3. He said, “Follow her if she leaves the house.” 4. “Who put salt in my coffee?” she said. 5. He said, I had to help you.” 6. He said to me, “I can’t tell you how grateful I am.” 7. She said, “Do you know who is coming?” 8. Amit said to me, “Where did you go yesterday?” 9. She said to her servant, “Do as I tell you.” 10. She said, “The sun never rises in the west.” 11. “What makes you cry?” asked his sister. 12. She said to the maid, “Go and send off this letter.” 13. My mother said, “Do not go against your father.” 14. “Don’t be afraid, my children,” said the host. 15. The gentleman said, “I am free to do what I like with my walking stick.” 16. He said, “Oil and water do not mix,” 17. He asked, “Where is the doctor and what is he doing?” 18. He said, “God is everywhere.” 19. She said, “Work is worship.” 20. He said to me, “Please give me your bicycle for a day.”
Answers:
1. He warned me not to believe everything I heard.
2. He advised her to look before she leaped.
3. He told me to follow her if she left the house.
4. She asked who had put salt in her coffee.
5. He said that he had to help me.
6. He told me that he couldn’t express how grateful he was.
7. She asked if I knew who was coming.
8. Amit asked me where I had gone the previous day.
9. She instructed her servant to do as she told.
10. She stated that the sun never rises in the west.
11. His sister asked what made him cry.
12. She instructed the maid to go and send off that letter.
13. My mother advised me not to go against my father.
14. The host told his children not to be afraid.
15. The gentleman said that he was free to do what he liked with his walking stick.
16. He stated that oil and water do not mix.
17. He asked where the doctor was and what he was doing.
18. He said that God is everywhere.
19. She said that work is worship.
20. He requested me to give him my bicycle for a day.
Direction: Change the following into the passive voice-
1. Mohan eats a mango. 2. Mohan eats mangoes. 3. I eat a mango. 4. I love you. 5. You love me. 6. She helps them. 7. she help her. 8. They help him. 9. They help me. 10. We help him. 11. Mohan beats Sohan. 12. Sohan beats me. 13. I like it. 14. She sings a song. 15. I write a letter. 16. My brother loves me. 17. I love my brother. 18. This boy helps me. 19. I help that boy. 20. She sells toys. 21. They cook rice. 22. He posts the letter. 23. She likes your brother. 24. Your brother likes her. 25. He helps everybody. 26. I follow the rules. 27. I help the poor. 28. My father likes her. 29. I help those poor boys. 30. They answer the question.
1. Active ( We expect good news. ) Passive (Good news is expected. )
2. Active (No one respects a dishonest man in our society. ) Passive ( A dishonest man is not respected in our society. )
3. Active (In India people worship the cow.) Passive (In India the cow is worshipped. )
EXERCISE
Direction: Change the following into the passive voice – Hint: [เคธเคฟเคฐเฅเคซ 5 เคเคฐ 8 เคฎเฅเค เคนเฅ by + agent เคเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเค เคเคฐเฅเค , เค เคจเฅเคฏ เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ เคจเคนเฅเคเฅค]
1. people speak English all over the world. 2. People grow cotton in India. 3. We expect good news. 4. In our country we exploit the poor. 5. Everyday my father teaches me. 6. People remember Bhagat Singh for his bravery. 7. Everyone hates Mohan because he is a thief. 8. Our leaders misguide us. 9. We keep butter here. 10. One uses milk for making curd and sweets.
Answers:
English is spoken all over the world.
Cotton is grown in India.
Good news is expected.
In our country, the poor are exploited.
Everyday I am taught by my father.
Bhagat Singh is remembered for his bravery.
Mohan is hated because he is a thief.
We are misguided by our leaders.
Butter is kept here.
Milk is used for making curd and sweets.
2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
[Passive Verb Form: am /is / are + being + V3]
Active
I am eating a mango.
They are singing songs.
He is helping his mother.
She is vexing me.
They are doing it.
They are cutting the old trees.
Passive
A mango is being eaten by me.
Songs are being sung (by them).
His mother is being helped by her.
I am being vexed by her.
It is being done by them.
The old tress are being cut.
EXERCISE
Direction: Turn the following into the passive voice-
1. She is eating a mango. 2. She is eating mangos. 3. I am writing a letter. 4. He is helping me. 5. He is helping us. 6. They are helping her. 7. I am learning it. 8. She is drawing a picture. 9. He is cleaning the car. 10. The cat is drinking milk. 11. He is cutting the tree. 12. He is cutting the trees. 13. She is cooking food. 14. They are selling books. 15. She is doing nothing. 16. She is cheating me. 17. They are painting the wall. 18. I am opening the door. 19. They are watching the match. 20. I am solving the sum.
Solved Examples: 1. Active They are doing nothing against me. Passive Nothing is being done against me. 2. Active She is looking at me. Passive I am being looked at by her. 3. Active She is watching you. Passive You are being watched by her.
Answers:
1. A mango is being eaten by her.
2. Mangos are being eaten by her.
3. A letter is being written by me.
4. I am being helped by him.
5. We are being helped by him.
6. She is being helped by them.
7. It is being learned by me.
8. A picture is being drawn by her.
9. The car is being cleaned by him.
10. Milk is being drunk by the cat.
11. The tree is being cut by him.
12. The trees are being cut by him.
13. Food is being cooked by her.
14. Books are being sold by them.
15. Nothing is being done by her.
16. I am being cheated by her.
17. The wall is being painted by them.
18. The door is being opened by me.
19. The match is being watched by them.
20. The sum is being solved by me.
EXERCISE
Direction: Turn the following into the passive voice- [Hint: 2, 4, 5 เคเคฐ 10 เคฎเฅเค by + agent เคฆเฅเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคเคฐเฅเคฐเคค เคจเคนเฅเค เคนเฅเฅค]
1. He is answering the question. 2. The doctor is examining the patient. 3. The children are painting the wall. 4. They are cutting the old trees. 5. We are doing nothing against you. 6. Some boys are helping the poor man. 7. He is watching you. 8. She is beating her youngest son. 9. The nurse is looking after the patient. 10. They are doing nothing for the people of India.
Answers:
1. The question is being answered by him.
2. The patient is being examined by the doctor.
3. The wall is being painted by the children.
4. The old trees are being cut (by them).
5. Nothing is being done against you by us.
6. The poor man is being helped by some boys.
7. You are being watched by him.
8. Her youngest son is being beaten by her.
9. The patient is being looked after by the nurse.
10. Nothing is being done for the people of India by them.
3. PERSENT PERFECT TENSE [Passive Verb Form: have / has + been + V3]
Active
I have eaten a mango.
She has finished the work.
They have cheated me.
Ram has disturbed them.
Someone has stolen my pen.
He has cut his finger.
They have published the result.
Passive
A mango has been eaten by me.
The work has been finished by her.
I have been cheated by them.
They have been disturbed by Ram.
My pen has been stolen.
His finger has been cut.
The result has been published.
EXERCISE
Direction: Put the following into the passive voice –
1. I have killed two tigers. 2. She was cheated me. 3. I have helped her. 4. They have helped us. 5. He has taught her. 6. This boy has made it. 7. Ram has built the house. 8. She has invited me. 9. He has cut the trees. 10. Sita has written a letter. 11. Ram has seen me. 12. Moti has broken the glass. 13. They have followed it. 14. I have liked this. 15. I have loved you. 16. She has taught him. 17. He has cheated her. 18. Mohan has learnt it. 19. He has bought a car. 20. I have informed them.
Solved Examples:
1. Active (Someone has stolen my car.) Passive (My car has been stolen. )
2. Active (No one has seen that mad man for ten days. ) Passive ( That mad man has not been seen for ten days. )
เคฎเฅเคฒ เคตเคพเคเฅเคฏ เคเคพ Subject No one เคฐเคนเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคตเคเคน เคธเฅ Passive Sentence เคเฅ Verb เคเฅ Negative เคฌเคจเคพเคฏเคพ เคเคพเคคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค
Answers:
1. Two tigers have been killed by me.
2. I was cheated by her.
3. She has been helped by me.
4. We have been helped by them.
5. She has been taught by him.
6. It has been made by this boy.
7. The house has been built by Ram.
8. I have been invited by her.
9. The trees have been cut by him.
10. A letter has been written by Sita.
11. I have been seen by Ram.
12. The glass has been broken by Moti.
13. It has been followed by them.
14. This has been liked by me.
15. You have been loved by me.
16. He has been taught by her.
17. She has been cheated by him.
18. It has been learnt by Mohan.
19. A car has been bought by him.
20. They have been informed by me.
EXERCISE
Direction: Change the following into the passive voice – [Hint: 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13 เคเคฐ 14 เคฎเฅเค by + agent เคฆเฅเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคเคฐเฅเคฐเคค เคจเคนเฅเค เคนเฅเฅค
1. They have seen the ghost. 2. You have made several mistakes. 3. The police have caught the thief. 4. Someone has broken my glass. 5. We have bought some books. 6. Someone has picked my pocket. 7. He has hurt his leg in an accident. 8. No one has said anything about it. 9. They have published the result. 10. They have killed that innocent child. 11. Shakespeare has written this beautiful poem. 12. The mob has broken all the shop windows. 13. Somebody has invited you to dinner. 14. Someone has stolen my car. 15. Some of our neighbours have done this.
Answers:
1. The ghost has been seen by them.
2. Several mistakes have been made by you.
3. The thief has been caught (by the police).
4. My glass has been broken (by someone).
5. Some books have been bought by us.
6. My pocket has been picked (by someone).
7. His leg has been hurt in an accident.
8. Nothing has been said about it.
9. The result has been published (by them).
10. That innocent child has been killed (by them).
11. This beautiful poem has been written by Shakespeare.
12. All the shop windows have been broken by the mob.
13. You have been invited to dinner (by somebody).
4. PAST INDFINITE TENSE [Passive Verb Form: was /were + V3 ]
Active
I ate a mango.
I ate some mangoes.
I ate some mangoes.
The Police arrested him.
Someone stole my pen.
Passive
A mango was eaten by me.
Some mangoes were eaten by me.
He was arrested.
My pen was stolen.
EXERCISE
Direction: Put the following into the passive voice – [Hint: 9, 11, เคเคฐ 13 เคเฅ Passive เคฎเฅเค by + agent เคฆเฅเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคเคฐเฅเคฐเคค เคจเคนเฅเค เคนเฅ]
1. I helped you. 2. You helped me. 3. He bought a car. 4. She warned him. 5. I ate mangoes. 6. They won the match. 7. She taught the boys. 8. I broke the glass. 9. The police caught the thief. 10. He finished the work soon. 11. The robbers robbed him. 12. The fire damaged the building. 13. They looted the house. 14. She challenges me. 15. She made it. 16. I invited both of them. 17. I made several mistakes. 18. She found the lost bag. 19. I cleaned the cars. 20. I posted all the letters.
Solved Examples:
1. Active A girl saved my life. Passive My life was saved by a girl. 2. Active They admired for his bravery. Passive He was admired for his bravery. 3. Active Most of them opposed me. Passive I was opposed by most of them.
Answers:
1. You were helped by me.
2. I was helped by you.
3. A car was bought by him.
4. He was warned by her.
5. Mangoes were eaten by me.
6. The match was won by them.
7. The boys were taught by her.
8. The glass was broken by me.
9. The thief was caught by the police.
10. The work was finished by him soon.
11. He was robbed by the robbers.
12. The building was damaged by the fire.
13. The house was looted by them.
14. I am challenged by her.
15. It was made by her.
16. Both of them were invited by me.
17. Several mistakes were made by me.
18. The lost bag was found by her.
19. The cars were cleaned by me.
20. All the letters were posted by me.
EXERCISE
Direction: Turn the following into the passive – [Hint: 1, 3, 4, 5, 9, 12 เคเคฐ 15 เคฎเฅเค by + agent เคฆเฅเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคเคฐเฅเคฐเคค เคจเคนเฅเค เคนเฅเฅค]
1. The doctor examined the patient. 2. Shakespeare wrote “As you like it”. 3. They admire him for his courage. 4. They looted the house yesterday. 5. they found him guilty of murder. 6. The Indians won the match. 7. Most people opposed this. 8. The farmer saved the snake’s life. 9. The police arrested some thieves last night. 10. Tigers attacked the travellers. 11. A boy of ten saved my life. 12. They warned me again and again. 13. Most people opposed this. 14. No one loved me. 15. Someone stole my purse in the train.
Answers:
1. The patient was examined.
2. “As you like it” was written by Shakespeare.
3. He is admired for his courage.
4. The house was looted yesterday.
5. He was found guilty of murder.
6. The match was won by the Indians.
7. This was opposed by most people.
8. The snake’s life was saved by the farmer.
9. Some thieves were arrested last night.
10. The travellers were attacked by tigers.
11. My life was saved by a boy of ten.
12. I was warned again and again.
13. This was opposed by most people.
14. I was loved by no one.
15. My purse was stolen in the train.
6. PAST PERFECT TENSE [Passive Verb Form: had been + V3]
Active
I had done the work.
She had written the letter.
She had informed us.
Somebody had stolen my pen.
Ram had completed the work.
Passive
The work had been done by me.
The letter had been written by her.
We had been informed by her.
My pen had been stolen.
The work had been completed by Ram.
Direction: Turn the following into the passive – [Hint: เคเคจ 20 เคตเคพเคเฅเคฏเฅเค เคฎเฅเค 12 เคเคธเฅ เคตเคพเคเฅเคฏ เคนเฅ, เคเคฟเคจเคเฅ Passive เคฎเฅเค by + agent เคฆเฅเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคเคฐเฅเคฐเคค เคจเคนเฅเค เคนเฅเคเฅค]
1. I had painted the wall. 2. She had informed me. 3. They had already cheated us. (had already been) 4. He had done the work. 5. She had taught the student. 6. He had sold his horses. 7. The robbers had robbed the villagers. 8. Somebody had already told him. 9. They had arranged everything. 10. The fire had burnt my house to ashes. 11. Somebody had told him the news. 12. The doctor had examined me. 13. He had informed me. 14. He had broken his leg. 15. She had posted all the letters. 16. Nobody had done anything. (had not been) 17. The doctor had examined the patient. 18. The boys had collected the books. 19. The had informed the police of the accident. 20. Somebody had stolen his bicycle.
7. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE [Passive Verb Form: Shall / will + be + V3 ]
Active
I shall help you.
She will teach you.
He will help me.
People will forget it.
No one will solve your problem.
They will start the snow in two months.
Passive
You will be helped by me.
You will be taught by her.
I shall be helped by him.
It will be forgotten.
Your problem will not be solved.
The sow will be started in two months.
EXERCISE
Direction: Turn the following into the passive voice- [เคเคจ เคตเคพเคเฅเคฏเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เคเคธเฅ เคตเคพเคเฅเคฏ เคนเฅเค , เคเคฟเคจเคเฅ เคฎเฅเค เคฆเฅเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคเคฐเฅเคฐเคค เคจเคนเฅเค เคนเฅเฅค]
1. He will do this. 2. She will help me. 3. You will help us. 4. The boy will take it. 5. She will cheat you. 6. They will support me. 7. I shall solve the problem. 8. The police will arrest the thief. 9. We shall welcome him. 10. People will remember him. 11. Nobody will play the match. (will not be) 12. Somebody will beat you one day. (You …… one day) 13. I shall never forget those happy days. (will never be) 14. Everyone will blame you. 15. They will build the road by March. (………… by March) 16. We shall win the match. 17. We shall follow him. 18. They will not neglect us. 19. They will publish tow books in June (……… in June) 20. We shall discuss the matter tomorrow. (The matter …….. tomorrow.)
Answers:
1. This will be done by him.
2. I will be helped by her.
3. We will be helped by you.
4. It will be taken by the boy.
5. You will be cheated by her.
6. I will be supported by them.
7. The problem will be solved by me.
8. The thief will be arrested by the police.
9. He will be welcomed by us.
10. He will be remembered by people.
11. The match will not be played by anybody.
12. You will be beaten one day.
13. Those happy days will never be forgotten.
14. You will be blamed by everyone.
15. The road will be built by March.
16. The match will be won by us.
17. He will be followed by us.
18. We will not be neglected by them.
19. Two books will be published in June.
20. The matter will be discussed tomorrow.
EXERCISE
Direction: Turn the following into the passive- [Hint: 3, 11, 14, เคเคฐ 15 เคฎเฅเค by + agent เคฆเฅเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคเคฐเฅเคฐเคค เคจเคนเฅเค เคนเฅเฅค]
1. I shall have taught him. 2. She will have completed the work. 3. The police will have arrested the thief. 4. We shall have bought the books. 5. They will have solved the problem. 6. She will have cheated you. 7. He will have informed me. 8. They will have killed the tiger. 9. My father will have bought a car. 10. The children will have eaten the cakes. 11. The robbers will have robbed him. 12. I shall have proved it. 13. They will have cheated our friends. 14. They will have discussed the matter. 15. They will have built the road by March.
1. You can do it. 2. I can kill a tiger. 3. He can win the match. 4. She can defeat him. 5. He may do this. 6. He could beat him. 7. I could help you. 8. He might solve it. 9. They may defeat us. 10. You must help the poor. 11. You must send a reply. 12. You should do this. 13. They should finish the work. 14. I should do it. 15. She could buy a car. 16. He would do it. 17. I could solve the problem. 18. Your friend will blame you. 19. She will break it. 20. One can solve it.
Direction: turn the following into the passive- [Hint: 5, 6, 9, 12, 13,14, เคเคฐ 20 เคฎเฅเค by + agent เคเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเค เคจเคนเฅเค เคเคฐเฅเคเฅค]
1. My father is to buy a car. 2. I am to teach him. 3. He is to teach us. 4. They were to invite me. 5. She was to sell her cows. 6. I have to prove it. 7. She has to guide me. 8. He has to examine the patient. 9. The postman has to deliver the letters. 10. I was to help those poor boys. 11. We have to serve the country. 12. We had to inform the police of the accident. 13. They had to built the bridge. 14. Ram has to solve the problem. 15. The manager has to appoint him. 16. I am to buy some books. 17. She was to defeat the enemies. 18. The boys of this school are to plant some trees. 19. They are to play the match today.
Answers:
1. A car is to be bought (by my father).
2. He is to be taught (by me).
3. We are to be taught (by him).
4. I was to be invited (by them).
5. Her cows were to be sold.
6. It has to be proved (by me).
7. I have to be guided (by her).
8. The patient has to be examined.
9. The letters have to be delivered (by the postman).
10. Those poor boys were to be helped (by me).
11. The country has to be served.
12. The police had to be informed of the accident.
13. The bridge had to be built.
14. The problem has to be solved (by Ram).
15. He has to be appointed (by the manager).
16. Some books are to be bought (by me).
17. The enemies were to be defeated (by her).
18. Some trees are to be planted (by the boys of this school).
19. The match is to be played today.
11. IMPERATIVE SENTENCES EXPERESSING ORDER / COMMAND
13. เคฏเคฆเคฟ Imperative Sentence Transitive Verb เคธเฅ เคถเฅเคฐเฅ เคนเฅ, เคคเฅ Sentence เคเฅ Passive Construction เคฆเฅเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคฒเคฟเค You are ordered / You are advised เคเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเค เคเคฐเฅเคเฅค เคเฅเคธเฅ – ]
Active
Kindly post the letter.
Take your chair, Please.
Passive
You are requested to post the letter.
You are requested to take your chair.
14. เคฏเคฆเคฟ Imperative Sentence Transitive Verb เคธเฅ เคถเฅเคฐเฅ เคนเฅ, เคคเฅ Sentence เคเฅ Passive Construction เคฆเฅเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคฒเคฟเค You are ordered / You are advised เคเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเค เคเคฐเฅเคเฅค เคเฅเคธเฅ –
Active
Stand up.
Go there.
Work hard.
Passive
You are ordered to stand up.
You are ordered to go there.
You are advised work hard.
EXERCISE
Direction: Turn the following into the passive-
[A]
Active (Open the door. ) Passive (Let the door be opened.)
1. Inform the police. 2. Post the letters. 3. Bring a glass of water. 4. Do this work. 5. Switch off the light. 6. Don’t close the gate. 7. Read this book. 8 Shut all the doors. 9. Close the gate. 10. Don’t touch the wire.
[B]
Active (Help your friends. ) Passive (Your friends should be helped. )
1. Help the poor. 2. Help the poor students. 3. Respect your elders. 4. Love your country. 5. Love your neighbours. 6. Don’t hate the poor. 7. Don’t cheat your friend. 8. Honour the brave.
[C]
Active (Kindly help me. ) Passive (You are requested to help me. )
1. Please take your seat. 2. Kindly give me money. 3. Kindly give me some food. 4. Please sit down. 5. Please go out. 6. Please enter by this gate. 7. Please do me a favour. 8. Take your chair, Please.
[D]
Active Do. Passive You are ordered to do.
1. Go there. 2. Stand up. 3. Come tomorrow. 4. Work hard. 5. Sit down. 6. Sign here. 7. Go to market. 8. Go to bed.
เคเฅเค เคตเคพเคเฅเคฏเฅเค เคฎเฅเค Active Verb เคเฅ เคฌเคพเคฆ เคฆเฅ Objects เคเคคเฅ เคนเฅเคเฅค เคเฅเคธเฅ – I gave him a book. เคฏเคนเคพเค gave เคเฅ เคฌเคพเคฆ เคฆเฅ Objects เคเค เคนเฅเค- him เคเคฐ book เคเคจเคฎเฅเค เคธเฅ him Personal/Indirect Object เคนเฅ เคเคฐ book Direct Object เคนเฅเฅค เคเคธเฅ เคฆเฅ Objects เคตเคพเคฒเฅ Verb เคเฅ Passive เคฎเฅเค เคฌเคฆเคฒเคคเฅ เคธเคฎเคฏ เคนเคฎ เคเคฟเคธเฅ เคญเฅ Object เคเฅ Subject เคฌเคจเคพ เคธเคเคคเฅ เคนเฅ เฅค เคชเคฐเคเคคเฅ Personal Object/Indirect Object เคเฅ เคฌเคจเคพเคจเคพ เค เคเฅเคเคพ เคฎเคพเคจเคพ เคเคพเคคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค เคฒเฅเคเคฟเคจ เค เคเคฐ เคนเคฎเฅเค Direct Object เคชเคฐ เคนเฅ เคตเคฟเคถเฅเคท เคเฅเคฐ เคฆเฅเคจเคพ เคนเฅ, เคคเฅ Direct Object เคเฅ เคนเฅ Subject เคฌเคจเคพเคเคฐ Active Verb เคเฅ Passive Verb เคฎเฅเค เคฌเคฆเคฒเคจเคพ เคเคพเคนเคฟเคเฅค เค เคจเฅเคฏ เคชเคฐเคฟเคตเคฐเฅเคคเคจ เคธเคพเคฎเคพเคจเฅเคฏ เคจเคฟเคฏเคฎ เคเฅ เคนเฅ เค เคจเฅเคธเคพเคฐ เคนเฅเคคเฅ เคนเฅเคเฅค เคเฅเคธเฅ –
Active
1. I gave him a book.
2. He told me a story
3. I offered him a chair.
4. The Principal has given me a prize.
Passive
(a) He was given a book by me. (b) A book was given (to) him by me.
(a) I was told a story (by him). (b) A story was told me (by him).
(a) He was offered him by me. (b) A chair was offered him by me.
(a) I have been given a prize by the Principal. (b) A prize has been given me by the Principal.
EXERCISE
Direction: Turn the following into the passive- [Hint: 3, 4, 5, 7 เคเคฐ 9 เคฎเฅเค by + agent เคฆเฅเคจเฅ เคเคพ เคเคฐเฅเคฐเคค เคจเคนเฅเค เคนเฅเฅค]
BASED ON RULE NO. 15
1. They are laughing at her. 2. He looks after me. 3. The police are searching for him. 4.They will look into the matter. 5. The police enquired into the case. 6. All his friends laugh at him. 7. We must listen to elders. 8. Put off the light. 9. They have given up the idea. 10. I must write to him.
Answers:
1. She is being laughed at by them.
2. I am looked after by him.
3. He is being searched for by the police.
4. The matter will be looked into.
5. The case was enquired into by the police.
6. He is laughed at by all his friends.
7. Elders must be listened to.
8. Let the light be put off.
9. The idea has been given up.
10. He must be written to.
BASED ON RULE NO. 16
11. She knows me. (known to) 12. I satisfied everybody. (satisfied with) 13. Your story has interested me. (interested in) 14. His behaviour shocked me. (shocked at) 15. Seven days make a week. (made of) 16.The news pleased me. (pleased with)
Answers:
11. I am known to her.
12. Everybody was satisfied with me.
13. I have been interested in your story.
14. I was shocked at his behaviour.
15. A week is made of seven days.
16. I was pleased with the news.
BASED ON RULE ON 17
17. Ram gave me a present. 18. He teaches us English. 19. He promised me a prize. 20. The king gave you a book. 21. We can give you a chance. 22. My brother will gave you a book. 23. He handed me a bottle. 24. My father bought me a bicycle. 25. She gave me some food.
I read. I am going to school. He has gone to Patna. They are good boys. She is laughing.
MISCELLANEOUS EXCERCISE
Direction: Put the following into the passive-
1. We respect him. 2. People speak Hindi in Bihar. 3. They are repairing the road. 4. You have made several mistakes. 5. The doctor is examining the patient. 6. Someone stole my pen. 7. They looted the house yesterday. 8. They were cutting the old trees. 9. The children had eaten the cakes. 10. The police arrested some thieves last night. 11. We shall discuss the matter tomorrow. 12. People will remember him. 13. He will have completed the work. 14. I can solve the problem. 15. She could help him. 16. She may defeat you. 17. They might win the game. 18. We should help the poor. 19. He would inform us. 20. You must support him.
Answers:
1. He is respected by us.
2. Hindi is spoken in Bihar.
3. The road is being repaired by them.
4. Several mistakes have been made by you.
5. The patient is being examined by the doctor.
6. My pen was stolen by someone.
7. The house was looted by them yesterday.
8. The old trees were being cut by them.
9. The cakes had been eaten by the children.
10. Some thieves were arrested by the police last night.
11. The matter shall be discussed by us tomorrow.
12. He will be remembered by people.
13. The work will have been completed by him.
14. The problem can be solved by me.
15. He could be helped by her.
16. You may be defeated by her.
17. The game might be won by them.
18. The poor should be helped by us.
19. We would be informed by him.
20. He must be supported by you.
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
Direction: Turn the following into the passive-
1. I am to write a letter. 2. She is to teach my daughter. 3. They are to support me. 4. She was to invite me. 5. They were to cut the old trees. 6. We have to buy some books. 7. She has to complete the work. 8. They had to inform the police. 9. Bring a cup of tea. 10. Open the door. 11. Help your neighbours. 12. Kindly post the letters. 13. Go out of the room. 14. My mother looks after me. 15. You must write to her. 16. Everyone knows Gandhiji. 17. He pleased me. 18. She gave me an apple. 19. She told him a story. 20. My father bought me a watch.
The following words are nouns; cat, cow, boy and girl. I want the following: books, pens and notebooks.
2. Direct Speech เคคเคฅเคพ Quotation เคเฅ เคชเคนเคฒเฅ Colon เคเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเค เคเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเคพเคคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค เคเฅเคธเฅ – He said: “I will do it.” Shakespare said: “Sweet are the uses of adversity.”
3. Dialogue เคฎเฅเค เคตเคเฅเคคเคพ เค เคจเคพเคฎ เคเฅ เคฌเคพเคฆ Colon เคเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเค เคเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเคพเคคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค เคเฅเคธเฅ – Teacher: What are you doing? Ram Sir, I am doing my lesson.
4. เคเคฌ เคเคฟเคธเฅ เคถเคฌเฅเคฆ เคเฅ เคฌเคพเคฆ เคเคธเคเคพ definition เคฏเคพ description เคฆเฅเคจเคพ เคนเฅเคคเคพ เคนเฅ, เคคเคฌ เคเคธ เคถเคฌเฅเคฆ เคเฅ เคฌเคพเคฆ Colon เคฆเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเคพเคคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค เคเฅเคธเฅ Noun: A noun is a naming word. Albatross: A large white seabird with long wings.
21 = twenty -one 62 = sixty – two 89 = eighty- nine 431 = four hundred and thirty -one 855 = eight hundred and fifty – five 5153 = five thousand, one hundred and fifty – three
3. Quotation เคเฅ เคชเฅเคฐเคพเคฐเคญเค เคฎเฅเค Dash เคเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเค เคเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเคพเคคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค เคเฅเคธเฅ – The teacher said – “Honestly is the best policy”. ‘
Ma’am – for Madam can’t – for cannot aren’t – for are not I’m – for I am I’ll – for I will It’s – for it is o’clock – for of the clock ’82 – for 1982
2. Noun เคเฅ Possessive From เคฎเฅเค Apostrophe เคเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเค เคนเฅเคคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค เคเฅเคธเฅ – Ram’s cow, the cow’s milk, the boy’s names.
3. เคธเคเคเฅเคฏเคพ เคคเคฅเคพ เค เคเฅเคทเคฐเฅเค เคเฅ Plural เคฌเคจเคพเคจเฅ เคฎเฅเค ‘s เคเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเค เคนเฅเคคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค เคเฅเคธเฅ – Add four 3’s and the result is 12. Your t’s and 1’s look alike.
1. Inverted Commas เคเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเค Quotation เคเคฐ Direct Speech เคเฅ เคเฅเคฐเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคฒเคฟเค เคเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเคพเคคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค เคเฅเคธเฅ – He said, “What are you doing?” Shakespeare says, “Sweet are the uses of adversity.”
Father agreed but Mother didn’t. I am waiting for Uncle and Aunt. My father is very poor. When is your uncle / aunt / mother / father coming?
EXAMPLES WORKED OUT
Direction: Punctuate the following, using capital letters where necessary –
1. My father is a bdo 2. sita gita and leela are dancing 3. try try again 4. i mohan am a student 5. where are you going mohan 6. he is after all my brother 7. yes i am ready 8. you are ready arent you 9. he said i am ready 10. the following words are nouns cow dog cat boy and girl 11. may god help you 12. what a beautiful place it is 13. alas my cat is dead 14. my father in law is sixty two years old 15. i cant help rams brother 16. he said to me what is your name 17. i know dr suman and prof mathur 18. the gangs is a holy river of india 19. i read he ramayana everyday 20. have you read ode on solitude 21. i shall come in march 22. we must believe in god 23. i am waiting for father 24. i love my father very much
Answers: 1. My father is a B.D.O. 2. Sita, Gita, and Leela are dancing. 3. Try, try again. 4. I, Mohan, am a student. 5. Where are you going, Mohan? 6. He is, after all, my brother. 7. Yes, I am ready to help you. 8. You are ready, aren’t you? 9. He said, “I am ready.” 10. The following words are nouns: cow, dog, cat, boy and girl. 11. May God help you! 12. What a beautiful place it is! 13. Alas! My cat is dead. 14. My father-in-law is sixty-two years old. 15. I can’t help Ram’s brother. 16. He said to me , “What is your name?” 17. I know Dr suman and Prof Mathur. 18. The Ganges is a holy river of India. 19. I read the Ramayana everyday. 20. Have you read ‘Ode on Solitude’? 21. I shall come in March. 22. We must believe in God. 23. I am waiting for Father. 24. I love my father very much.
EXERCISE
Direction: Punctuate the following, using capital letters where necessary-
1. r 1 mishra is an mla 2. i am a ba 3. i dont like mohan sohan ravi and manoj 4. try try again for success 5. jawaharlal nehru the first prime minister of india was a great man 6. she the daughter of a rich mam is very proud 7. i sohan promise to help you 8. mohan you should help me 9. what are you doing here my me 10. i love you suresh 11. i therefore request you to help me 12. he is i think not a good man 13. no you cant stay here 14. she is tall isnt she 15. she said to me what is your name 16. come early go early 17. i need the following a cup tea water and sugar 18. pronoun a pronoun stands for a noun 19. who is miss lata 20. may you die of cholera 21. what a dark night it is 22. well done i am proud of you 23. my sister in law is an ma 24. i cant do without your cooperation 25. i need twenty five rupees 26. arent you rams brother 27. the teacher said who can define the word determiner 28. where is ram going with his father
Answers:
R. L. Mishra is an MLA.
I am a B.A.
I don’t like Mohan, Sohan, Ravi, and Manoj.
Try, try again for success.
Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, was a great man.
She, the daughter of a rich man, is very proud.
I, Sohan, promise to help you.
Mohan, you should help me.
What are you doing here, my friend?
I love you, Suresh.
I, therefore, request you to help me.
He is, I think, not a good man.
No, you can’t stay here.
She is tall, isn’t she?
She said to me, “What is your name?”
Come early, go early.
I need the following: a cup, tea, water, and sugar.
Pronoun: A pronoun stands for a noun.
Who is Miss Lata?
May you die of cholera!
What a dark night it is!
Well done! I am proud of you.
My sister-in-law is an M.A.
I can’t do without your cooperation.
I need twenty-five rupees.
Aren’t you Ram’s brother?
The teacher said, “Who can define the word ‘determiner’?”
Where is Ram going with his father?
EXERCISE
Direction: Punctuate the following, using capital letters where necessary-
1. i know mr john and mrs call 2. he said to me do you know dr kapoor 3. mount everest is the highest peak of the himalayas 4. people worship the ganges in india 5. have you read as you like it 6. he will come on the first sunday of january 7. some indians know both hindi and urdu 8. when does the prime minister arrive here 9. who is the main leader of the congress party 10. god is kind to his children 11. why has father not come yet 12. i think uncle will like it 13. i think my father will not like it 14. a hindu celebrates deepawali with great joy 15. have you seen the wind is a beautiful poem 16. the play as you it has been written by shakespeare 17. the teacher said god is almighty 18. we celebrate the independence day every year 19. the word excuse me is a very popular word 20. our vice president is an ex mp
Answers:
I know Mr. John and Mrs. Call.
He said to me, “Do you know Dr. Kapoor?”
Mount Everest is the highest peak of the Himalayas.
People worship the Ganges in India.
Have you read As You Like It?
He will come on the first Sunday of January.
Some Indians know both Hindi and Urdu.
When does the Prime Minister arrive here?
Who is the main leader of the Congress party?
God is kind to His children.
Why has Father not come yet?
I think Uncle will like it.
I think my father will not like it.
A Hindu celebrates Deepawali with great joy.
Have you seen The Wind is a Beautiful Poem?
The play As You Like It has been written by Shakespeare.
(a) Tea a bad for health. (Tea - Noun) Smoking is bad for health. (Smoking-Gerund) (b) I love toys. (toys-Noun) I love dancing. (dancing-gerund) (c) Friendship is a boon. (Friendship - Noun) Seeing is believing. (Seeing/believing - Gerund) (d) I am fond of sweets. (sweets - Noun) I am fond of travelling. (travelling - Gerund)
Note 2. เคเคฌ Verb + ing เคเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเค Verb เคเฅ เคคเคฐเคน เคนเฅ, เคคเคฌ เคเคธเฅ เคนเคฎ Gerund เคจเคนเฅเค เคเคนเฅเคเฅเคเฅค เคเฅเคธเฅ – เคเคจ เคตเคพเคเฅเคฏเฅเค เคฎเฅเค V + ing Gerund เคจเคนเฅเค เคนเฅเค –
She was siting besides her mother. – เคตเคน เค เคชเคจเฅ เคฎเคพเค เคเฅ เคฌเคเคฒ เคฎเฅเค เคฌเฅเค เฅ เคนเฅเค เคฅเฅเฅค She had no one besides her mother. – เคฎเคพเค เคเฅ เค เคฒเคพเคตเคพ เคเคธเคเคพ เคเฅเค เคจเคนเฅเค เคฅเคพเฅค
11. But: except, เคเฅ เคเฅเคกเคผเคเคฐ, เคเฅ เค เคคเคฟเคฐเคฟเคเฅเคค All but one were drowned. – เคเค เคเฅ เคเฅเคกเคผเคเคฐ เคธเคญเฅ เคกเฅเคฌ เคเคเฅค
He has come from Patna. – เคตเคน เคชเคเคจเคพ เคธเฅ เคเคฏเคพ เคนเฅเฅค He was blind from birth. – เคตเคน เคเคจเฅเคฎ เคธเฅ เค เคจเฅเคงเคพ เคฅเคพเฅค These lines are from the Bible. – เคฏเฅ เคชเคเฅเคคเคฟเคฏเคพเค เคฌเคพเคเคฌเคฒ เคธเฅ เคฒเฅ เคเค เคนเฅเคเฅค We make curd from milk. – เคนเคฎเคฒเฅเค เคฆเฅเคง เคธเฅ เคฆเคนเฅ เคฌเคจเคพเคคเฅ เคนเฅเคเฅค
There was an umbrella over his head. – เคเคธเคเฅ เคธเคฟเคฐ เคเฅ เคเคชเคฐ เคเค เคเคพเคคเคพ เคฅเคพเฅค He is over sixty. – เคตเฅ เคธเคพเค เคธเฅ เคเคชเคฐ เคเฅ เคนเฅเฅค There is a bridge over the river. – เคจเคตเฅ เคเฅ เคเคชเคฐ เคเค เคชเฅเคฒ เคนเฅเฅค)
20. Since: เคธเฅ (point of time เคเฅ เคชเคนเคฒเฅ)
He has been absent since Monday. – เคตเคน เคธเฅเคฎเคตเคพเคฐ เคธเฅ เค เคจเฅเคชเคธเฅเคฅเคฟเคค เคนเฅเฅค
21. To: เคเฅ เคเคฐ, เคฌเคพเคเฅ (เคธเคฎเคฏ เคเคพ เคญเคพเคต), เคเคคเฅเคฏเคพเคฆเคฟ
I am going to school. – เคฎเฅเค เคธเฅเคเฅเคฒ เคเคพ เคฐเคนเคพ เคนเฅเคเฅค
The cat was under the table. – เคฌเคฟเคฒเฅเคฒเฅ เคเฅเคฌเฅเคฒ เคเฅ เคจเฅเคเฅ เคฅเฅเฅค She is under eighteen. เคตเคน 18 เคธเฅ เคเคฎ เคเฅ เคนเฅเฅค
He plays with his friend. – เคตเคน เค เคชเคจเฅ เคฆเฅเคธเฅเคค เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ เคเฅเคฒเคคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค
I write with a pen. – เคฎเฅเค เคเคฒเคฎ เคธเฅ เคฒเคฟเคเคคเคพ เคนเฅเคเฅค
He cut the apple with a knife. – เคเคธเคจเฅ เคธเฅเคฌ เคเฅ เคเคพเคเฅ เคธเฅ เคเคพเคเคพเฅค
I am always with you, – เคฎเฅเค เคนเคฎเฅเคถเคพ เคคเฅเคฎเฅเคนเคพเคฐเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ เคนเฅเคเฅค
He was with a bag. – เคตเคน เคฌเฅเค เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ เคฅเคพเฅค
24. Within: เคเฅ เค เคเคฆเคฐ He will come within an hour. – เคตเคน เคเค เคเคเคเฅ เคเฅ เค เคเคฆเคฐ เคเคเคเคพเฅค
25. Without: เคเฅ เคฌเคฟเคจเคพ
The pen is without a nib. – เคเคฒเคฎ เคฌเคฟเคจเคพ เคจเคฟเคฌ เคเฅ เคนเฅเฅค
We can’t live without food. – เคนเคฎเคฒเฅเค เคญเฅเคเคจ เคเฅ เคฌเคฟเคจเคพ เคจเคนเฅเค เคฐเคน เคธเคเคคเฅเฅค
SOME SPECIAL HINTS
1. At & In: เคเคนเคพเค At เคเคพ เคธเคเคฌเคเคง small extent of space/time เคธเฅ เคนเฅ เคตเคนเฅเค In เคเคพ เคธเคเคฌเคเคง wider extent of space/time เคธเฅ เคนเฅเฅค เคเฅเคธเฅ –
7. Since & From: Future Tense เคฎเฅเค Point of Time เคเฅ เคชเคนเคฒเฅ Since เคเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเค เคจเคนเฅเค เคนเฅเคคเคพ เคนเฅ, เคเคธเคเฅ เคฌเคฆเคฒเฅ From เคเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเค เคนเฅเคคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค เคเฅเคธเฅ —–
[A] Direction: Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions.
1. He lives …….. Bihar. (in, at, on)
2. I live ……… Arrah. (in, at, on)
3. The fan is …….. my head. (in, at, on)
4. He is writing …….. a pen. (by, with, from)
5. There is a book ……. the table. (at, on, over)
6. She bought it ………. Rs. 10. (for, on, with)
7. The book was writtien ……. him. (with, from, by)
8. He jumped ….. the river. (in, into, on)
9. He came …….. train. (with, on, by)
10. What is the time ……….. your watch? (by, in, with
11. He is sitting ………. the room. (in, at, on)
12. He came here …… Monday. (since, on, at)
13. He came ……… 5 o’clock. (since, on, at)
14. I was born ……. 1980. (at, on, in)
15. He is ……… Ravi and Gopi. (among, between, in)
Ans. 1. in, 2. at, 3. over, 4. with, 5. on, 6. for, 7. by, 8. into, 9. by, 10. by 11. in, 12. on, 13. at, 14. in, 15. between.
[B] Direction: Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions.
1. He came …… 6 o’clock ….. the evening.
2. The child fell …… the well.
3. He has a hat ………. his head.
4. Sita is ……. school.
5. C comes ……… D.
6. I go to school ……… bus.
7. It has been raining ……… five hours.
8. She has been sleeping …….. morning.
9. We make curd ………… milk.
10. We play ……… the evening.
11. .The chair is made ……. wood.
12. I don’t agree ………… you.
13. This book belongs ……….. me.
14. He is junior ……. me.
15. They are tired ………. work.
16. Please listen …………. me.
17. Why are you laughing ……… him?
18. My teacher is very kind …….. me.
19. He cut the apple …….. a knife.
20. He was born ……… 10th July ……. 1970.
Ans. 1. at, in, 2. into, 3. on, 4. at, 5. before, 6. by, 7. for, 8. since, 9. from, 10. in, 11. of, 12. with, 13. to, 14. to, 15. of, 16. to, 17. at, 18. to, 19. with, 20. on, in.
EXERCISE
Direction: Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions.
1. I do not know …….. him. (about, for)
2. It is ……. ten o’clock. (of, about)
3. The sky is ….. the earth. (on, above)
4. November comes …….. October. (after, before)
5. July comes …….. August. (after, before)
6. The mangoes were divided …. my two sons. (among, between)
7. The mangoes were divided ……… my four sons. (among, between)
8. He will come ………… the morning. (in, at)
9. He come ……… 7 o’clock. (in, at)
10. She lives ……….. Nepal. (in, at)
11. Rice sells ………. Rs. 12/- a kilo. (at, by)
12. My son is good ……… cricket. (in, at)
13. The work was done …… him. (at, by)
14. He killed the bird ………. a stone. (with, by)
15. What is the time ………… your watch? (in, by)
16. He come …….. bus. (by, on)
17. This frock is ………… my sister. (about, for)
18. I have been running ……. an hour. (since, for)
19. She has been running ………… 8 o’clock. (since, for)
20. I bought the bicycle ………… Rs. 500. (at, for)
Answers:
1. I do not know about him. (about, for)
2. It is about ten o’clock. (of, about)
3. The sky is above the earth. (on, above)
4. November comes after October. (after, before)
5. July comes before August. (after, before)
6. The mangoes were divided between my two sons. (among, between)
7. The mangoes were divided among my four sons. (among, between)
8. He will come in the morning. (in, at)
9. He came at 7 o’clock. (in, at)
10. She lives in Nepal. (in, at)
11. Rice sells at Rs. 12/- a kilo. (at, by)
12. My son is good at cricket. (in, at)
13. The work was done by him. (at, by)
14. He killed the bird with a stone. (with, by)
15. What is the time by your watch? (in, by)
16. He came by bus. (by, on)
17. This frock is for my sister. (about, for)
18. I have been running for an hour. (since, for)
19. She has been running since 8 o’clock. (since, for)
20. I bought the bicycle for Rs. 500. (at, for)
EXERCISE
Direction: Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions.
1. He has come ………… Patna. (in, from)
2. What is he doing ……….. the room. (at, in)
3. My brother is ………… the Navy. (at, in)
4. She jumped ……….. the river. (in, into)
5. He was swimming ………. the river. (in, into)
6. She was siting ……….. her sister. (beside, besides)
7. What is …………. the box? (in, at)
8. The book is ……… the box. (in, at)
9. This box is made ………. steel. (from, of)
10. He hid ……… the tree. (on, behind)
11. Give me a kilo ………. rice. (of, at)
12. She died ………. cholera. (of, from)
13. He is a member ……. my team. (of, at)
14. I am not ………… her. (besides, against)
15. He will come ………. Monday. (at, on)
16. Stand up …………… the bench. (at, on)
17. All ………. one were killed. (in, but)
18. There was an umbrella ……… my head. (over, on)
19. It is five ……… eleven. (to, by)
20. The cat was ……… the table. (under, over)
Answers:
1. He has come from Patna. (in, from)
2. What is he doing in the room? (at, in)
3. My brother is in the Navy. (at, in)
4. She jumped into the river. (in, into)
5. He was swimming in the river. (in, into)
6. She was sitting beside her sister. (beside, besides)
7. What is in the box? (in, at)
8. The book is in the box. (in, at)
9. This box is made of steel. (from, of)
10. He hid behind the tree. (on, behind)
11. Give me a kilo of rice. (of, at)
12. She died of cholera. (of, from)
13. He is a member of my team. (of, at)
14. I am not against her. (besides, against)
15. He will come on Monday. (at, on)
16. Stand up on the bench. (at, on)
17. All but one were killed. (in, but)
18. There was an umbrella over my head. (over, on)
19. It is five to eleven. (to, by)
20. The cat was under the table. (under, over)
EXERCISE
Direction: Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions.
1. She is writing ………. a pen. (by, with)
2. She was taught ……… me. (by, to)
3. He will come …….. a month. (for, within)
4. She cut the apple ……….. a knife. (by, with)
5. Can you live ……….. air. (without, with)
6. The letter was written ……. him ……… a pen. (with, on, by)
7. You should do according …….. the rules. (by, to)
8. I am proud ……… my son. (with, of)
9. I am not satisfied ……. your work. (with, by)
10. I agree ……… you …….. that point. (on, with, to)
11. You should take care ………. your health. (at, of)
12. The merchant deals ………. rice. (in, with)
13. She has no taste ………… music. (of, for)
14. He has not replied ……….. my letter. (to, by)
15. I am fond ………. music. (of, to)
16. She was married ……… my cousin. (to, with)
17. Who are you waiting ………… ? (for, of)
18. .This book consists ……….. 100 Pages. (with, of)
19. I am not jealous ………. you. (for, of)
20. Early rising is key ……… my good health. (of, to)
Answers:
1. She is writing with a pen. (by, with)
2. She was taught by me. (by, to)
3. He will come within a month. (for, within)
4. She cut the apple with a knife. (by, with)
5. Can you live without air? (without, with)
6. The letter was written by him with a pen. (with, on, by)
7. You should do according to the rules. (by, to)
8. I am proud of my son. (with, of)
9. I am not satisfied with your work. (with, by)
10. I agree with you on that point. (on, with, to)
11. You should take care of your health. (at, of)
12. The merchant deals in rice. (in, with)
13. She has no taste for music. (of, for)
14. He has not replied to my letter. (to, by)
15. I am fond of music. (of, to)
16. She was married to my cousin. (to, with)
17. Who are you waiting for? (for, of)
18. This book consists of 100 pages. (with, of)
19. I am not jealous of you. (for, of)
20. Early rising is key to my good health. (of, to)
EXERCISE
Direction: Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions.
1. You should not laugh …… him.
2. I am senior ……. you.
3. I prefer milk ……….. tea.
4. She is good ………… English.
5. I congratulated him ……. his success.
6. You should be ashamed ……….. your conduct.
7. What are you afraid ………… ?
8. I pray ………. God everyday.
9. He is angry ……. me …….. my behaviour.
10. She is tired ………… work.
11. I am true …….. my word.
12. I am sorry …….. this.
13. Why is she close ……… you?
14. Please listen …….. me.
15. She is obliged ……. you for your help.
16. Are you sure ………. your success?
17. The rich man runs ……… money.
18. He has applied ……… the Principal …… leave.
19. This car belongs ………. my uncle.
20. I don’t care …….. her.
Answers:
1. You should not laugh at him.
2. I am senior to you.
3. I prefer milk to tea.
4. She is good at English.
5. I congratulated him on his success.
6. You should be ashamed of your conduct.
7. What are you afraid of?
8. I pray to God every day.
9. He is angry with me about my behaviour.
10. She is tired of work.
11. I am true to my word.
12. I am sorry for this.
13. Why is she close to you?
14. Please listen to me.
15. She is obliged to you for your help.
16. Are you sure of your success?
17. The rich man runs after money.
18. He has applied to the Principal for leave.
19. This car belongs to my uncle.
20. I don’t care for her.
Exercise
Direction: Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions:
1. Mr Gupta is blind …….. one eye.
2. Can man live ……… grass?
.3. I am not interested ………. music.
4. You should give ………. smoking.
5. Look …….. the blackboard.
6. I bought this hat …….. ten rupess.
7. I will go ……… Patna …….. car.
8. Wait ……… me. Don’t go ……… me.
9. May I pay ………. cheque?
10. The fact is known ………… me.
11. It is now six minutes …………. ten.
12. The train is ……….. to start.
13. No one writes to me ………… you.
14. What can I do ……. you?
15. He spoke ……. me ………. the evening.
6. He was blind ……….. birth.
17. The train starts ……….. Patna and goes ……… Delhi.
18. I am thankful …….. you ……. Mother ……… a knife.
19. The vegetables were cut …………. Mother ……… a knife.
20. I am interested ….. chess but I am not good ……… it.
Answers:
1. Mr. Gupta is blind in one eye.
2. Can man live on grass?
3. I am not interested in music.
4. You should give up smoking.
5. Look at the blackboard.
6. I bought this hat for ten rupees.
7. I will go to Patna by car.
8. Wait for me. Don’t go without me.
9. May I pay by cheque?
10. The fact is known to me.
11. It is now six minutes to ten.
12. The train is about to start.
13. No one writes to me but you.
14. What can I do for you?
15. He spoke to me in the evening.
16. He was blind from birth.
17. The train starts from Patna and goes to Delhi.
18. I am thankful to you for your help.
19. The vegetables were cut by Mother with a knife.
20. I am interested in chess but I am not good at it.
He as well as his children is honest. I as well as they am ready to go there. All the players with the captain, are present in the ground. He, and not I, has done it. He along with his friends is coming today.
เคฌเคฟเคฎเคพเคฐเคฟเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ เคจเคพเคฎ – measles. mumps, etc.
เคเฅเคฒเฅเค เคเฅ เคจเคพเคฎ – billiards, darts, etc.
เคตเคฟเคทเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ เคจเคพเคฎ – mathematics, physics, phonetics, statistics, linguistics, etc.
เคฆเฅเคถ เคเคฐ เคถเคนเคฐ เคเฅ เคจเคพเคฎ – Wales, Athens, The United States, etc.
Measles is a dangerous disease.
Mathematics is not an easy subject.
The United States is a great country.
Lamb’s Tales from Shakespeare is an interesting book.
EXERCISE
Direction: Fill in the blanks with suitable verbs choosing from the brackets –
Examples:
(a) You, he and I ……. Friends. (am, are) Ans . – are
(b) Each of the boys ……. come. (have, has) Ans.- has
(c) Every book …….. on the table. (is, are) Ans. – is
(d) Several boys ……. bicycles. (has, have) Ans. – have
(e) Either of you ……… wrong. (is, are) Ans. – is
(f) Many students …….. absent. (is, are) Ans. – are
g) I along with my friends …… going. (was, were) Ans. – was
(h) Either he or I …….. mistaken. (is, am) Ans. -am
(i) Each boy and girl …… come. (has, have) Ans. – has
(j) Neither the boys nor the teacher ……. present. (was, were) Ans.- was
1. You and he …….. Present. (was, were)
2. The students …….. slept. (has, have)
3. Those houses ……… new. (were, was)
4. Every an and woman ……… equal right. (has, have)
5. Every child ….. a toy. (has, have)
6. Each of them ………. rewarded. (was. were)
7. Either boy …….. guilty. (is are)
8. Either of the girls ……….. present. (was, were)
9. Neither book ……… useful. (is, are)
10. Neither of them …….. innocent. (was, were)
11. Everyone …………. pleased there. (was, were)
12. No one ………. absent in the class. (was, were)
13. Someone ……….. stolen my pen. (have, has)
14. Only a little water………. there. (was, were)
15. Several boys ………. playing. (is, are)
16. Many mangoes ………. not sweet. (is, are)
17. A few books ………. useful. (is, are)
18. Few persons ………. there. (were, was)
19. I as well as my father …………… this. (know, knows)
20. She as well as I ………… going there. (is, am)
21. He along with his friends ……….. arrived. (have, has)
22. Neither you nor he ……… guilty. (is, are)
23. Either Ram or his friends …….. done this. (have , has)
24. She or her sisters ……… done it. (has, have)
25. Either she or I …….. to win. (is, am)
Answers: 1. Either she or I am to win. (is, am) 2. You and he were present. (was, were) 3. The students have slept. (has, have) 4. Those houses were new. (were, was) 5. Every man and woman has equal right. (has, have) 6. Every child has a toy. (has, have) 7. Each of them was rewarded. (was, were) 8. Either boy is guilty. (is, are) 9. Either of the girls was present. (was, were) 10. Neither book is useful. (is, are) 11. Neither of them was innocent. (was, were) 12. Everyone was pleased there. (was, were) 13. No one was absent in the class. (was, were) 14. Someone has stolen my pen. (have, has) 15. Only a little water was there. (was, were) 16. Several boys are playing. (is, are) 17. Many mangoes are not sweet. (is, are) 18. A few books are useful. (is, are) 19. Few persons were there. (were, was) 20. I as well as my father know this. (know, knows) 21. She as well as I am going there. (is, am) 22. He along with his friends has arrived. (have, has) 23. Neither you nor he is guilty. (is, are) 24. Either Ram or his friends have done this. (have, has) 25. She or her sisters have done it. (has, have)
EXERCISE
Direction: Fill in the blanks with suitable verbs choosing from the brackets.
Examples :
(a) The cow of Ram …….. black. (is, are) Ans. – is
(b) The cows of Ram ……… black. (is, are) Ans. – are
(c) Fifty miles ………… a long distance. (is, are) Ans. – is
(d) Five rupees ………… a small amount. (is, are) Ans. – is
(e) Ten plus ten ………… twenty. (is, are) Ans. -is
(f) The poor ………..honest. (is, are) Ans. are
(g) There ……….. seven boys there. (is, are) Ans. – are
(h) Physics ………….. an interesting subject. (is, are) Ans. – is
(i) Rice and curry ………. a good meal. (is, are) Ans. – is
(j) The United States …. a great country. (is. are) Ans. – is
1. The water of these rivers ………. dirty. (is, are)
2. The eyes of the elephant ……….. small. (is, are)
3. The books on the table ……… mine. (is, are)
4. The colour of these flowers ……….. bright. (is, are)
5. Ten kilos of sugar ……… needed. (is, are)
6. Sixty miles ………. a long distance. (is, are)
7. Five hundred rupees ……… paid to me. (was, were)
8. Five and five ………… ten. (is, are)
9. Ten times five ……… fifty. (is, are)
10. Ten hours …………. not enough for this. (is, are)
11. The blind ……… helpless. (is, are)
12. The rich ………. proud. (is, are)
13. There ……….. a pen in his pocket. (is, are)
14. There ………. two pens in his pocket. (is, are)
15. There ……….. a boy and a girl there. (was, were)
16. Bread and butter ……. a rich food. (is. are)
17. Mathematics ……… an interesting subject. (is, are)
18. The teeth of the boy ………… white. (is, are)
19. She, and not I ……….. wrong. ( is, are)
20. The people of this village ………. happy. (is, are)
21. Each of the boys ………… intelligent. (is, are)
22. You as well as he ……. guilty. (is, are)
23. Either he or I ……… mistaken. (is, am)
24. Neither of them ………. present. (was, were)
25. You and I …….. neighbours. (am, are)
Answers:
1. The water of these rivers is dirty. (is, are)
2. The eyes of the elephant are small. (is, are)
3. The books on the table are mine. (is, are)
4. The colour of these flowers is bright. (is, are)
5. Ten kilos of sugar is needed. (is, are)
6. Sixty miles is a long distance. (is, are)
7. Five hundred rupees was paid to me. (was, were)
8. Five and five is ten. (is, are)
9. Ten times five is fifty. (is, are)
10. Ten hours is not enough for this. (is, are)
11. The blind are helpless. (is, are)
12. The rich are proud. (is, are)
13. There is a pen in his pocket. (is, are)
14. There are two pens in his pocket. (is, are)
15. There was a boy and a girl there. (was, were)
16. Bread and butter is a rich food. (is, are)
17. Mathematics is an interesting subject. (is, are)
18. The teeth of the boy are white. (is, are)
19. She, and not I, is wrong. (is, are)
20. The people of this village are happy. (is, are)
I/We/You/They/Plural Noun +do not + V1. He/She/It/Singular Noun +does not + V1 .
Affirmative
I read.
He reads.
The cow eats.
Ram plays.
Negative
I do not read.
He does not read.
The cow does not eat.
Ram does not play.
4. เคเคฌ เคตเคพเคเฅเคฏเฅเค เคฎเฅเค Ordinary Verbs เคเคพ Past Tense เคฏเคพเคจเฅ went, ate, laughed เคเคคเฅเคฏเคพเคฆเคฟ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเคเฅเคค เคฐเคนเคคเคพ เคนเฅ, เคคเคฌ did not เคเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเค เคเคฐ เคตเคพเคเฅเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ Negative Sentences เคฎเฅเค เคชเคฐเคฟเคตเคฐเฅเคคเคฟเคค เคเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเคพเคคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค เคเคฐ, เคเคธ เคชเคฐเคฟเคธเฅเคฅเคฟเคคเคฟ เคฎเฅเค Ordinary Verbs เคเคพ V2 form V1 Form เคฎเฅเค เคชเคฐเคฟเคตเคฐเฅเคคเคฟเคค เคนเฅ เคเคพเคคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค
Affirmative
Negative
Subject + V2 subject + did not + V1 I went. I did not go. He laughed. He did not laugh. They did. They did not do. The teacher taught us. The teacher did not tech us.
EXERCISE
Direction: Change the following into negative sentences.
Examples:
(a) I can solve.
(b) I have gold.
(c) He has come.
(d) The boy weeps.
(e) They laughed.
Answers:
I cannot solve.
I have no gold.
He has not come.
The boy does not weep.
They did not laugh.
1. I am a farmer.
2. You are honest.
3. They were absent.
4. She will come soon.
5. We shall win the match.
6. You can defeat him.
7. It should be gone.
8. You must go there.
9. He would come.
10. Ram is a poor farmer.
11. He is coming today.
12. She was dancing there.
13. He was beaten.
14. She must be a queen.
15. I shall be a doctor.
16. I have eaten.
17. He has been ill.
18. They had reached.
19. She has a car.
20. My son had an ink -pot.
21. The boy has six books.
22. The beggar had rice.
23. I have much gold.
24. They had tow horses.
25. She has cows.
26. He had fever.
27. They have water.
28. I have good horses.
29. I have a good horse.
30. I have three goods horses.
31. The boy has honesty.
32. We have freedom.
33. I have love for him.
34. She has golden watches.
35. They have good win.
36. She will have peace.
37. My father had a red cars.
38. My father had red car.
39. She had blue eyes.
40. She has black ink.
Answers:
1. I am not a farmer.
2. You are not honest.
3. They were not absent.
4. She will not come soon.
5. We shall not win the match.
6. You cannot defeat him.
7. It should not be gone.
8. You must not go there.
9. He would not come.
10. Ram is not a poor farmer.
11. He is not coming today.
12. She was not dancing there.
13. He was not beaten.
14. She must not be a queen.
15. I shall not be a doctor.
16. I have not eaten.
17. He has not been ill.
18. They had not reached.
19. She does not have a car.
20. My son did not have an ink-pot.
21. The boy does not have six books.
22. The beggar did not have rice.
23. I do not have much gold.
24. They did not have two horses.
25. She does not have cows.
26. He did not have fever.
27. They do not have water.
28. I do not have good horses.
29. I do not have a good horse.
30. I do not have three good horses.
31. The boy does not have honesty.
32. We do not have freedom.
33. I do not have love for him.
34. She does not have golden watches.
35. They do not have good wine.
36. She will not have peace.
37. My father did not have red cars.
38. My father did not have a red car.
39. She did not have blue eyes.
40. She does not have black ink.
EXERCISE
Direction: Change the following into negative sentences.
* The tense stands for a verb from or series of verb form used to express a time relation.
is reading/is coming/is playing – Present Progressive Tense has been waiting/has been raining – Present Perfect Continuous Tense saw/played/ate/did – Simple Past Tense will go/shall come/shall eat – Simple Future Tense
I walk in the morning. (เคฎเฅเค เคธเฅเคฌเคน เคฎเฅเค เคเคนเคฒเคคเคพ เคนเฅเคเฅค) – เคเคฆเคค /เคธเฅเคตเคญเคพเคต The sun rises in the east. (เคธเฅเคฐเฅเคฏ เคชเฅเคฐเคฌ เคฎเฅเค เคเคเคคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค) เคเคฆเคค /เคธเฅเคตเคญเคพเคต Milk is sweet. (เคฆเฅเคง เคฎเฅเค เคพ เคนเฅเคคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค) – เคธเฅเคตเคญเคพเคต
I take tea but this time I am taking coffee. เคฎเฅเค เคเคพเคฏ เคชเฅเคคเคพ เคนเฅเค, เคฏเคพเคจเฅ เคฎเฅเค เคเคพเคฏ เคชเฅเคคเคพ เคเคฐเคคเคพ เคนเฅเค -เคเคธเฅ เคฎเฅเคฐเฅ เคเคฆเคค เคนเฅ, เคชเคฐเคเคคเฅ เคเคธ เคธเคฎเคฏ เคฎเฅเคเค เคเคพเฅ เคซเฅ เคชเฅ เคฐเคนเคพ เคนเฅเคเฅค
I have eaten. (เคฎเฅเค เคเคพ เคเฅเคเคพ เคนเฅเค /เคฎเฅเคเคจเฅ เคเคพเคฏเคพ เคนเฅเฅค)
We have played. (เคนเคฎเคฒเฅเค เคเฅเคฒ เคเฅเคเฅ เคนเฅเค /เคนเคฎเคฒเฅเคเฅเค เคจเฅ เคเฅเคฒเคพ เคนเฅเฅค)
You have done it. (เคคเฅเคฎเคจเฅ เคเคธเฅ เคเคฟเคฏเคพ เคนเฅ / เคคเฅเคฎ เคเคธเฅ เคเคฐ เคเฅเคเฅ เคนเฅเฅค)
The sun has risen. (เคธเฅเคฐเค เคเค เคเฅเคเคพ เคนเฅ / เคธเฅเคฐเค เคเค เคเคฏเคพ เคนเฅเฅค)
เคเคจ เคตเคพเคพเคเฅเคฏเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เคเค Verbs have eaten, have played, have done เคเคฐ has risen เคเคพ Verb Form have/has + Past Participles of the Main Verb เคนเฅเฅค เคเคธเฅ Verb Form เคฎเฅเค เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเคเฅเคค Verbs เคเฅ Present Perfect Tense เคฎเฅเค เคนเฅเคจเคพ เคธเคฎเคเคพ เคเคพเคคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค
I have been reading tow hours. (เคฎเฅเค เคฆเฅ เคเคเคเฅเค เคธเฅ เคชเคขเคผ เคฐเคนเคพ เคนเฅเคเฅค)
She has been sleeping since 9 o’clock. (เคตเคน เคจเฅ เคฌเคเฅ เคธเฅ เคธเฅ เคฐเคนเฅ เคนเฅเฅค)
It has been raining since morning. (เคธเฅเคฌเคน เคธเฅ เคตเคฐเฅเคทเคพ เคนเฅ เคฐเคนเฅ เคนเฅเฅค)
The boys have been playing . (เคฒเคกเคผเคเฅ เคเฅเคฒเคคเฅ เคฐเคนเฅ เคนเฅเคเฅค)
She has been living here for ten years. (เคตเคน เคฆเคธ เคตเคฐเฅเคทเฅเค เคธเฅ เคฏเคนเคพเค เคฐเคน เคฐเคนเฅ เคนเฅเฅค)
เคเคจ เคตเคพเคเฅเคฏเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เคเค Verbs, have been reading, has been sleeping, has been raining, have been playing เคเคฐ has been living เคเคพ Verb Form have been/has been + Present Participle เคนเฅเฅค เคเคธเฅ Verb Form เคเฅ Present Perfect Continuous Tense เคฎเฅเค เคนเฅเคจเคพ เคธเคฎเคเคพ เคเคพเคคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค
เคเคธ Tense เคเฅ เคตเคพเคเฅเคฏเฅเค เคฎเฅเค subject + Verb เคเฅ เคฌเคจเคพเคตเค เคนเฅเคคเฅ เคนเฅ – Subject + have been/has been + V-ing.
Person
Subject in Singular Number
Subject in Plural Number
1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person
I have been eating. You have been eating. He has been eating.
We have been eating. You have been eating. They have been eating.
I shall go to Patna tomorrow. (เคฎเฅเค เคเคฒ เคชเคเคจเคพ เคเคพเคเคเคเคพ เฅค) I shall appear at the examination next year. (เคฎเฅเค เค เคเคฒเฅ เคธเคพเคฒ เคชเคฐเฅเคเฅเคทเคพ เคฆเฅเคเคเคพเฅค)
I will serve the nation. (เคฎเฅเค เคฆเฅเคถ เคฆ เคเฅ เคธเฅเคตเคพ เคเคฐเฅเคเคเคพเฅค)
I will never tell a lie. (เคฎเฅเค เคเคญเฅ เคเฅเค เคจเคนเฅเค เคฌเฅเคฒเฅเคเคเคพเฅค)
You shall not cheat her again. (เคคเฅเคฎ เคเคธเฅ เคฆเฅเคฌเคพเคฐเคพ เคจเคนเฅเค เค เคเฅเคเฅเฅค)
You shall come in time. (เคคเฅเคฎ เคธเคฎเคฏ เคชเคฐ เคเคเคเฅเฅค)
10. FUTURE PROGRESSIVE TENSE
เคเคจ เคตเคพเคเฅเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ เคฆเฅเคเฅ-
I shall be playing. (เคฎเฅเค เคเฅเคฒเคคเคพ เคฐเคนเฅเคเคพเคเฅค)
We shall be dancing. (เคนเคฎเคฒเฅเค เคจเคพเคเคคเฅ เคฐเคนเฅเคเคเฅเฅค)
She will be waiting. (เคตเคน เคเคเคคเคเคพเคฐ เคเคฐเคคเฅ เคฐเคนเฅเคเฅเฅค)
They will be teaching. (เคตเฅ เคฒเฅเค เคชเคขเคผเคพเคคเฅ เคฐเคนเฅเคเคเฅเฅค)
เคเคจ เคตเคพเคเฅเคฏเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เคเค Verb shall be playing, shall be dancing, will be waiting เคเคฐ will be teaching เคเฅ Verb Form เคชเคฐ เคตเคฟเคเคพเคฐ เคเคฐเคจเฅ เคธเฅ เคชเคคเคพ เคเคฒเคคเคพ เคนเฅ เคเคฟ เคเคจเคเคพ Verb Form shall/will + be + Present Participle เคนเฅเฅค เคเคธเฅ Verb Form เคฎเฅเค เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเคเฅเคค Verb Form เคฎเฅเค เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเคเฅเคค เคเฅ เคฎเฅเค เคนเฅเคจเคพ เคธเคฎเคเคพ เคเคพเคคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค
He will be sleeping then. (เคคเคฌ เคตเคน เคธเฅเคคเคพ เคฐเคนเฅเคเคพเฅค) I shall be staying there. (เคฎเฅเค เคตเคนเคพเค เคฐเฅเคเคพ เคนเฅเค เคฐเคนเฅเคเคเคพเฅค)
11. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
เคเคจ เคตเคพเคเฅเคฏเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เคเค Verbs shall have played, will have finished, will have danced เคเคฐ will have cut เคเฅ Verb Form เคชเคฐ เคตเคฟเคเคพเคฐ เคเคฐเคจเฅเค เคธเฅ เคชเคคเคพ เคเคฒเคคเคพ เคนเฅ เคเคฟ เคเคจเคเคพ เคนเฅ Verb Form shall/will + have +V3 เคนเฅเฅค เคเคธเฅ Verb form เคฎเฅเค เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเคเฅเคค Verb เคเฅ Future Perfect Tense เคฎเฅเค เคนเฅเคจเคพ เคธเคฎเคเคพ เคเคพเคคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค
(a) I shall have finished the job by that time. (เคฎเฅเฅ เคเคธ เคธเคฎเคฏ เคคเค เคเคพเคฎ เคธเคฎเคพเคชเฅเคค เคเคฐ เคเฅเคเฅเคเคเคพเฅค) (b) He will have come by ten o’clock. (เคตเคน เคฆเคธ เคฌเคเฅ เคคเค เค เคเฅเคเฅเคเคพเฅค) (c) The patient will have died before the doctor comes. (เคกเคพเฅ เคเฅเคเคฐ เคเฅ เคเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคชเคนเคฒเฅ เคฐเฅเคเฅ เคฎเคฐ เคเฅเคเฅเคเคพเฅค)
(a) I shall have been playing from morning. (เคฎเฅเค เคธเฅเคฌเคน เคธเฅ เคเฅเคฒเคคเคพ เคฐเคนเฅเคเคเคพเฅค) (b) We shall have ben working form 2022. (เคนเคฎเคฒเฅเค 2022 เค. เคธเฅ เคเคพเคฎ เคเคฐเคคเฅ เคฐเคนเฅเคเคเฅเฅค) (c) She will have been waiting for five years. (เคตเคน เคชเคพเคเค เคตเคฐเฅเคทเฅเค เคธเฅ เคเคเคคเคเคพเคฐ เคเคฐเคคเฅ เคฐเคนเฅเคเฅเฅค) (d) The boys will have been reading for an hour. (เคฒเคกเคผเคเฅ เคเค เคเคเคเฅ เคธเฅ เคชเคขเคผเคคเฅ เคฐเคนเฅเคเคเฅเฅค) (e) She will have been swimming. (เคตเคน เคคเฅเคฐเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค เคฐเคนเฅเคเฅเฅค)
เคเคจ เคตเคพเคเฅเคฏเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เคเค Verbs shall have been playing, shall have ben working, will have been waiting, will have been reading เคเคฐ will have been swimming เคเฅ Verb Form เคชเคฐ เคตเคฟเคเคพเคฐ เคเคฐเคจเฅ เคธเฅ เคชเคคเคพ เคเคฒเคคเคพ เคนเฅ เคเคฟ เคเคจเคเคพ Verb Form shall/will +have been + present participle เคนเฅเฅค เคเคธเฅ Verb Form เคเฅ Future Perfect Continuous Tense เคฎเฅเค เคนเฅเคจเคพ เคธเคฎเคเคพ เคเคพเคคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค เคเคธ Tense เคเฅ เคตเคพเคเฅเคฏเฅเค เคฎเฅเค Subject + Verb เคเฅ เคฌเคจเคพเคตเค เคนเฅเคคเฅ เคนเฅ –
Subject + shall/will + have been + V-ing.
Note: เคนเคฟเคเคฆเฅ เคเฅ เคตเคพเคเฅเคฏเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เคเคธ Tense เคเฅ เคเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏเคพเคเค เคเฅ เค เคเคค เคฎเฅเค เคคเคพ เคฐเคนเฅเคเคเคพ/ เคคเฅ เคฐเคนเฅเคเคเฅ/ เคคเคพ เคฐเคนเฅเคเคพ /เคคเฅ เคฐเคนเฅเคเฅ /เคคเฅ เคฐเคนเฅเคเฅ เคฐเคนเคคเคพ เคนเฅ เคเคฐ เคเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏเคพเคเค เคเฅ เคชเคนเคฒเฅ Period of Time/Point of Time เคฐเคนเคคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค เคเคฌ เคเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏเคพเคเค เคเฅ เคชเคนเคฒเฅ Period of Time/Point of Time เคจเคนเฅ เคฐเคนเคคเคพ เคนเฅ, เคคเคฌ เคเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏเคพเคเค เคเฅ เค เคเคค เคฎเฅเค เคคเคพ เคนเฅเค เคฐเคนเฅเคเคเคพ/เคคเฅ เคนเฅเค เคฐเคนเฅเคเคเฅ/เคคเฅ เคนเฅเค เคฐเคนเฅเคเคเฅ/เคคเฅ เคฐเคนเฅเคเฅ /เคคเฅ เคนเฅเค เคฐเคนเฅเคเฅ เคฐเคนเคคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค เคเคธเฅ เคตเคพเคเฅเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ เค เคเคเฅเคฐเฅเคเฅ เค เคจเฅเคตเคพเคฆ เคเฅ เคฒเคฟเค Subject เคเฅ เคฌเคพเคฆ shall have been/will have been เคฆเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเคพเคคเคพ เคนเฅ เคเคฐ เคเคธเคเฅ เคฌเคพเคฆ Main Verb เคเคพ Present Participle Form เคเคฆเคพเคนเคฐเคฃ เคเฅ เคฒเคฟเค เคชเคฟเคเคฒเฅ เคชเฅเคทเฅเค เคชเคฐ เคฆเคฟเค เคเค เคตเคพเคเฅเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ เคฆเฅเคเฅเค เคเคฐ เค เคจเฅเคตเคพเคฆ เคเฅ เคฒเคฟเค เคเคธ เคธเคพเคฐเคฃเฅ เคเฅ เคงเฅเคฏเคพเคจ เคฎเฅเค เคฐเคเฅเคเฅค
(a) By the end of this year I shall have been living here for five years. (b) I shall have been working from morning. (c) They will have been playing for ten days.
8. Possessive Adjectives (my, your, his, her, their & its) เคคเคฅเคพ Nouns in Possessive Case (Ram’s, cow’s etc) เคเฅ เคคเฅเคฐเคเคค เคฌเคพเคฆ Article เคเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเค เคจเคนเฅเค เคนเฅเคคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค เคเฅเคธเฅ –
This is my book. This is Ram’s ow.
EXERCISE
Direction: Use , an or the where necessary. Put a cross mark (โ) where no article is required.
Examples:
(a) …. cat has ….. tail.
(b) …. cats cat ….. rats.
(c) …. chair was new.
(d) …. silver is white.
Answers:
A/The cat has a tail.
โCats eat โrats.
The chair was new.
โ silver is white.
1. …… cow gives milk.
2. …… cows give milk.
3. …… horses are useful.
4. …… horse is useful.
5. …… cats eat meat.
6. …… cat eats …… rat.
7. …… cats eat …… rats.
8. …… honey is sweet
9. …… gold is yellow.
10. …… iron is hard.
11. …… water is useful.
12. …… oil floats on water.
13. We take …… tea everyday.
14. We drink …… milk.
15. We take …… tea everyday.
16. …… honesty is the best policy.
17. …… crow is black.
18. …… table has four legs.
19. I take …… sugar in …… tea.
20. …… pen was red.
21. …… child is ill.
22. …… woman is mad.
23. Put …… book on …… table.
24. …… man is …… M.A.
25. …… Woman was …… nurse.
26. …… beggar was …… honest.
27. …… oxen are ill.
28. …… cows are not giving milk.
29. I sold …… cows.
30. …… dogs have four legs.
Answers:
1. A cow gives โ milk.
2. โ cows give โ milk.
3. โ horses are useful.
4. A horse is useful.
5. โ cats eat โ meat.
6. A cat eats a rat.
7. โ cats eat โ rats.
8. โ honey is sweet.
9. โ gold is yellow.
10. โ iron is hard.
11. โ water is useful.
12. โ oil floats on โ water.
13. We take โ tea every day.
14. We drink โ milk.
15. We take โ tea every day.
16. โ honesty is the best policy.
17. The crow is black.
18. A table has four legs.
19. I take โ sugar in โ tea.
20. The pen was red.
21. The child is ill.
22. The woman is mad.
23. Put the book on the table.
24. The man is an M.A.
25. The woman was a nurse.
26. The beggar was โ honest.
27. โ oxen are ill.
28. The cows are not giving milk.
29. I sold the cows.
30. โ dogs have four legs.
EXERCISE
Examples:
(a) There was …… farmer. …… farmer had …… ox.
Ans. There was a farmer. The farmer had an ox.
(b) This is …… car I bought last year.
Ans. This is the car I bought last year.
(c) …… books on the table are mine.
Ans. The books on the table are mine.
(d) …… boys were very naughty.
Ans. The boys were very naughty.
1. I saw …… boy …… boy was weeping.
2. There was …… king …… king was very kind.
3. I have a car …… car is very beautiful.
4. I saw some boys. …… boys were quarreling
5. This is …… pen I bought yesterday.
6. …… horses were very bad.
7. …… water is useful for life.
8. …… water of this well is dirty.
9. …… gold is …… metal.
10. …… gold of India is famous.
11. …… horses can run fast.
12. …… horses of Ram are very weak.
13. …… mango is …… tasty fruit.
14. …… mangoes are found in summer.
15. …… mangos in the tree are not ripe.
16. …… cows of Ram are ill.
17. …… box was made of iron.
18. …… water in the pot of dirty.
19. Beat …… boys.
20. Have you read all …… books?
21. Do you like …… tea or …… coffee?
22. I like …… tea of Assam.
23. …… dog is …… faithful animals.
24. …… dogs are four-footed animals.
25. …… dogs are mad.
26. I don’t like …… dogs of my neighbour.
27. …… dog is mine.
28. I am going to sell …… dog.
29. I want to buy …… dog.
30. …… Ram of …… Ramayana is …… ideal man.
Answers:
1. I saw a boy. The boy was weeping.
2. There was a king. The king was very kind.
3. I have a car. The car is very beautiful.
4. I saw some boys. The boys were quarreling.
5. This is the pen I bought yesterday.
6. The horses were very bad.
7. โ Water is useful for life.
8. The water of this well is dirty.
9. โ Gold is a metal.
10. The gold of India is famous.
11. โ Horses can run fast.
12. The horses of Ram are very weak.
13. A mango is a tasty fruit.
14. โ Mangoes are found in summer.
15. The mangoes in the tree are not ripe.
16. The cows of Ram are ill.
17. The box was made of iron.
18. The water in the pot is dirty.
19. Beat the boys.
20. Have you read all the books?
21. Do you like โ tea or โ coffee?
22. I like the tea of Assam.
23. The dog is a faithful animal.
24. โ Dogs are four-footed animals.
25. The dogs are mad.
26. I don’t like the dogs of my neighbour.
27. The dog is mine.
28. I am going to sell the dog.
29. I want to buy a dog.
30. The Ram of the Ramayana is an ideal man.
EXERCISE
Direction: Use a, an or the where necessary. Put a cross Mark (โ) where no article is required.
Examples:
(a) …… moon shines in …… sky.
(b) …… poor are sad.
(c) …… Ganges is …… long river.
(d) He is …… best boy in the class.
Answers:
The moon shines in the sky.
The poor are sad.
The Ganges is the a long river.
He is the best boy in the class.
1. …… Himalayas is …… mountain.
2. …… Mount Everest is a peak.
3. They have come from …… West Indies.
4. …… Ganges is …… sacred river.
5. I have read …… Gita and …… Ramayana.
6. …… sun sets in the west.
7. …… moon is in …… sky.
8. …… earth moves round …… sun.
9. I read …… Hindustan Times everyday.
10. Have you seen …… Tajmahal?
11. He can play on …… violin.
12. …… Red Fort is red.
13. …… U.S.A. is …… great country.
14. He was …… second boy.
15. …… poor are honest.
16. Honesty is …… best policy.
17. He is …… best boy in the class.
18. I am going to …… theatre.
19. …… headmaster is in …… office.
20. My father lives in …… Nepal.
21. …… Mount Everest is …… highest peak of …… Himalayas.
22. …… moon is smaller than …… earth.
23. …… Pacific Ocean is very deep.
24. …… Toofan Express is coming soon.
25. Today is …… fifth of May.
26. …… bird can fly in …… sky.
27. She is …… most beautiful girl in the class.
28. …… blind cannot see.
29. My father is …… university professor.
30. …… hour is enough.
Answers:
1. The Himalayas is a mountain.
2. โ Mount Everest is a peak.
3. They have come from the West Indies.
4. The Ganges is a sacred river.
5. I have read the Gita and the Ramayana.
6. The sun sets in the west.
7. The moon is in the sky.
8. The earth moves round the sun.
9. I read the Hindustan Times everyday.
10. Have you seen the Taj Mahal?
11. He can play on the violin.
12. The Red Fort is red.
13. The U.S.A. is a great country.
14. He was the second boy.
15. The poor are honest.
16. Honesty is the best policy.
17. He is the best boy in the class.
18. I am going to the theatre.
19. The headmaster is in the office.
20. My father lives in โ Nepal.
21. โ Mount Everest is the highest peak of the Himalayas.
22. The moon is smaller than the earth.
23. The Pacific Ocean is very deep.
24. The Toofan Express is coming soon.
25. Today is the fifth of May.
26. A bird can fly in the sky.
27. She is the most beautiful girl in the class.
28. The blind cannot see.
29. My father is a university professor.
30. An hour is enough.
EXERCISE
Direction: Use a, an or the where necessary. Put a cross mark (โ ) where no article is required.
Examples:
(a) …. French is …. easy language.
(b) I play ….football.
(c) It is ….Sunday today.
(d) I like …. Holi.
Answers:
โ French is an easy language.
I play โ football.
It is โ Sunday today.
I like โ Holi.
1. …. India is …….. big country.
2. Do you know ……..Urdu?
3. ……. Mathematics is …….. interesting subject.
4. …….. Hindi is not easier than …….. English.
5. …….. March has thirty-one days.
6. …….. Monday is …….. first day of the week.
7. He is suffering from …….. cholera.
8. …….. Holi is coming soon.
9. It is very cold in …….. winter.
10. Do you play …….. cricket everyday?
11. …….. football is …….. good game.
12. I like …….. rice and curry.
13. I do not take …….. lunch.
14. This is Ram’s …….. book.
15. …….. Deepawali is …….. important festival in India.
16. We play …….. badminton in …….. evening.
17. Don’t tell …….. lies. Speak …….. truth.
18. …….. sky looks blue.
19. …….. ant is …….. very hard-working inset.
20. Look at …….. picture.
21. I am leaning …….. English.
22. …….. December is …….. last month of the year.
23. I play …….. chess.
24. …….. Ramayana is …….. last month of the year.
25. …….. rose is …….. beautiful flower.
26. I bought …….. horse, …….. ox and …….. buffalo.
27. …….. gold is costlier than …….. silver.
28. Kalidas is …….. Shakespeare of India.
29. He is …….. one-eyed man.
30. …….. oxen are stronger than …….. cows.
Answers:
1. โ India is a big country.
2. Do you know โ Urdu?
3. โ Mathematics is an interesting subject.
4. โ Hindi is not easier than โ English.
5. โ March has thirty-one days.
6. โ Monday is the first day of the week.
7. He is suffering from โ cholera.
8. โ Holi is coming soon.
9. It is very cold in โ winter.
10. Do you play โ cricket everyday?
11. โ Football is a good game.
12. I like โ rice and curry.
13. I do not take โ lunch.
14. This is Ram’s โ book.
15. โ Deepawali is an important festival in India.
16. We play โ badminton in the evening.
17. Don’t tell โ lies. Speak the truth.
18. The sky looks blue.
19. An ant is a very hard-working insect.
20. Look at the picture.
21. I am learning โ English.
22. โ December is the last month of the year.
23. I play โ chess.
24. The Ramayana is โ last month of the year. (Incorrect sentenceโlikely a typo; the correct version would be: “The Ramayana is an important scripture.”)
เคเคธเฅ Sentences เคฎเฅเค Subject ‘You’ เคเคฟเคชเคพ เคฐเคนเคคเคพ เคนเฅ, เค เคฐเฅเคฅเคพเคคเฅ Go เคเคพ เค เคฐเฅเคฅ เคนเฅเคคเคพ เคนเฅ You go; Come เคเคพ You come เคเคฐ Laugh เคเคพ You laugh.
God bless you! = May God bless you! Long live our friendship! = May our friendship live long! Long live the king! = May the king live long! God save the king! =May God save the king!
* When an adjective or adverb is used to compare the qualities of two persons or things together, it is said to be in the comparative degree.
Examples: better, older, bigger, stronger, more, slowly, etc.
This pen is better than that pen. This tree is older than that tree. My car is bigger than his car. He was stronger than his enemy. He runs more slowly than Ram.
* When an adjective or adverb is used to compare the qualities of three or more than three persons or things together, it is said to be in the superlative degree.
Examples: best, oldest, biggest, sweetest, strongest, most slowly, etc.
Ram is the best boy in the class. This is the oldest tree in my garden. This room is the biggest of all. He was the strongest man. Of all the players Sonu ran most slowly.
a week’s holiday, in a year time, five day’s leave, six years’ experience, a month’s journey, a mile’s length, a stone’s throw, a foot’s length, a pound’s weight, three pounds’ weight, etc.
(b) Personified objects เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ ‘s เคฏเคพ apostrophe เคฒเคเคคเคพ เคนเฅ, เคเฅเคธเฅ – Nature’s laws , India’s heroes, at death’s weight, three pounds’ weight, etc.
(c) เคเฅเค เคชเฅเคฐเคเคพเคฒเคฟเคค เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเค, เคเฅเคธเฅ – for mercy’s sake, to his heart’s content, at his wit’s ends, etc.
เค เคเคเฅเคฐเฅเคเฅ เคฎเฅเค Person (เคชเฅเคฐเฅเคท) เคคเฅเคจ เคนเฅเค –
Definition: เคฌเฅเคฒเคจเฅเคตเคพเคฒเคพ First Person, เคเคฟเคธเคธเฅ เคฌเฅเคฒเคพ เคเคพเค เคตเคน Second Person เคคเคฅเคพ เคเคฟเคธเคเฅ เคตเคฟเคทเคฏ เคฎเฅเค เคเคฐเฅเคเคพ เคเฅ เคเคพเค เคตเคน Third Person เคเคนเคฒเคพเคคเคพ เคนเฅ |
* The first person is the person speaking, the second person is the person spoken to; and the third person is the person spoken about.
If I speak to you about Mohan, I am the first person, you are the second person and Mohan is the third person
Examples:
First Person: I We เคคเคฅเคพ เคเคจเคเฅ เคตเคฟเคญเคฟเคจเฅเคจ เคฐเฅเคช (me, mine, my, myself, we, us, our, and ourselves) First Person เคเฅ examples เคนเฅเคเฅค
Second Person: You เคคเคฅเคพ เคเคธเคเฅ เค เคจเฅเคฏ เคฐเฅเคช (your, yours, yourself, and yourselves) Second Person เคเฅ examples เคนเฅเค เฅค
Third Person: First Person เคคเคฅเคพ Second Person เคเฅ เคถเคฌเฅเคฆเฅเค เคเฅ เค เคคเคฟเคฐเคฟเคเฅเคค เคเคฟเคคเคจเฅ Nouns เคเคฐ Pronouns เคนเฅเค, เคตเฅ เคธเคญเฅ Third Person เคเฅ examples เคนเฅเคเฅค เคเฅเคธเฅ – he, him, his, himself, she, her, herself, it, its, itself, it, its, itself, they, them, their, theirs, themselves, this, that, these, those, somebody, anybody, something, each, either, neither, all, none, many, both, Ram, Sita, mother, teacher, cow, dog, cat, school, sun, star, river, pen, book, etc.
Note: เคเคญเฅ-เคเคญเฅ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ เคนเคฟเคธเคพเคฌ เคธเฅ Third Person เคเฅ words เคญเฅ First Person เคฏเคพ Second Person เคเฅ เคนเฅ เคเคพเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค เฅค เคเคธเฅ เคเฅเค เคชเคฐเคฟเคธเฅเคฅเคฟเคคเคฟเคฏเฅเค เคชเคฐ เคตเคฟเคเคพเคฐ เคเคฐเฅเค –
เคชเฅเคทเฅเค 58 เคเฅ เคตเคพเคเฅเคฏเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเคเฅเคค เคถเคฌเฅเคฆ Mohan, boys เคเคฐ Shyam Second Person เคฎเฅเค เคนเฅเค, เคเฅเคฏเฅเคเคเคฟ เคตเฅ persons spoken เคเฅ เคฒเคฟเค เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเคเฅเคค เคนเฅเค เคนเฅเค เฅค
(b) First Persons เคเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเคคเคฟเคถเคฌเฅเคฆ (apposition) First Person เคเคพ เคเคฐ Second Person เคเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเคคเคฟเคถเคฌเฅเคฆ Second Persons เคเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเคคเคฟเคถเคฌเฅเคฆ Second Person เคเคพ เคนเฅ เคเคพเคคเคพ เคนเฅ เฅค เคเฅเคธเฅ –
You, Mohan, come here. You, wicked boy, get out of the class. I, Ram, am your true friend. I, your friend, have come to help you.
เคเคจ เคตเคพเคเฅเคฏเฅเค เคฎเฅเค Mohan เคเคฐ wicked boy Second Person เคฎเฅเค เคนเฅเค, เคเฅเคฏเฅเคเคเคฟ เคฏเฅ you เคเฅ เคชเฅเคฐเคคเคฟเคถเคฌเฅเคฆ เคนเฅเค เคเคฐ เคเคจเคธเฅ persons spoken to เคเคพ เคฌเฅเคง เคนเฅเคคเคพ เคนเฅเคเฅค เคชเฅเคจเค Ram เคเคฐ your friend First Person เคฎเฅเค เคนเฅเค, เคเฅเคฏเฅเคเคเคฟ เคฏเฅ I เคเฅ เคชเฅเคฐเคคเคฟเคถเคฌเฅเคฆ เคนเฅเค เคเคฐ เคเคจเคธเฅ persons speaking เคเคพ เคฌเฅเคง เคนเฅเคคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค
EXERCISE
Direction: Look at the box and answer the questions given below-
Noun เคเฅ เคฆเฅ Number เคนเฅเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค –
1. Singular Number (เคเคเคตเคเคจ) 2. Plural Number (เคฌเคนเฅเคตเคเคจ)
1. Singular Number : Singular Number เคเฅ เคเค เคชเฅเคฐเคพเคฃเฅ เคฏเคพ เคตเคธเฅเคคเฅ เคเคพ เคฌเฅเคง เคนเฅเคคเคพ เคนเฅ |
* Singular number denotes one person or thing. * A noun that denotes one person or thing is said to be in the singular number. Examples: cow, dog, cat, man, boy, car, pen, etc.
1. Pick out the nouns from the box which are always used in the singular number. 2. Pick out the nouns from the box which are always used in the plural number. 3. Pick out the nouns from the box which have same form in both singular and plural numbers.
Answers:
Nouns always used in the singular number:
Alms Poetry Scenery Furniture Oil Tea Friendship Butter Mathematics Music Advice Coffee Bread Money Love Flour Sugar Ink Politics Milk Juice
2. Nouns always used in the plural number:
Trousers Police Scissors Spectacles Tongs Scales
3. Nouns that have the same form in both singular and plural numbers:
am, is, was, has, does, goes, eats, laughs, etc. (b) Verbs in the Plural Number:
are, were, have, do, go, eat, run, jump, etc.
(c) Verbs เคเฅ Singular Number เคฎเฅเค เคญเฅ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเคเฅเคค เคนเฅเคคเฅ เคนเฅ เคเคฐ Plural Number เคฎเฅเค เคญเฅ –
had, did, shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, ought, need, dare, used, Verbs in the Past Tense, Verbs in the Present/Past Participles Tense, etc.
Exercise
Direction: Look at the box and answer the questions given below-
1. Pick out the singular pronouns and verbs form the box. 2. Pick out the Plural pronouns and verbs from the box. 3. Pick out the Pronouns and verbs from the box which have same form in both singular and plural numbers.
Answers:
1. Singular pronouns and verbs:
Pronouns: Yourself Hers Nobody Each Himself
Verbs: Am Has Does Goes Eats Eating Went
2. Plural pronouns and verbs:
Pronouns:
Yourselves We They Both
Verbs:
Are Have Do Did Had Run Shall Will Must Can
3. Pronouns and verbs that have the same form in both singular and plural numbers:
Conjunctions is one of the most important concepts of English Grammar and Spoken English. Here we have presented Conjunctions concept in Hindi and English both. Enjoy the contents.
เคเคจ เคตเคพเคเฅเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ เคงเฅเคฏเคพเคจ เคธเฅ เคฆเฅเคเฅเค – (a) Ram and Shyam are brothers. (b) Early to bed early to rise is a good habit. (c) You will pass if you work hard. (d) Rita is simple but Geeta is clever.
* A conjunction is a word used to join words, phrases, clauses or sentence together.
Examples: and, but, or, because, therefore, although, though, yet, still, as well as, otherwise, when, if , after, since, before, as, unless, while, as if, whether, where, so, that, until, till, either…… or, neither … nor, not only … but also, both… and, etc.
1. The train had started before we reached the station. (before-conjunction) 2. He stood before the gate. (before -preposition) 3. I have not seen this before. (before-adverb) 4. I will not let you go except you give me some money. (except-conjunction) 5. If we except Hari all are to be blamed (except-verb)
Concept related to Interjections are necessary to learn for English Grammar and spoken English. Here we have provided the concepts in Hindi and English language both. Understand them and boost your learning.
Here knowledge about Pronoun is provided in both Hindi and English language. This knowledge helps the students with the English Grammar and Speaking English fluently.
Ram is a student. He reads in class VI. Sita is a dancer. She is very beautiful. My father has a car. It is red. The boys are absent today. They will come tomorrow.
เคเคจ เคตเคพเคเฅเคฏเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เคเค เคถเคฌเฅเคฆ He, She, It เคเคฐ They เคชเคฐ เคตเคฟเคเคพเคฐ เคเคฐเฅเค | เคฏเฅ เคเคฟเคธเฅ-เคจ-เคเคฟเคธเฅ Noun เคเฅ เคฌเคฆเคฒเฅ เคฎเฅเค เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเคเฅเคค เคนเฅเค เคนเฅเค | He เคเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเค Ram เคเฅ เคฌเคฆเคฒเฅ เคฎเฅเค, She เคเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเค Sita เคเฅ เคฌเคฆเคฒเฅ เคฎเฅเค , It เคเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเค car เคเฅ เคฌเคฆเคฒเฅ เคฎเฅเค เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเคเฅเคค เคนเฅเค เคนเฅเค | He เคเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเค Ram เคเฅ เคฌเคฆเคฒเฅ เคฎเฅเค, She เคเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเค Sita เคเฅ เคฌเคฆเคฒเฅ เคฎเฅเค, It เคเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเค car เคเฅ เคฌเคฆเคฒเฅ เคฎเฅเค เคนเฅเค เคนเฅ | เคเคธเฅ เคถเคฌเฅเคฆเฅเค เคเฅ เคเฅ Grammar เคญเคพเคทเคพ เคฎเฅเค Pronouns เคเคนเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค |
* I, we, you, he, she it เคเคฐ they เคเฅ Personal Pronouns เคเคนเคพ เคเคพเคคเคพ เคนเฅ | * I, we, you, he, she, it and they are called personal pronouns.
เคฏเคนเคพเค Personal เคเคพ เค เคฐเฅเคฅ เคนเฅ – relating to persons First Person /Second person /Third person). I เคเคฐ We First Person เคเฅ Pronouns เคนเฅเค | You Second Person เคเคพ Pronoun เคนเฅเค He, She, It เคเคฐ They Third Person เคเฅ Pronoun เคนเฅเค| เคเคธเคฒเคฟเค เคเคจ เคธเคพเคคเฅเค Pronouns เคเฅ Personal Pronouns เคเคนเคพ เคเคพเคคเคพ เคนเฅ |
เคเคฟเคธ Pronoun เคเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเค เค เคงเคฟเคเคพเคฐ เคฆเคฟเคเคพเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคฒเคฟเค เคเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเคพเคคเคพ เคนเฅ, เคเคธเฅ Possessive Pronoun เคเคนเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค | * A Pronoun used to show possession is called a Possessive pronoun.
* This pronouns myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, itself and themselves are called reflexive pronoun when the action done by the subject turns back upon the subject.
I hurt myself. เคฎเฅเคเคจเฅ เค เคชเคจเฅ เคเคชเคเฅ เคเฅเค เคชเคนเฅเคเคเคพเค | We can help ourselves. เคนเคฎเคฒเฅเค เค เคชเคจเฅ เคเคชเคเฅ เคฎเคฆเคฆ เคเคฐ เคธเคเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค | She ruined herself. เคเคธเคจเฅ เค เคชเคจเฅ เคเคชเคเฅ เคฌเคฐเฅเคฌเคพเคฆ เคเคฟเคฏเคพ |
Myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, herself, himself, itself and themselves are called emphatic pronouns when they are used for the sake of emphasis.
I killed the tiger myself. เคฎเฅเคเคจเฅ เคธเฅเคตเคฏเค (เคเฅเคฆ) เคฌเคพเค เคเฅ เคฎเคพเคฐเคพ | He himself said so. เคเคธเคจเฅ เคธเฅเคตเคฏเค (เคเฅเคฆ) เคเคธเคพ เคเคนเคพ | She herself liked him. เคเคธเคจเฅ เคธเฅเคตเคฏเค (เคเฅเคฆ) เคเคธเฅ เคชเคธเคเคฆ เคเคฟเคฏเคพ | You can do it yourself. เคคเฅเคฎ เคเคธเฅ เคธเฅเคตเคฏเค (เคเฅเคฆ) เคเคฐ เคธเคเคคเฅ เคนเฅ |
Direction: Tell which pronouns/adjectives in the following sentences are personal pronouns/possessive pronouns/reflexive pronouns/emphatic pronouns/possessive adjectives-
Examples:
(a) This is his pen. (his-Possessive Adjective)
(b) This pen is his. (his-Possessive Pronoun)
(C) I myself did that. (I-personal Pronoun, myself-Emphatic Pronoun)
(d) She washed herself. (She-Personal Pronoun, herself-Reflexive Pronoun)
1. My mother loves me.
2. This book is hers.
3. Ours is black.
4. Our cow is black.
5. This garden is theirs.
6. It belongs to her.
7. This car is his.
8. This is his car.
9. Her face is beautiful.
10. Its colour is black.
11. She praised herself.
12. I hate myself.
13. She herself wrote this.
14. She herself did this.
15. I will do it myself.
16. He enjoyed himself.
17. The horse hurt itself.
18. They blamed themselves.
19. We ourselves can do it.
20. I myself locked the door.
Answers:
1. My mother loves me. My – Possessive Adjective Me – Personal Pronoun
2. This book is hers. Hers – Possessive Pronoun
3. Ours is black. Ours – Possessive Pronoun
4. Our cow is black. Our – Possessive Adjective
5. This garden is theirs. Theirs – Possessive Pronoun
6. It belongs to her. Her – Personal Pronoun
7. This car is his. His – Possessive Pronoun
8. This is his car. His – Possessive Adjective
9. Her face is beautiful. Her – Possessive Adjective
10. Its colour is black. Its – Possessive Adjective
11. She praised herself. She – Personal Pronoun Herself – Reflexive Pronoun
12. I hate myself. I – Personal Pronoun Myself – Reflexive Pronoun
13. She herself wrote this. She – Personal Pronoun Herself – Emphatic Pronoun
14. She herself did this. She – Personal Pronoun Herself – Emphatic Pronoun
15. I will do it myself. I – Personal Pronoun Myself – Emphatic Pronoun
16. He enjoyed himself. He – Personal Pronoun Himself – Reflexive Pronoun
17. The horse hurt itself. The horse – Personal Pronoun Itself – Reflexive Pronoun
18. They blamed themselves. They – Personal Pronoun Themselves – Reflexive Pronoun
19. We ourselves can do it. We – Personal Pronoun Ourselves – Emphatic Pronoun
20. I myself locked the door. Myself – Emphatic Pronoun I – Personal Pronoun
1. Each boy is intelligent. 2. Either road is safe. 3. Neither book is cheap.
8. Reciprocal Pronouns
each other เคเคฐ one another Reciprocal Pronouns เคเคนเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค – Each other and one another are called reciprocal pronouns. They loved each other/one another. (เคตเฅ เคเค-เคฆเฅเคธเคฐเฅ เคเฅ เคชเฅเคฏเคพเคฐ เคเคฐเคคเฅ เคฅเฅ |) each other เคเคฐ one another เคเคพ เค เคฐเฅเคฅ -เคเค เคฆเฅเคธเคฐเฅ เคเฅ |
Exercise
Direction: Tell which pronouns/adjectives in the following sentences are demonstrative pronouns /indefinite pronouns /distributive pronouns /reciprocal pronouns/demonstrative adjectives/distributive adjectives-
Examples:
(a) This is your book. (this – Demonstrative Pronoun)
(b) This book is yours. (this-Demonstrative Pronoun)
(c) Some are born great. (some – Indefinite Pronoun)
(d) Some persons are born great. (use of no pronoun)
(e) Each of the boys can do this. (Each – Distributive Pronoun, this Demonstrative Adjectives)
(f) Each boy can do this work. (each- Distributive Adjectives, Demonstrative Adjectives)
1. This car is yours.
2. This is your car.
3. Do you know this?
4. I know this boy.
5. These are your cows.
6. Are those pens yours.
7. Is this milk?
8 . Nobody can beat me.
9. Some were happy.
10. Some boys were happy.
11. One should love God.
12. All boys are naughty.
13. None of them are good.
14. They helped one another.
15. Each boy had a pen.
16. Each of the boys had a pen.
17. Either of you can do.
18. Neither of them are ready.
19. Neither way is safe.
20. They helped each other.
Answers:
1. This car is yours. This – Demonstrative Adjective Yours – Possessive Pronoun
2. This is your car.
This – Demonstrative Pronoun Your – Possessive Adjective
3. Do you know this? This – Demonstrative Pronoun
4. I know this boy. This – Demonstrative Adjective
5. These are your cows. These – Demonstrative Pronoun Your – Possessive Adjective
6. Are those pens yours? Those – Demonstrative Pronoun Yours – Possessive Pronoun
7. Is this milk? This – Demonstrative Pronoun
8. Nobody can beat me. Nobody – Indefinite Pronoun
9. Some were happy. Some – Indefinite Pronoun
10. Some boys were happy. Some – Indefinite Pronoun
11. One should love God. One – Indefinite Pronoun
12. All boys are naughty. All – Indefinite Pronoun
13. None of them are good. None – Indefinite Pronoun
14. They helped one another. One another – Reciprocal Pronoun
15. Each boy had a pen. Each – Distributive Adjective
16. Each of the boys had a pen. Each – Distributive Pronoun
17. Either of you can do. Either – Distributive Pronoun
18. Neither of them are ready. Neither – Distributive Pronoun
19. Neither way is safe. Neither – Distributive Adjective
20. They helped each other. Each other – Reciprocal Pronoun
Summary:
Distributive Adjectives: each, neither Demonstrative Pronouns: this, these, those Indefinite Pronouns: nobody, some, all, none, one Distributive Pronouns: each, either, neither Reciprocal Pronouns: one another, each other Demonstrative Adjectives: this, these
The boy who is playing is my friend. The chairs which are broken are of no use. This is the boy whom all praise. The house whose walls are white is mine. Take anything that you like. Here is the book that you lent me.
Parts of Speech is necessary for the knowledge of English Grammar. It is useful for grammar as well as speaking English Grammar. This chapter is provided in Hindi and English both so that Hindi knowing people can understand and learn English.
I love my country. (love-verb) She is my love. (love-noun) This is a fast train. (fast-adjective) The boy run. (fast-adverb) He is playing in the field. (in-preposition) Please come in. (in-adverb)
Nouns is important for learning English Grammar and speaking English with confidence. Go through the whole page for learning English.This chapter is provided in Hindi and English both so that Hindi knowing people can understand and learn English.
1. Proper Noun : เคเคฟเคธเฅ เคตเฅเคฏเคเฅเคคเคฟ, เคธเฅเคฅเคพเคจ, เคเคพเคจเคตเคฐ เคฏเคพ เคตเคธเฅเคคเฅ เคเฅ เคเคพเคธ เคจเคพเคฎ เคเฅ Proper Noun เคเคนเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค | Proper เคเคพ เค เคฐเฅเคฅ เคนเฅ – one’s own. *A proper noun is the name of a particular person, animal, place or thing. Examples: Ram, Shyam, Geeta, India, Patna, Tom, Moti, Lucky, Yamuna, Ramayana, Bible, Sunday, Monday, January, February, Holi, Id, The Hindustan Times, etc.
2. Common Noun : เคเคฟเคธ Noun เคธเฅ เคเคฟเคธเฅ เคเคพเคธ เคตเฅเคฏเคเฅเคคเคฟ, เคเคพเคจเคตเคฐ, เคธเฅเคฅเคพเคจ เคฏเคพ เคตเคธเฅเคคเฅ เคเคพ เคฌเฅเคง เคจ เคนเฅเคเคฐ เคชเฅเคฐเฅ เคเคพเคคเคฟ เคฏเคพ เคถเฅเคฐเฅเคฃเฅ เคเคพ เคฌเฅเคง เคนเฅเคคเคพ เคนเฅ, เคเคธเฅ Common Nounเคเคนเคคเฅ เคนเฅ – shared by all of the same group.
*A common noun is a name given in common to every person, animal, place or thing of the same class or kind. Examples : boy, girl, cat, bird, snake, man, table, pen, book, river, mountain, town, country, etc.
Leela is a proper noun, but girl is a common noun. Manoj is a proper noun, but boy is common noun. Patna is a proper noun, but city is a common noun. Bihar is proper noun, but state is common noun. Moti is a proper noun, but dog is a common noun. India is proper noun, but country is common noun. Yamuna is a proper noun, but river is a common noun.
* A collective noun is the name of number of persons or things taken together and spoken of as one whole. Examples: class (เคตเคฐเฅเค ), crowd (เคญเฅเคผเคกเคผ), army (เคธเฅเคจเคพ ), team (เคฆเคฒ ), family (เคชเคฐเคฟเคตเคพเคฐ ), committee (เคธเคฎเคฟเคคเคฟ ), mob (เคญเฅเคกเคผ ), bunch (เคเฅเคเฅเคเคพ ), flock (เคเฅเคกเค ) etc.
17. death (เคฎเฅเคคเฅเคฏเฅ), fear (เคกเคฐ), mob ((เคญเฅเคกเคผ), goodness
18. physics, chemistry, subject, friendship
19. car, petrol, driver, road, book
20. health, disease (เคฌเคฟเคฎเคพเคฐเฅ), pain (เคฐเฅเคฆเคฆ), doctor
Answers: 1. chair, boy, watch, wood, river chair – Common Noun boy – Common Noun watch – Common Noun wood – Material Noun river – Common Noun
2. gold, silver, ring, iron, brass gold – Material Noun silver – Material Noun ring – Common Noun iron – Material Noun brass – Material Noun
3. boy, childhood, girl, son, daughter boy – Common Noun childhood – Abstract Noun girl – Common Noun son – Common Noun daughter – Common Noun
4. book, paper, pen, student book – Common Noun paper – Material Noun pen – Common Noun student – Common Noun
5. mango, apple, juice, orange mango – Common Noun apple – Common Noun juice – Material Noun orange – Common Noun
6. table, desk, class, room, chair table – Common Noun desk – Common Noun class – Collective Noun room – Common Noun chair – Common Noun
7. singer, music, dancer, player singer – Common Noun music – Abstract Noun dancer – Common Noun player – Common Noun
8. milk, ink, tea, coffee, bread, apple milk – Material Noun ink – Material Noun tea – Material Noun coffee – Material Noun bread – Material Noun apple – Common Noun.
9. teacher, student, class, doctor, boy teacher – Common Noun student – Common Noun class – Collective Noun doctor – Common Noun boy – Common Noun
10. book, apple, nurse, jug, wood book – Common Noun apple – Common Noun nurse – Common Noun jug – Common Noun wood – Material Noun
11. apple, mango, orange, rice, banana apple – Common Noun mango – Common Noun orange – Common Noun rice – Material Noun banana – Common Noun
13. class, crowd, team, player, family class – Collective Noun crowd – Collective Noun team – Collective Noun player – Common Noun family – Collective Noun
14. police, soldier, army, commander police – Collective Noun soldier – Common Noun army – Collective Noun commander – Common Noun
15. bottle, cup, boy, wine bottle – Common Noun cup – Common Noun boy – Common Noun wine – Material Noun
16. day, month, year, Sunday, ball day – Common Noun month – Common Noun year – Common Noun Sunday – Proper Noun ball – Common Noun
1. Proper Noun: เคเคฟเคธเฅ เคตเฅเคฏเคเฅเคคเคฟ, เคเคพเคจเคตเคฐ, เคธเฅเคฅเคพเคจ, เคฆเคฟเคจ, เคฎเคนเฅเคจเคพ, เคตเคธเฅเคคเฅ, เคเคคเฅเคฏเคพเคฆเคฟ เคเฅ เคเคพเคธ เคจเคพเคฎ เคเฅ Proper Nouns เคเคนเคคเฅ เคนเฅ | * A proper noun is the name of a particular persons, animal, place, day, month or thing. Examples: Sohan, Tom, Lucky, Nepal, Delhi, Sunday, Monday, January, February, Ganges, Bagmati, Himalayas, Ramayana, Gita, The Times of India, etc.
2. Countable Noun: เคเคฟเคธ Noun เคเฅ เคนเคฎ เคเคฟเคจ เคธเคเคคเฅ เคนเฅ, เคเคธเฅ Countable Noun เคเคนเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค | * A noun which can be counted is called the countable noun. Examples: cow, dog, class, man, leg, eye, book, star, river, army, state, girl, child, student, etc. 3. Uncountable Noun: เคเคฟเคธ Noun เคเฅ เคนเคฎ เคเคฟเคจ เคธเคเคคเฅ เคนเฅ, เคเคธเฅ Uncountable Noun เคเคนเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค | *The noun which cannot be counted is called the Uncountable noun.
Direction: Pick out the nouns in the following sentences. Say whether they are proper, countable or uncountable.
Example: Mr Chopra is a man of great knowledge. Ans: Mr Chopra- Proper Noun, Man-Countable Noun, knowledge-Uncountable.
1. The cow is an animal.
2. A dog has four legs.
3. Ram is a student of this school.
4. Mumbai is a big city of India.
5. There are milk, rice, bread and orange on the table.
6. A week has seven days.
7. The students are reading books in the class.
8. Children have honesty.
9. The Ganga is river.
10. I have love for my friends.
11. This chair is made of wood.
12. An apple is good for health.
13. The little girl has no far.
14. He has kindness and greatness.
15. Our army showed great courage in the battle last year.
16. His son is the captain of the team.
17. I like the music of India.
18. The Gita and the Ramayana are holy books.
19. My friend does not take coffee or tea in the morning.
20. He has been a good singer his childhood.
Answers: 1. The cow is an animal. cow – Common Noun, animal – Common Noun (Countable Noun)
2. A dog has four legs. dog – Common Noun (Countable Noun), legs – Common Noun (Countable Noun)
3. Ram is a student of this school. Ram – Proper Noun, student – Common Noun (Countable Noun), school – Common Noun (Countable Noun)
4. Mumbai is a big city of India. Mumbai – Proper Noun, city – Common Noun (Countable Noun), India – Proper Noun
5. There are milk, rice, bread and orange on the table. milk – Uncountable Noun, rice – Uncountable Noun, bread – Uncountable Noun, orange – Common Noun (Countable Noun)
6. A week has seven days. week – Common Noun (Countable Noun), days – Common Noun (Countable Noun)
7. The students are reading books in the class. students – Common Noun (Countable Noun), books – Common Noun (Countable Noun), class – Common Noun (Collective Noun)
8. Children have honesty. children – Common Noun (Countable Noun), honesty – Abstract Noun (Uncountable Noun)
9. The Ganga is a river. Ganga – Proper Noun, river – Common Noun (Countable Noun)
10. I have love for my friends. love – Abstract Noun (Uncountable Noun), friends – Common Noun (Countable Noun)
11. This chair is made of wood. chair – Common Noun (Countable Noun), wood – Material Noun (Uncountable Noun)
12. An apple is good for health. apple – Common Noun (Countable Noun), health – Abstract Noun (Uncountable Noun)
13. The little girl has no fear. girl – Common Noun (Countable Noun), fear – Abstract Noun (Uncountable Noun)
14. He has kindness and greatness. kindness – Abstract Noun (Uncountable Noun), greatness – Abstract Noun (Uncountable Noun)
15. Our army showed great courage in the battle last year. army – Collective Noun, courage – Abstract Noun (Uncountable Noun), battle – Common Noun (Countable Noun)
16. His son is the captain of the team. son – Common Noun (Countable Noun), captain – Common Noun (Countable Noun), team – Collective Noun
17. I like the music of India. music – Abstract Noun (Uncountable Noun), India – Proper Noun
18. The Gita and the Ramayana are holy books. Gita – Proper Noun, Ramayana – Proper Noun, books – Common Noun (Countable Noun)
19. My friend does not take coffee or tea in the morning. friend – Common Noun (Countable Noun), coffee – Material Noun (Uncountable Noun), tea – Material Noun (Uncountable Noun), morning – Common Noun (Uncountable Noun)
20. He has been a good singer since his childhood. singer – Common Noun (Countable Noun), childhood – Abstract Noun (Uncountable Noun)
* A prepositions is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show its relation to some other word in the sentence.
* A prepositions is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something else.
Some Important Prepositions:
in (เคฎเฅเค), into (เคฎเฅเค), on (เคชเคฐ), at (เคฎเฅเค เคชเคฐ), to (เคเฅ เคเคฐ), with (เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ), without (เคเฅ เคฌเคฟเคจเคพ ), of (เคเคพ, เคเฅ, เคเฅ ), among (เคเฅ เคฌเฅเค ), between (เคเฅ เคฌเฅเค ), under (เคจเฅเคเฅ ), over (เคเฅ เคเคชเคฐ ), below (เคเฅ เคจเฅเคเฅ ), near (เคเฅ เคชเคพเคธ ), after (เคเฅ เคฌเคพเคฆ ), before (เคเคพ เคชเคนเคฒเฅ ), for (เคเฅ เคฒเคฟเค ), up (เคเคชเคฐ เคธเฅ ), since (เคธเฅ ), from (เคธเฅ), by (เคเฅ เคฆเฅเคตเคพเคฐเคพ ), behind (เคเฅ เคชเฅเคเฅ ), towards (เคเฅ เคคเคฐเคซ ), about ( เคเฅ เคฌเคพเคฐเฅ ), etc.
Class 8 Supplement to Elementary English Grammar and Composition : 20 to 35 Answers from the book N.K Aggarwala for CBSE and ICSE Students.
25 Direct-Indirect Speech
25.B Make 6 groups Each group will narrate the following dialogues in indirect speech.
Dialogue 1 Have you ever been to Japan? No, I’ve never been there but I know it’s a very safe and beautiful country to travel. Oh, I think, I’ll visit it one day!
Dialogue 2 Please , help me to cook the soup. Mum, I can’t. I’m doing my homework. I’m having an important test tomorrow.
Dialogue 3 Where did you go yesterday? I went to the bookstore and bought a very interesting book. Do you like it? Yes, I was reading it all evening.
Dialogue 4 This dog looks angry. I’m scared. Don’t be afraid! It’s my friend’s dog. It’s very kind and it won’t bite you.
Dialogue 5 Can we play here, mum? No, please be quite. The father is sleeping. He has worked a lot today and is very tired. Okay! We’ll play outside.
Dialogue 6 Don’t be late for dinner! The granny is waiting for us. Don’t worry, I won’t be late. I will buy a cake and some flowers on my way to her.
Answers Group 1: Dialogue 1 (Indirect Speech)
A person asked if the other had ever been to Japan. The other replied that they had never been there but knew it was a very safe and beautiful country to travel to. The first person then mentioned that they thought they would visit it one day.
Group 2: Dialogue 2 (Indirect Speech)
Someone asked for help in cooking the soup. The child responded that they couldn’t help because they were doing their homework and had an important test the next day.
Group 3: Dialogue 3 (Indirect Speech)
One person asked where the other had gone the previous day. The other replied that they had gone to the bookstore and bought a very interesting book. The first person then asked if they liked it, and the other responded that they had read it all evening and enjoyed it.
Group 4: Dialogue 4 (Indirect Speech)
Someone said that the dog looked angry and expressed fear. The other person reassured them, telling them not to be afraid as the dog belonged to their friend and was very kind, assuring that it wouldn’t bite.
Group 5: Dialogue 5 (Indirect Speech)
A child asked their mother if they could play there. The mother replied, asking them to be quiet because their father was sleeping after working a lot and was very tired. The child then said they would play outside.
Group 6: Dialogue 6 (Indirect Speech)
Someone told the other not to be late for dinner, as the grandmother was waiting for them. The other person reassured them, saying they wouldn’t be late and that they would buy a cake and some flowers on their way to visit her.
These conversions should help students understand how to transform direct dialogues into indirect speech.
35 Comprehension Passages
Read the following text and answer the question that follow.
When another old cave is discovered in the south of France, it is not usually news. Rather, it is an ordinary event. Such discoveries are so frequent these days that hardly anybody pays heed to them. However, when the Lascaux cave complex was discovered in 1940, the world was amazed. Painted directly on its walls were hundred animals, such as bison or wild cats. Other images depict birds and, most noticeably, horses, which appear in more than 300 wall images, by far outnumbering all other animals. Early artist drawing these animals accomplished a monumental and difficult task. They did not limit themselves to the easily accessible walls but carried their painting materials to spaces that required climbing sleep walls or crawling into narrow passages in the Lascaux complex. Unfortunately, the paintings have been exposed to the destructive action of water and temperature changes, which easily wear the images away. Because the Lascaux caves have many entrances, air movement has also damaged the images inside. Although they are not out in the air. where natural light would have destroyed them long ago, many of the images have deteriorated and are barely recognizable. To prevent further damage, the site was closed to tourists in 1963, 23 years after it was discovered. (Source : http:// koreananimals. org/)
1. Which title best summarizes the main idea of the passage? (a) Wild Animals in Art (b) Hidden Prehistoric Paintings (c) Exploring Caves Respectfully (d) Determining the Age of French Caves
2. In line 4, the phrase ‘pays heed to’ is closest meaning to _____. (a) discovers (b) watches (c) notices (d) buys 3. Based on the passages, what is the significance of the south of France? 4. Early artists did not limit themselves to the easily accessible walls but carried their painting materials to spaces that required climbing steep walls. What does this indicate about them? 5. Other images depict birds and, most noticeably, horses, which appear in more than 300 wall images, by far outnumbering all other animals. Choose another word for ‘depict’ from the words given below. (a) show (b) hunt (c) count (d) draw 6. Why was painting inside the Lascaux complex a difficult task? (a) It was completely dark inside. (b) the caves were full of wild animals. (c) Painting materials were hard to find. (d) Many painting spaces were difficult to reach. 7. According to the passages, all of the following have caused damage to the paintings except ______. (a) temperature changes (b) air movement (c) water (d) light 8. Would you like to explore news caves? Explain your opinion giving four reasons from the text?
Answers: Comprehension Passage Questions and Answers:
Finally, exploring caves before they deteriorate due to environmental factors like air movement and water would allow me to witness these historical treasures before they are lost.
1. Which title best summarizes the main idea of the passage? (b) Hidden Prehistoric Paintings Explanation: The passage discusses the discovery of prehistoric paintings in caves, particularly focusing on the Lascaux cave complex, making option (b) the best summary. 2. In line 4, the phrase “pays heed to” is closest in meaning to _____. (c) notices Explanation: “Pays heed to” means to take notice or pay attention, so the closest meaning is “notices.” 3. Based on the passage, what is the significance of the south of France? Answer: The south of France is significant because it is a region where many old caves with prehistoric paintings, such as the Lascaux cave complex, have been discovered. These caves contain ancient artworks that are of great historical and cultural importance. 4. Early artists did not limit themselves to the easily accessible walls but carried their painting materials to spaces that required climbing steep walls. What does this indicate about them? Answer: This indicates that the early artists were highly dedicated, skillful, and determined. They were willing to go to great lengths, both physically and creatively, to accomplish their artwork, even in difficult and hard-to-reach areas. 5. Other images depict birds and, most noticeably, horses, which appear in more than 300 wall images, by far outnumbering all other animals. Choose another word for “depict” from the words given below. (a) show Explanation: “Depict” means to represent or show something, so the best synonym is “show.” 6. Why was painting inside the Lascaux complex a difficult task? (d) Many painting spaces were difficult to reach. Explanation: The passage mentions that some spaces required climbing steep walls or crawling into narrow passages, making it difficult for artists to reach certain areas. 7. According to the passage, all of the following have caused damage to the paintings except ______. (d) light Explanation: The passage mentions that water, air movement, and temperature changes have damaged the paintings, but light has not been a significant factor since the caves are not exposed to natural light. 8. Would you like to explore new caves? Explain your opinion giving four reasons from the text. Answer: Yes, I would like to explore new caves. Firstly, discovering hidden caves is exciting, as they may contain prehistoric paintings, just like in the Lascaux cave complex. Secondly, the unique artworks found in such caves, like the 300 images of horses, provide insight into early human creativity. Thirdly, the physical challenge of navigating steep walls and narrow passages makes it an adventurous experience.
Class 8 Supplement to Elementary English Grammar and Composition : 16 to 20 Answers from the book N.K Aggarwala for CBSE and ICSE students.
Appropriate Phrases
17 Sentences -Simple, Compound, Complex
17.A Read the following instructions and write the correct option. 1.The simple sentence in ma compound sentence can be joined together with a comma and a *c* .
(a) noun (b)preposition (c) conjunction (d) verb 2. The simple sentences in a compound sentence can be joined together with a *b* .
(a) period (b) semicolon (c) question mark (d) exclamation mark 3. The simple sentence in compound sentences are also known as independent *b*.
(a) phrases (b) clauses (c) words (d) predicates 4. Choose the appropriate coordinating conjunction to join these simple sentences into a compound sentence.
Nitin ordered a burger, * c* Manu chose a sandwich.
(a) if (b) nor (c) and (d) or 5. Choose the subordinate clause in the given complex sentence.
When I went to the carnival, I rode on the Ferris Wheel.
(a) if (b) nor (c) and (d) or 6. Choose the subordinate clause in the given complex sentence.
Varsha wrote down my e-mail address, so she would not forget it.
(a) varsha wrote down my e-mail address
(b) my e-mail address
(c) so she would not forget it ‘
(d) she would not 7. A complex sentence has one independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses.
(a) True (b) False 8. Choose the subordinates clause in the given complex sentence. Alexander, who is fourteen years old, loves to skateboard.
(a) Alexander
(b) who is fourteen years old
(c) Alexander loves to skateboard
(d) loves to skateboard
Answers: The simple sentence in a compound sentence can be joined together with a comma and a (c) conjunction.
The simple sentences in a compound sentence can be joined together with a (b) semicolon.
The simple sentences in compound sentences are also known as independent (b) clauses.
Choose the appropriate coordinating conjunction to join these simple sentences into a compound sentence. Nitin ordered a burger, (c) and Manu chose a sandwich.
Choose the subordinate clause in the given complex sentence. When I went to the carnival, I rode on the Ferris Wheel. The subordinate clause is “When I went to the carnival”. None of the options provided is correct in this context.
Choose the subordinate clause in the given complex sentence. Varsha wrote down my e-mail address, so she would not forget it. The subordinate clause is (c) so she would not forget it.
A complex sentence has one independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses. The correct answer is (a) True.
Choose the subordinate clause in the given complex sentence. Alexander, who is fourteen years old, loves to skateboard. The subordinate clause is (b) who is fourteen years old.
18 Noun Clauses
18.B Choose the most appropriate noun phrase.
g1. I was showing the tourist _______________________. a. when to go home b. what to sell at the market c. how to get to the hotel 2. Mr Hari told the driver ___________________________. a. where to send him b. what to do the meeting c. what to think 3. One of the players forgot _________________________. a. when to turn up for practice b. how to run away c. where to buy shoes from 4. The chef is wondering _______________________________. a. when to brush his teeth b. what to prepare for the important dinner c. how to wash the car 5. The librarian told Peter _______________. a. when to start work b. how to lock up the place c. what to look out for on the road 6. At the party, she showed him _____________________. a. what to grow b. how to dance c. when to sleep 7. The sergeant is showing him _______________________. a. what to sing at the concert b. when to grow his beard c. how to hold the rifle 8. The usher showed us _________________________________. a. how to take photographs b. where to sit c. when to comb our hair 9. Our teacher told us ____________________________________. a. what to do with the test paper b. how to lock up the place c. where to look for the survivors 10. The stewardess shows the passengers _____________________. a. when to start work b. where to land the plane c. how to fasten the seat belt
Answers: 1. I was showing the tourist (c) how to get to the hotel. 2. Mr. Hari told the driver (a) where to send him. 3. One of the players forgot (a) when to turn up for practice. 4. The chef is wondering (b) what to prepare for the important dinner. 5. The librarian told Peter (b) how to lock up the place. 6. At the party, she showed him (b) how to dance. 7. The sergeant is showing him (c) how to hold the rifle. 8. The usher showed us (b) where to sit. 9. Our teacher told us (a) what to do with the test paper. 10. The stewardess shows the passengers (c) how to fasten the seat belt.
20 Adverbs Clauses
20.B Match the following groups of words to make correct sentences.
the children were asleep
before she left house
she takes her daughter
as if they were very excited
after he finished school
whenever they come for a visit
until the lesson finishes
while he’s watching TV
1. He joined the army ___________________________________________________________. 2. he doesn’t like anyone talking to him ___________________________________________. 3. By the time we got back, ____________________________________________________. 4. She turned off the lights __________________________________________________. 5. They acted __________________________________________________________________________. 6. You can’t leave the room ___________________________________________________________. 7. They brings us flowers ____________________________________________________________. 8. Whenever Julie goes, _______________________________________________________________.
Answers: 1. He joined the army after he finished school. 2. He doesn’t like anyone talking to him while he’s watching TV. 3. By the time we got back, the children were asleep. 4. She turned off the lights before she left the house. 5. They acted as if they were very excited. 6. You can’t leave the room until the lesson finishes. 7. They bring us flowers whenever they come for a visit. 8. Wherever Julie goes, she takes her daughter.
22 Conditional Clauses
22.A Work in groups of 3 or 4. One person from from each group will ask questions and another will give their answer. One Example has been given for you.
1. If I had one crore rupees…
2. If I lost my key…..
3. If I didn’t have a computer…
4. If I didn’t work at a multinational company…
5. If I lived in England ….
6. If I had a baby…..
7. If I couldn’t write….
8. If my father was famous…
9. If I was fond of music…
10. If I saw a UFO….
11. If I spoke…..
12. If I got up late for work….
Answers: 1. Student A: What would you do if you had one crore rupees? Student B: If I had one crore rupees, I would invest in property and start my own business. 2. Student A: What would you do if you lost your key? Student B: If I lost my key, I would call a locksmith to replace it. 3. Student A: What would you do if you didnโt have a computer? Student B: If I didnโt have a computer, I would find it difficult to stay connected online. 4. Student A: What would you do if you didnโt work at a multinational company? Student B: If I didnโt work at a multinational company, I might explore opportunities in a local business. 5. Student A: What would you do if you lived in England? Student B: If I lived in England, I would travel to different parts of Europe during the weekends. 6. Student A: What would you do if you had a baby? Student B: If I had a baby, I would take a break from work to spend time with my child. 7. Student A: What would you do if you couldnโt write? Student B: If I couldnโt write, I would use voice-to-text software to communicate. 8. Student A: What would you do if your father was famous? Student B: If my father was famous, I would try to live up to his legacy while making my own path. 9. Student A: What would you do if you were fond of music? Student B: If I were fond of music, I would learn to play the guitar or piano. 10. Student A: What would you do if you saw a UFO? Student B: If I saw a UFO, I would take a picture and report it to the authorities. 11. Student A: What would you do if you spoke five languages? Student B: If I spoke five languages, I would work as a translator and travel a lot. 12. Student A: What would you do if you got up late for work? Student B: If I got up late for work, I would inform my boss and rush to the office as quickly as possible.
Class 8 Supplement to Elementary English Grammar and Composition : 11 to 15 Answers from the book N.K Aggarwala for CBSE and ICSE students.
11 Adverbs
11.B Read the following sentences. If the highlighted word is an adjective write ADJ, and if it is an adverbs, write ADV.
1. The cheese on this cracker testes strange. ______________________________ 2. I go to the gym regularly. _________________________ 3. She gazed at me with empty eyes. _______________________ 4. Have you eaten an apple lately? ______________________________ 5. The dog howled wildly in its cage. ______________________ 6. I think that both sides are even now. _____________________________ 7. The instructor arrived promptly at eight. ____________________________ 8. Our regular office hours are Monday to Friday from 9 am to 5 pm. _________________________ 9. The teams were matched evenly. ________________________ 10. The homemade food was quite tasty. _______________________________
Answers: 1. The cheese on this cracker tastes strange. ADJ 2. I go to the gym regularly. ADV 3. She gazed at me with empty eyes. ADJ 4. Have you eaten an apple lately? ADV 5. The dog howled wildly in its cage. ADV 6. I think that both sides are even now. ADJ 7. The instructor arrived promptly at eight. ADV 8. Our regular office hours are Monday to Friday from 9 am to 5 pm. ADJ 9. The teams were matched evenly. ADV 10. The homemade food was quite tasty. ADJ
13 Prepositions
13.B Work in pairs and perform the activity. Ask your partner the following things in the table and complete it.
Find someone who……
Name
More information
… usually wakes up early in the morning
… has a birthday in November
… Often goes out on Saturday evening.
…goes on holiday in the summer.
… gets up at 7 o’clock in the morning.
…plays a sport at the weekend.
…usually gets home at 5 o’clock
…drinks coffee in the afternoon.
… works or studies on Saturady.
Answers:
Find someone who…
Name
More information
usually wakes up early in the morning
has a birthday in November
often goes out on Saturday evening
goes on holiday in the summer
gets up at 7 o’clock in the morning
plays a sport at the weekend
usually gets home at 5 o’clock
drinks coffee in the afternoon
works or studies on Saturday
You and your partner can fill in the table with names and more information as you ask these questions.
14 Phrasal Verbs
14.A Perform this activity in pairs. One student will read out the phrasal verb and its meaning, while the other student will write different sentences using the same phrasal verb in their notebook.
Put on Put something on the stove. I’ll put the kettle on for tea.
Take down Remove ( a picture or object) from the wall. She made us take down all the pictures.
Hang up Put your clothes on a hanger to hang in the closet. We hang our clothes up in closet.
Put away Put items into proper place. Please put away your clothes.
Turn off Cause the power of (an electronic device) to stop It’s too noisy. Turn off the Tv please!!
Clean up Remove the dirt, stanis and unwanted materials. We spent Saturday morning cleaning up.
Put up Attach object to the wall to hang. I will put up this picture to the wall.
Turn on Give power to an electronic device to start. Do you want me to turn the lamp on?
Answers: Put on:
She will put on her coat before leaving the house.
I forgot to put on my shoes this morning.
Take down:
Please take down the decorations after the party.
I had to take down the shelf to repaint the wall.
Hang up:
Can you hang up the new curtains in the living room?
I always hang up my jacket when I get home.
Put away:
After you finish eating, please put away the dishes.
He put away all his toys before bedtime.
Turn off:
Donโt forget to turn off the lights when you leave.
Turn off the computer before you go to bed.
Clean up:
After the party, we had to clean up the mess.
She cleaned up the kitchen after cooking dinner.
Put up:
We need to put up the holiday decorations this weekend.
She put up a new notice on the bulletin board.
Turn on: Please turn on the heater, itโs getting cold. Can you turn on the air conditioner? Itโs really hot in here.
15. Structure of Sentences
15. A In each of the following sentences, underline the subjects once and the predicate twice.
1. Fables such as “Little Red Riding Hood” have given wolves a bad reputation. 2. Ranchers in areas with wolves dislike the animals for attacking their livestock. 3. In the city lived many poor people. 4. Out of the woods came a bear. 5. Just around the corner was the parade. 6. in the fall, the leaves cover the ground. 7. Their sudden appearance quickly aroused the townspeople’s curiosity. 8. With keen interest, the townspeople observed the prospector’s movements. 9. Nobody in the town knew anything about the strangers. 10. The children’s books and backpacks were stolen while they were at lunch. 11. The Zoo and the ice cream store are my favourite destinations. 12. The teacher and her assistant told the student and his parents that there would be a quiz in the next week.
Answers: 1. Fables such as “Little Red Riding Hood” have given wolves a bad reputation. Subject: Fables such as “Little Red Riding Hood” Predicate: have given wolves a bad reputation. 2. Ranchers in areas with wolves dislike the animals for attacking their livestock. Subject: Ranchers in areas with wolves Predicate: dislike the animals for attacking their livestock. 3. In the city lived many poor people. Subject: In the city Predicate: lived many poor people. 4. Out of the woods came a bear. Subject: Out of the woods Predicate: came a bear. 5. Just around the corner was the parade. Subject: Just around the corner Predicate: was the parade. 6. In the fall, the leaves cover the ground. Subject: the leaves Predicate: cover the ground. 7. Their sudden appearance quickly aroused the townspeople’s curiosity. Subject: Their sudden appearance Predicate: quickly aroused the townspeople’s curiosity. 8. With keen interest, the townspeople observed the prospector’s movements. Subject: the townspeople Predicate: observed the prospector’s movements. 9. Nobody in the town knew anything about the strangers. Subject: Nobody in the town Predicate: knew anything about the strangers. 10. The children’s books and backpacks were stolen while they were at lunch. Subject: The children’s books and backpacks Predicate: were stolen while they were at lunch. 11. The Zoo and the ice cream store are my favourite destinations. Subject: The Zoo and the ice cream store Predicate: are my favourite destinations. 12. The teacher and her assistant told the student and his parents that there would be a quiz in the next week. Subject: The teacher and her assistant Predicate: told the student and his parents that there would be a quiz in the next week.
15.B Work in pairs. One student will rewrite the following sentences by changing the position of direct and indirect objects. Then his/her partner will replace the indirect objects with personal pronouns.
1. Grandma will cook my friends a delicious meal. 2. Did Ravi bring Rahul the new book? 3. Mom left Sunita with two oranges. 4. The teacher told the students funny stories. 5. Who will lend my brother some money? 6. Gagan gave Tarun a ride a ride to the station. 7. The teacher gave the class a new project. 8. My mom bought my brother a new dress. 9. They bought my parents some CDs. 10. Tanuj showed Ms Sharma his project.
Answers: 1. Direct and Indirect Objects Switched: Grandma will cook a delicious meal for my friends. With Pronouns: Grandma will cook a delicious meal for them. 2. Direct and Indirect Objects Switched: Did Ravi bring the new book to Rahul? With Pronouns: Did Ravi bring the new book to him? 3. Direct and Indirect Objects Switched: Mom left two oranges with Sunita. With Pronouns: Mom left two oranges with her. 4. Direct and Indirect Objects Switched: The teacher told funny stories to the students. With Pronouns: The teacher told funny stories to them. 5. Direct and Indirect Objects Switched: Who will lend some money to my brother? With Pronouns: Who will lend some money to him? 6. Direct and Indirect Objects Switched: Gagan gave a ride to Tarun to the station. With Pronouns: Gagan gave a ride to him to the station. 7. Direct and Indirect Objects Switched: The teacher gave a new project to the class. With Pronouns: The teacher gave a new project to them. 8. Direct and Indirect Objects Switched: My mom bought a new dress for my brother. With Pronouns: My mom bought a new dress for him. 9. Direct and Indirect Objects Switched: They bought some CDs for my parents. With Pronouns: They bought some CDs for them. 10. Direct and Indirect Objects Switched: Tanuj showed his project to Ms. Sharma. With Pronouns: Tanuj showed his project to her.
Class 8 Supplement to Elementary English Grammar and Composition : 1 to 5 for CBse and ICSE student from the book N.K Aggarwala.
1. Parts of Speech
B. Put the words in the correct category.
everybody these loin type skip blue Rachel our want advice throw know pointed that smart run yourself patience did me spell himself students sydney excellent easy woollen who modern which will volleyball Spanish China bright western trouble skiing she be
Nouns
Verbs
Pronouns
Adjectives
Answers: Nouns:
loin
type
advice
students
Sydney
volleyball
Spanish
China
trouble
skiing
Verbs:
skip
want
throw
know
pointed
run
spell
will
did
be
Pronouns:
everybody
our
yourself
that
who
which
me
himself
she
Adjectives:
western blue Rachel (used as a proper adjective if referring to something belonging to “Rachel”) smart easy woollen modern excellent patience (when used as a description) bright
2. The Noun
A. Underline the nouns in following passage. Then sort them into the correct boxes.
Rehan couldn’t sleep at all that night. The tittle creatures was afraid to close his eyes. Naveen might wake up at any time and point that awful, glaring flashing directly at Rehan, who was crouched behind a pair of shoes in the open cabinet. Things had been likewise since Naveen began reading Do not Enter The Monster Zoo, a collection of stories that portrays all the monsters as ruthless villains and twists the history of hatred to accuse creatures of committing things to people that people actually do to the monsters!
Common Nouns
Proper Nouns
Abstract Nouns
Proper Nouns
Answers:
Rehancouldn’t sleep at all that night. The little creatures were afraid to close his eyes. Naveen might wake up at any time and point that awful, glaring flashing directly at Rehan, who was crouched behind a pair of shoes in the open cabinet. Things had been likewise since Naveen began reading Do Not Enter The Monster Zoo, a collection of stories that portrays all the monsters as ruthless villains and twists the history of hatred to accuse creatures of committing things to people that people actually do to the monsters!
Sorted Nouns:
Common Nouns:
night
creatures
eyes
shoes
cabinet
things
stories
monsters
villains
history
creatures
things
people
monsters
Proper Nouns:
Rehan
Naveen
Do Not Enter The Monster Zoo
Proper Nouns:
Rehan
Naveen
Do Not Enter The Monster Zoo
Abstract Nouns:
history
hatred
4. Determiners
A. Look at the words and complete the following sentences with a word. ย Somethings two possibilities.ย
1. _______________ patient (except patients with X-rays) must wait to be called. 2. _______________ patient who arrives 30 minutes late will have to wait until after the last patient has been seen. 3. There are blood tests ________________ Wednesday and Friday. 4. __________________ nurse is speaking to the patients. 5. Flu vaccinations are free for __________________ people over 60. 6. The boy on the left has broken _____________ arms. 7. There are ___________________ blood tests on Mondays. 8. There are three doctors, and ________________ doctor is specialised in a different field. 9. ___________________ patients at the desk are carrying X-rays. 10. _________________ patients on the left are waiting to see a doctor. 11. To donate blood, you can come on Fridays at _____________ time between 8 and 11. 12. _______________________ person in the room is either a nurse or a patient.
Answers: 1. Any patient (except patients with X-rays) must wait to be called. 2. Any patient who arrives 30 minutes late will have to wait until after the last patient has been seen. 3. There are blood tests on Wednesday and Friday. 4. The nurse is speaking to the patients. 5. Flu vaccinations are free for all people over 60. 6. The boy on the left has broken both arms. 7. There are some blood tests on Mondays. 8. There are three doctors, and each doctor is specialised in a different field. 9. Some patients at the desk are carrying X-rays. 10. The patients on the left are waiting to see a doctor. 11. To donate blood, you can come on Fridays at any time between 8 and 11. 12. Every person in the room is either a nurse or a patient.
5 The Present Tense
A Read the conversation and answer the questions.
1. Ridhima : I’m Ridhima Shetty. Are you Abhilash Singh? Abhilash : Yes, I’m Are you North Indian? Ridhima: No. Vikash is North Indian and lives at Jaipur. I’m Marathi. Abhilash : Oh, okay! I am from Delhi. Vikas : Yes, it is a big city. Ridhima, are you from Mumbai? Ridhima : Yes, I’m from Mumbai? Abhilash : Are you and Ridhima students? Vikas : I’m a students. She is an actress in television serials. We are tourists in Goa. Ridhima : Are you a student, Abhilash? Abhilash : No, I’m not a student. I’m a doctor. I’m on holiday. 1. Is Ridhima from Pune? ___________________________________________________. 2. Is Ridhima and Vikas tourists in Goa? _________________________________________________. 3. Are Ridhima and Vikas tourists in Goa? ______________________________________________________. 4. Is Abhilash a lawyer? _______________________________________________________. 5. Is Ridhima an actress? ________________________________________________________.
Answers: 1. Is Ridhima from Pune? No, Ridhima is from Mumbai. 2. Is Ridhima and Vikas tourists in Goa? Yes, Ridhima and Vikas are tourists in Goa. 3. Are Ridhima and Vikas tourists in Goa? Yes, Ridhima and Vikas are tourists in Goa. 4. Is Abhilash a lawyer? No, Abhilash is not a lawyer. He is a doctor. 5. Is Ridhima an actress? Yes, Ridhima is an actress in television serials.
English Grammar Exercises for Class 8 with Answers for CBSE and ICSE board students. Solution of all worksheet from N K Aggarwala, English Grammar and Composition book for free online practice. In this post we provide link to all units contains fully solved exercises and worksheets.
Comprehension Passages Exercises with Answers for class 8 and worksheet with solution for class 8 from the book Elementary school grammar for CBSE and ICSE students.
Read and answer the Passages
Exercise 35.1 Read the following passage and answers the questions that follow :-
Geeta works in a shop selling gramophone records. One afternoon a middle -aged woman came in, sat on a stool in front of the counter, and smiled at her brightly. ‘I want a record called?’ Geeta asked without much hope. The woman shook her head. ‘I don’t hundred of records in stock,’ Geeta pointed out. ‘it would take a very long time a play you even a little of each. Could you hum it to me?’ The woman shook her head again. ‘I can’t even sing the National Anthem in true. We should only get into a complete muddle if I were to start humming.’ She looked quite depressed, as if this reminder of her own lack of musical ability were the last straw. Then suddenly her face brightened. ‘I’ve just remembered something, ‘she said. It you ask me, “it’s from “My Fair Lady”, she said. ‘That’s was enough for Geeta. ‘If you ask me, it’s from “My Fair Lady”, ‘she said. This was it, dear. If you’d thought of it sooner, we wouldn’t have wasted so much time. I suppose you are new to the job.’
1. State whether the following statements are true or false : (a) A sad looking young woman came to Geeta’s shop. (b) Geeta played about twenty records for her. (c) The woman knew she had no musical ability. (d) The woman hummed a tune for Geeta. (e) She was very sorry for having caused so much trouble.
2. Answer the following questions briefly. (a) Was the woman’s order to Geeta clear, precise and fair? (b) What request did she make to Geeta? (c) “She looked quite depressed.” Why? (d) Do you think the customer’s last remark was justified? Why/why not?
3. Find words in the which mean the same as the following :
(a) a confused state (b) disappointed (c) science of speech sounds (d) sing with closed lips.
4. Give your opinion of the customer in 20 words. 5. Give a title to this passage and state why you have chosen it.
Answers: 1. State whether the following statements are true or false:
(a) False โ The woman was middle-aged, not young. (b) False โ Geeta didnโt play any records as the woman could not recall the title. (c) True โ The woman admitted she lacked musical ability, as she couldn’t even sing the National Anthem. (d) False โ The woman did not hum a tune for Geeta. (e) True โ She expressed regret for having caused trouble after realizing the delay was due to her own forgetfulness.
2. Answer the following questions briefly:
(a) Was the woman’s order to Geeta clear, precise, and fair? No, the woman’s order was unclear and imprecise, as she couldn’t recall the name of the song and offered little information initially.
(b) What request did she make to Geeta? The woman requested Geeta to find a record for her, but she couldnโt remember its title or hum the tune to help.
(c) “She looked quite depressed.” Why? The woman became depressed after being reminded of her lack of musical ability, which made it harder to find the record.
(d) Do you think the customer’s last remark was justified? Why/why not? The customerโs last remark was not entirely justified. While the woman blamed Geeta’s inexperience for the delay, the real issue was her own inability to recall the recordโs name.
3. Find words in the passage which mean the same as the following:
(a) A confused state โ Muddle (b) Disappointed โ Depressed (c) Science of speech sounds โ Phonetics (d) Sing with closed lips โ Hum
4. Give your opinion of the customer in 20 words.
The customer was forgetful and impatient, but her self-awareness about her musical inability added a humorous touch.
5. Give a title to this passage and state why you have chosen it.
Title: “The Forgetful Customer” Reason: The story revolves around the woman’s forgetfulness, which causes confusion and delays in finding the record she wanted.
Exercise 35.2 Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow :-
The reader, by now, will be quite familiar with Parsi Rustomji’s name. he first become co-worker and then client. I won his confidence to such an extent that he sought and followed my advice in private domestic matters. The friend once got into a very bad scrape. Though he kept me informed of most of his affairs, he had studiously kept back one thing. He was a large importer of goods and rested to smuggling. But he was at the best terms with the customs officials. So one suspected him. But theft like quick-silver won’t be suppressed. Rustmoji came to me post-haste and told, ‘Bhai, I have deceived you. My guilt has been discovered. I have smuggled nd I am doomed; you alone may be able to save me from this predicament.” I calmed him, “To save or not save you go. Rustomji’s name and fame were at stake, so he said, “I am entirely in your hand.” I met the customs officers and apprised him of the whole affair. He said, “You know, I must be guided by the Attorney General and I would advise you to use all your persuasion with him.” I entered into a correspondence with the Attorney General. He appreciated my complete frankness. He finally into said, “I see you will never take a no far an answer.” The case was settled by a compromise. He was to pay a penalty equal to twice the amount he had confessed to have smuggled. Rustmoji reduced to writing the facts of the whole case, got the paper framed and hung it up in his office to serve as a perpetual reminder to his heirs and fellow merchants. The friends of Rustmoji warned me not to be taken in by this transitory contrition. When I told Rustomji about this warning he said : “What would be my fate if I deceived you?’
1. Answer the following questions briefly :
(a) What was Gandhiji’s profession at the incident? (b) No one suspected Rustmoji for smuggling because ___________. (c) Was Gandhiji able do as a penance for his illegal activities? (d) What did Rustmoji do as a penance for illegal activities? (e) How did Rustmoji reply to the warnings given to Gandhiji?
2. Find words in the passage which mean the same as the ones given below.
3. Give a title to this passage and given a reason why you have chosen it.
Answers: 1. Answer the following questions briefly:
(a) What was Gandhiji’s profession at the incident? Gandhiji was a lawyer at the time of this incident.
(b) No one suspected Rustomji for smuggling because ___________. No one suspected Rustomji for smuggling because he was on the best terms with the customs officials.
(c) Was Gandhiji able to save Rustomji? Yes, Gandhiji was able to help Rustomji by negotiating a settlement with the customs officials.
(d) What did Rustomji do as a penance for his illegal activities? Rustomji confessed to his wrongdoing, paid a penalty twice the amount he had smuggled, and framed a written confession in his office to serve as a reminder.
(e) How did Rustomji reply to the warnings given to Gandhiji? Rustomji replied by saying, “What would be my fate if I deceived you?” indicating his trust in Gandhiji and his commitment not to repeat his mistake.
2. Find words in the passage which mean the same as the ones given below:
3. Give a title to this passage and give a reason why you have chosen it.
Title: “Rustomjiโs Redemption” Reason: The passage revolves around Rustomjiโs involvement in smuggling and his ultimate repentance, with the help of Gandhiji. The title reflects his journey from guilt to redemption.
Exercise 35.3 Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow :-
When we visited the volcano, it was in a state of eruption. We stood near the summit on an irregular plane; it was heaped up with tones and cinders and enormous rocks, which ad been hurled from the volcano in terrible confusion. From the summit, volumes of smoke and fountains of liquid fire poured forth continuously. The smoke, now white, now an impenetrable black, was accompanied by a deep roar. Fiery stones rained dowthing in, and the molten lava moved on with a horrible sound, devouring everything’s in its path. We appoached the lower end of these lava rivers, where its speed was retarded by reduced slope. Its dark exterior surface broke upas it moved, and betrayed the liquid fire beneath. By daylight the fire was only just visible, but its presence was indicated by the white smoke and the tremulous motion of the air above.
1. Choose the correct answer. (i) Where did the author and his party stand? (a) on top of the volcano (b) Very close to the top of the volcano? (c) At the foot of the volcano (d) In front of the volcano (ii) What had been thrown out by the volcano? (a) Stones, burnt out coal and rocks (b) Stones, burnt wood and burnt charcoal. (c) Hot metal pieces and huge rocks (d) Hot, molten metal
(iii) What colour was the smoke? (a) It was black (b) It was white (c) it was grey (d) It changed colour, once it looked white, then black
(iv) What did the hot stones and lava do? (a) It destroyed everything that came in its way (b) It brought to life dead plants (c) It removed all instructions on the way (d) It killed many people
(v) Why did the river of lava flow at a lesser speed lower down?
(a) because the slope was steep (d) because the slope was gradual (c) because the lava was thicker there (d) because there was many boulders
2. Match each of the words/phrases in column A with its synonyms in column B.
Column A
Column B
(i) eruption
a. molten lava
(ii) summit
b. showed down
(iii) hurled
c. revealed
(iv) confusion
d. thick
(v) liquid fire
e. outer
(vi) impenetrable
f. shown
(vii) betrayed
g. disarray
(viii) indicated
h. bursting
(ix) retarded
i. thrown
(x) exterior
j. top most point
3. Complete the following sentences by choosing the correct word from the box : devoured betrayed confusion enormous indicated
(i) At a recent BCCI meeting in Mumbai, inspite of a big crowd, there was no _________. (ii) The presence of the fire was ___________ by the smoke coming out of the fourth floor. (iii) The terrorist was caught __________ by the people he trusted. (iv) The task was _________ yet the Indian cricket team succeeded in winning the Trophy.
Answers: 1. Choose the correct answer:
(i) Where did the author and his party stand? (b) Very close to the top of the volcano
(ii) What had been thrown out by the volcano? (a) Stones, burnt out coal, and rocks
(iii) What colour was the smoke? (d) It changed colour, once it looked white, then black
(iv) What did the hot stones and lava do? (a) It destroyed everything that came in its way
(v) Why did the river of lava flow at a lesser speed lower down? (b) Because the slope was gradual
2. Match each of the words/phrases in column A with its synonyms in column B:
Column A
Column B
(i) eruption
(h) bursting
(ii) summit
(j) top most point
(iii) hurled
(i) thrown
(iv) confusion
(g) disarray
(v) liquid fire
(a) molten lava
(vi) impenetrable
(d) thick
(vii) betrayed
(c) revealed
(viii) indicated
(f) shown
(ix) retarded
(b) slowed down
(x) exterior
(e) outer
3. Complete the following sentences by choosing the correct word from the box:
(i) At a recent BCCI meeting in Mumbai, in spite of a big crowd, there was no confusion. (ii) The presence of the fire was indicated by the smoke coming out of the fourth floor. (iii) The terrorist was caught betrayed by the people he trusted. (iv) The task was enormous, yet the Indian cricket team succeeded in winning the Trophy.
Exercise 35.4 Read the following poem by Rabindranath Tagore and answer the questions that follow :-
I cannot Remember My Mother I cannot remember my mother Only sometimes in the midst of my play a tune seems to hover over my playthings, the tune of some song that she used to hum while rocking my cradle. I cannot remember my mother but when in the early autumm morning the smell of the shiuli flowers floats in the air the scent of the morning service in the temple comes to me as the scent of my mother. I cannot remember my mother Only when from my bedroom window I send my eyes into the blue distant sky, I feel that the stillness of my mother’s gaze on ,my face has spread all over the sky.
1. The poet cannot remember his mother because ___________________________________________ 2. The poet means by “a tune seems to hover over my plaything’s that ____________________________ 3. The significance of shiuli flowers is, (i) __________________________________ and (ii) ______________________________ 4. Looking at the distant blue sky the poet is of a mother who _________________ 5. The repetition of the first line expresses the poet’s feeling of : (i) loss (ii) regret 6. The image of the absent mother created by the poet of a mother who ________________ 7. Find a word in the poem which means the same as the following : (i) to move about, but keep near (stanza 1) ___________________________________________ (ii) a smell, usually pleasing (stanza 2) ______________________________________________ (iii) without motion (stanza 3) _____________________________________________________ (iv) far away (stanza 3) __________________________________________________________ (v) a long intent look (stanza 3) ____________________________________________________
Answers: 1. The poet cannot remember his mother because
he was too young when she passed away, and his memories of her have faded.
2. The poet means by “a tune seems to hover over my plaything’s that
the memory of his mother’s lullaby or song, which she used to hum while rocking his cradle, occasionally resurfaces during his play.
3. The significance of shiuli flowers is,
(i) They remind the poet of his mother. (ii) They evoke memories of the autumn season and the scent of morning prayers in the temple.
4. Looking at the distant blue sky, the poet is reminded of a mother who
gazed upon him with stillness and love, symbolizing her presence and care even in her absence.
5. The repetition of the first line expresses the poet’s feeling of:
(i) loss The poet repeats “I cannot remember my mother” to emphasize the emotional distance and his inability to recall her clearly.
6. The image of the absent mother created by the poet is of a mother who
is ever-present in his memories and is symbolized by the sky, the scent of flowers, and the songs she used to hum, even though she is no longer physically with him.
7. Find a word in the poem which means the same as the following:
(i) to move about, but keep near (stanza 1) – hover (ii) a smell, usually pleasing (stanza 2) – scent (iii) without motion (stanza 3) – stillness (iv) far away (stanza 3) – distant (v) a long intent look (stanza 3) – gaze
Exercise 34.6 Read the following passage carefully and then answer the questions that follow :-
When the car had gone they were left standing alone, starting at the suddenly quiet house, they saw who it was who was to stay on at Mon Repos – a thin elderly man a white beard and spectacles on his nose. He did not notice them at all the trees. The girls stared at the trees, too wondering what he was looking at. There seemed to be nothing here but then they heard a rustle and an ashy grey and russet bird flew out, trailing a long russet tail behind it as it came out of the foliage and around to the back of the house. The man lowered his binoculars with a sigh and drew out a book from his pocket and to scribble in it. Lila and he sisters tiptoed around the corner and into the kitchen so as not to disturb him. “What is he doing?” they whispered as they quietly washed the dishes that had been left behind in the sink. “Who knows?” Lila shrugged. “He is here to study something,” the sahib said. “Study what – the birds?” asked Bela, and Kamal laughed at the idea, it was so ridiculous. “Any way, he won’t notice us at all – we just have to cook his meals and call him to come and eat them,” said Lila. That was, he won’t they did. Now that they had not their mother to look after, or Hari or their father, they quietly cooked and marketed and swept and washed for the strange gentleman who never spoke to them, only glanced through his spectacles at the food when they called him for his meals and disappeared for the whole day sometimes they ran into him as he stumbled about the marsh, splashing through the mud and reeds, or siting very quietly on a stone under the tress, starting intently at everything – except people. He seemed hardly to notice that there were any people in Thul, they did not appear to interest him at all. But he was polite and quite and gave no trouble at all since he had neither complaints nor demands and so they did not mind his addities or even giggle at them much except, once when he stepped backwards of the log into the creek with a splash and they had to run to help him up and to retrieve his bag and paper were covered with careful pencil sketches of birds. They were wonderstruck. “See he is studying the birds,’ whisper Bela as they knelt on the veranda tiles, carefully separating the wet sheets and spreading them out in the sun. The strange gentleman came out of his room in dry clothes and stood watching them worriedly. Then, “Thank you,” he said gratefully and took some money out of his pocket o give Bela and Kamal. “For sweets,” he said in a mumble, and hurried away in embarrassment. He looked just as embarrassed when he paid Lila her salary at the end of the month and she whished out of sight as quickly as possible, then ran round the house and across the creek to their hut, laughing with joy It was wonderful to earn money. There was enough now to stock their kitchen with rice and tea and sugar, and Lila went every week to the hospital in Alibagh by bus to take some to their father who bought extra milk and fruits for their mother with it. The money made everything possible and Lila hoped the gentleman would stay on and on so that she could continue to earn money.” But no one stops in the monsoon,” Kamal said . “Everyone goes away when the monsoon comes. Only we stay.”
1. Answer the following questions briefly.
(a) Name the village in which the story is set. What is the name of the house in which the girls worked? (b) Who was the new occupant of the house? Why did the girls think he was strange? (c) Give two reasons why Lila and her sisters did not laugh at the strange behaviour of their new employer. (d) When did the girls realise that their employer really studied the birds? (e) Their employer looked embarrassed twice while dealing with the girls. When and Why?Whatdoes it tell you about him?
2. Which words in the passage mean the same as. (a) absurd : _______________________________________ (b) strangeness, peculiar : _____________________________________ (c) struck with astonishment : ___________________________________________ (d) damage : ______________________________________________________
3. Change the conversation between Lila and her sisters from Direct to Indirect Speech :- Begin from : “What is he doing?” _______________________________ till “call him to eat them, said Lila” 4. Make sentences of your own of the following words. Do not use them in the same way as Notice, whisked, mind
Answer the following questions briefly:
(a) The village in which the story is set is Thul. The name of the house in which the girls worked is Mon Repos.
(b) The new occupant of the house was a thin, elderly man with a white beard and spectacles. The girls thought he was strange because he never noticed people, was always focused on birds, and never spoke much, except when called for meals.
(c) Lila and her sisters did not laugh at the strange behavior of their new employer because:
He never gave them any trouble, complaints, or demands.
He was polite, quiet, and paid them a salary that helped them manage their household.
(d) The girls realized that their employer really studied the birds when they saw his bag and papers covered with careful pencil sketches of birds after he fell into the creek.
(e) Their employer looked embarrassed:
When he gave Bela and Kamal money for sweets after they helped dry his wet sketches.
When he paid Lila her salary at the end of the month.
These incidents tell us that he was a shy and humble person who was uncomfortable with expressing gratitude or dealing with financial matters.
Which words in the passage mean the same as:
(a) absurd: ridiculous
(b) strangeness, peculiar: oddities
(c) struck with astonishment: wonderstruck
(d) damage: retreat
Change the conversation between Lila and her sisters from Direct to Indirect Speech:
Lilaโs sisters asked what the man was doing. Lila shrugged and replied that he was there to study something. Bela then asked if he was studying the birds, and Kamal laughed at the idea, thinking it was ridiculous. Lila added that he wouldn’t notice them at all, as they only had to cook his meals and call him to eat them.
Make sentences of your own using the following words:
Notice: I didnโt notice the time and ended up being late for the meeting. Whisked: The wind whisked the papers off the table before I could grab them. Mind: Please mind your step while walking on the icy pavement.
Exercise 35.7 Read the following passage carefully and then answer the questions that follow :-
The saving of certain wild animals from extinction has for many been a problem for zoologists and other specialists; but more recently the problem has become so acute, and has received so much publicity, that most people are now concerned about it. This may at first seem strange because one of the most satisfying developments of the last few years has been the passing of strict laws to protect wild satisfying developments of the last few years has been the passing of strict laws to protect wild animals are still threatened with extinction and even some of the less rare ones rapidly declining in number? One reason is the ‘march of civilisation.’ When an area is wholly cleared of vegetation to make room for new towns, factory sites or hydroelectric plants, the natural home of several is destroyed. The displaced animals compete foe a living, the smaller the number that can hope to survive. Civilisation brings too, swift, and easy transport and so assists those who are determined to break the various protective laws. Thieves can elude the game wardens, shoot an elephant for its tusks, a rhinoceros for its horn, or a deer for its meat, and be miles away from the site of the crime before the dead or dying victim is even discovered. It is sad to reflect tat civilisation which an brings so many benefits to people who have previously known only hunger and misery, brings also facilities for the heartless criminals who, for material gain, will slaughter some harmless animals and threaten the disappearance of its kind from the earth forever.
1. Three words are given below. Give the meeting of each word as used in the passage. One – word answers or short phrases will be accepted. (i) developments (ii) consequent (iii) reflect 2. Answer the following questions briefly and in your own words. (i) “This may at first seem strange.” To what des the words ‘this’ refer? (ii) Why does the author think ‘this’ may seem strange? (iii) How does modern transport threaten the survival of wild animals? (iv) Using a single sentence foe each, given the meaning of :- (a) ‘pushing back’ the jungle (b) complete for a living (v) What can the sad reflection that the author makes in the last paragraph of the passage? (vi) how can the thieves escape being caught after killing an animal? (vii) What is the choice left before animals who are displaced from their homes? 3. Find words in the passage which mean same as : (i) reducing (ii) helps (iii) live (iv) cruel 4. give a title to this passage and state why you have chosen it.
Answers: 1. Three words are given below. Give the meaning of each word as used in the passage.
(i) Developments โ Progress or advancements (ii) Consequent โ Following as a result of something (iii) Reflect โ To think deeply or carefully about something
2. Answer the following questions briefly and in your own words.
(i) “This may at first seem strange.” To what do the words ‘this’ refer? ‘This’ refers to the fact that even though strict laws have been passed to protect wild animals, many species are still threatened with extinction.
(ii) Why does the author think ‘this’ may seem strange? The author finds it strange because despite the protective laws, animals are still in danger of extinction, which is contrary to the expectation that these laws would be sufficient to save them.
(iii) How does modern transport threaten the survival of wild animals? Modern transport makes it easier for poachers to evade the authorities, allowing them to kill animals and escape quickly before they can be caught.
(iv) Using a single sentence for each, give the meaning of: (a) ‘Pushing back’ the jungle โ Clearing forests to make space for human development. (b) Compete for a living โ Struggling to survive due to limited resources.
(v) What is the sad reflection that the author makes in the last paragraph of the passage? The author reflects sadly that while civilization brings many benefits to people, it also facilitates criminals who kill animals for profit, threatening their extinction.
(vi) How can the thieves escape being caught after killing an animal? Thieves can escape being caught because modern transport allows them to quickly flee the scene of the crime before the authorities or game wardens can arrive.
(vii) What is the choice left before animals who are displaced from their homes? Animals displaced from their homes must compete for survival, with many of them being unable to adapt and thus facing the possibility of extinction.
3. Find words in the passage which mean the same as:
(i) Reducing โ Declining (ii) Helps โ Assists (iii) Live โ Survive (iv) Cruel โ Heartless
4. Give a title to this passage and state why you have chosen it.
Title: “The Threat to Wild Animals in a Modern World” Reason: This title reflects the passage’s focus on how modern developments, such as civilization and transport, are threatening the survival of wild animals despite protective laws. Title: “The Threat to Wild Animals in a Modern World” Reason: This title reflects the passage’s focus on how modern developments, such as civilization and transport, are threatening the survival of wild animals despite protective laws.
Exercise 35.8 Read the following poem and answer the questions that follow :- One Night As I lie on my bed and look outside Through the window on my right I state and admire the beauty And calmness of the night Which seems perfectly right And it feels as if all my goals are within sight. I appreciate the speeding winds which are making the tress sway And just when I say to myself “Oh! what a day!’ The fragrance of that air mixed with traces of freshness and change Help me to bring to life all my dreams. Ans before I know, it already starts to rain And just then I say t myself Now, nothing will be the same , “It’s time for much needed change.” The first drops of water that fall on my face seem like a perfect embrace It completely rejuvenates all my sense Awakens and energises my soul After Which I am all set to face the world I celebrate all the good and bad Things that happen to me today And regret about what went astray Although regretting doesn’t make much sense. And it’s much later that I realise what is meant Even in that wrong years ago was a hidden right And maybe because of that I am Where I am tonight. Then I take one deep breath And put all my thoughts to rest And simply hope for the best.
1. Find words in the passage which mean the same as the following. (i) to value (ii) sweet smell (iii) doing something enjoyable (iv) to feel sorry for something (v) gone wrong
2. Fill in the blanks.
the poet lying in bed at night felt at __________________ and thought he could easily achieve ________________. He was just going to say that it was a _____________ it started ________________. The poet is _________ and ___________ by the rain and he feels as if _____________ by the rain. He remember the ________ and ___________ things that occurred that day and something that went _______________. Putting _____________ aside, the poet, that everything will turn out to be ________________ in the end.
3. Explain the phrases (i) perfectly right (ii) within sight (iii) set to face, in your own words 4. Do you think the title is appropriate? Give reasons for your answer.
Answers: 1. Find words in the passage which mean the same as the following:
(i) to value โ appreciate (ii) sweet smell โ fragrance (iii) doing something enjoyable โ celebrate (iv) to feel sorry for something โ regret (v) gone wrong โ astray
2. Fill in the blanks:
The poet lying in bed at night felt at peace and thought he could easily achieve his goals. He was just going to say that it was a perfect day when it started to rain. The poet is awakened and energized by the rain, and he feels as if embraced by the rain. He remembers the good and bad things that occurred that day and something that went astray. Putting regrets aside, the poet hopes that everything will turn out to be for the best in the end.
3. Explain the phrases:
(i) Perfectly right โ This phrase refers to the feeling of everything being in its proper place, where the poet feels peace and contentment. (ii) Within sight โ This means that the poet feels his goals and dreams are close and achievable, as if they are just ahead of him. (iii) Set to face โ This phrase means being fully prepared or ready to confront challenges and tackle the world with new energy and confidence.
4. Do you think the title is appropriate? Give reasons for your answer.
Yes, the title “One Night” is appropriate because the entire poem captures the poet’s reflections and feelings during a single night. The poet describes how the calm and beauty of the night, combined with the rain, bring a sense of change, rejuvenation, and a deeper understanding of life. The title encapsulates the transformative experience the poet undergoes during that particular night, making it fitting for the theme of the poem.
Letter Writing Exercises with Answers for class 8 and worksheet with Solutions from the book Elementary English Grammar for CBSE and ICSE students.
Letter Writing
Exercise 34.1
1. You are Munish living in Bangaluru. Your penfriend from New Jersey, USA is visiting India next week. He has sent you a letter asking you about places to visit in Bengaluru, where to stay and what to buy as souvenirs. Write a letter giving him all the details. 2. You are Avinash. You saw “Taare Zameen Par” and was very impressed by the movie. Write a letter o your friend asking him to watch this movie. Tell him why you liked it. 3. You are delighted by Indian cricket team winning the “Border-Gavaskar Trophy” and crushing Australia. Write a letter to your friend, who lives in Dubai, telling him the highlights of the game and what you thought of the Australian players. 4. Your brother is extremely disappointed at not being elected the school captain. Write a letter of encouragement to him and ask him to move on and try for better things in life. 5. You failed to meet your friend at the airport, and he left India without meting you. Write a letter of apology to him explaining why you couldn’t meet him. 6. Your grandfather celebrates his 90th birthday next week. Write a letter to him expressing your joy and love for him.
Answers: 1. Letter to Penfriend about Bengaluru
Munish Bengaluru 18th November 2024
Dear [Friend’s Name],
I am so excited to hear that you’ll be visiting India next week! Bengaluru is a wonderful city, and I’m sure youโll enjoy your time here. Let me give you a few suggestions on where to go, stay, and what to buy.
For places to visit, I recommend starting with Cubbon Park and Lalbagh Botanical Gardenโboth are peaceful and beautiful. You can also visit the Bangalore Palace for a glimpse of royal history and the ISKCON Temple for some spiritual peace. If you’re interested in technology, the Visvesvaraya Industrial and Technological Museum is fascinating. Donโt miss Nandi Hills for a great sunrise experience!
For accommodation, you can consider staying in MG Road or Indiranagarโboth areas have great hotels and are centrally located. The Oberoi and Taj West End are luxury options, while Treebo Hotels offer more budget-friendly choices.
As for souvenirs, Bengaluru is known for its silk and sandalwood. You can buy Mysore Silk sarees and sandalwood products from Cauvery Emporium. Handicrafts and coffee from local markets are also great keepsakes.
Looking forward to meeting you soon! Let me know if you need any more information.
Best regards, Munish
2. Letter about “Taare Zameen Par”
Avinash Delhi 18th November 2024
Dear [Friend’s Name],
I hope this letter finds you well. I recently watched a movie called “Taare Zameen Par” and was completely blown away. I just had to write to you and recommend that you watch it as soon as you can.
The movie is about a boy named Ishaan, who struggles with dyslexia but isnโt understood by his teachers or even his parents. What I loved most about the movie was how it brings out the importance of recognizing and nurturing a child’s unique talents instead of forcing them to fit into societal expectations. The emotional depth and the way Aamir Khan portrayed the teacher who helps Ishaan is simply outstanding.
It’s a film that touches your heart and makes you reflect on how we perceive education and creativity. Trust me, youโll love it as much as I did. Let me know what you think after you watch it!
Take care, Avinash
3. Letter about the Border-Gavaskar Trophy
[Your Name] Mumbai 18th November 2024
Dear [Friend’s Name],
I hope youโre doing well in Dubai! I just had to share the amazing newsโthe Indian cricket team has won the Border-Gavaskar Trophy and crushed Australia in an incredible series!
The final match was especially thrilling, with India dominating in all aspects of the game. Our bowlers, especially Jasprit Bumrah and Ravichandran Ashwin, were outstanding. They kept the Australian batsmen under pressure throughout. And the Indian batsmen? Virat Kohli and Rohit Sharma were just phenomenal! Kohliโs century in the second innings was the turning point.
I must say, I found the Australian players a bit lacking this time, especially their bowlers. They just couldnโt match our teamโs energy and skill. It was a series to remember, and I canโt wait for the next one!
Hope to hear from you soon.
Best, [Your Name]
4. Letter of Encouragement to Your Brother
[Your Name] Chennai 18th November 2024
Dear [Brother’s Name],
I just heard about you not being elected the school captain, and I know you must be feeling disappointed. But I want to remind you that setbacks are a part of life. This one instance does not define your abilities or potential.
Remember, there are bigger and better things waiting for you. You have so many talents, and I’m sure opportunities will come your way where youโll shine even brighter. Sometimes, not getting something we want opens the door to something greater.
Take this as a learning experience, and donโt be too hard on yourself. I believe in you, and I know youโll achieve amazing things. Keep your head high and keep moving forward!
With lots of love, [Your Name]
5. Letter of Apology for Missing a Meeting at the Airport
[Your Name] Hyderabad 18th November 2024
Dear [Friend’s Name],
I feel terrible that I couldnโt meet you at the airport before you left India. Please accept my sincere apologies for not being there as promised. Unfortunately, I was stuck in a situation I couldnโt avoid, and by the time I reached, you had already left.
I know how much we were both looking forward to meeting, and I regret that it didnโt happen. I hope you understand that it wasnโt intentional, and I hope to make it up to you the next time you visit.
Please let me know how your trip went, and I hope we can meet soon under better circumstances.
With my deepest apologies, [Your Name]
6. Letter to Grandfather on His 90th Birthday
[Your Name] Pune 18th November 2024
Dear Grandpa,
I hope this letter finds you in good health. I canโt express how happy I am as your 90th birthday approaches! Itโs such a special occasion, and I feel incredibly blessed to have you in my life.
You have always been my guiding light, teaching me the values of kindness, patience, and hard work. Your wisdom and stories have shaped who I am today, and Iโm so grateful for all the love youโve given me over the years.
I wish you a wonderful birthday filled with joy, laughter, and love. Iโll be there soon to celebrate this special day with you, and Iโm really looking forward to it!
With lots of love, [Your Name]
Letter Writing
Exercise 32.2
1. You are Seema Bharatiya . You wish to place an order for a copy of the book ‘It was Five Minutes Past Midnight’ written by Dominique Lappierre, with Messrs UBS Publishers and Distrubutors, Ansari Road , Delhi. Write a letter requesting them to mail you a copy by VPP. 2. You and your friends are doing a project on “How Glass is Made”. You wish to visit the glass factory which is close to your town. Write a letter to the Manager, Mr Vithal Bhai, seeking permission to allow your group to visit the factory at a date and time suitable to him. 3. You had ordered some books from Messrs Sita Prakashan. On receipt of the package you find that the books are not the same as ordered by you. Write a letter of complaint asking them to replace the books. 4. You are Prem Butalia. You and your friends are interested in going for a sightseeing trip to Goa. Write a letter to Messrs Joy Travels who conduct package tours asking them to give you details of the tour. 5. You are Saurav Gangadhar. You wish to order a pair of football shoes from a shop. Modern Sports located in Karol Bagh. Write a letter to the proprietor asking him to send you the pair of shoes. Give him details, such as size, brand, colour and the mode of dispatch. 6. Mrs Sandra Mathews has invited all her office colleagues for a New Year Eve dinner at her house. Draft a suitable invitation on her behalf. 7. Mr & Mrs Khan’s son is returning from the USA after completing his MBA from the Harvard Business College. They wish to invite their friends to dinner at Hotel Taj in honor of his return. Write the invitation on their behalf. 8. Mr % Mrs Ranade wish to acknowledge and accept the invitation given to them by Mr & Mrs Khan (Exercise 7 above). Write their informal reply. 9. You are the Vice-Head Boy of your school studying in Class XII students auditorium. Write an informal invitation for them.
Answers: 1. Letter to UBS Publishers for Ordering a Book
Seema Bharatiya Laxmi Nagar Delhi 18th November 2024
Messrs UBS Publishers and Distributors Ansari Road Delhi
Subject: Request to Order a Copy of the Book โIt was Five Minutes Past Midnightโ
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I wish to place an order for a copy of the book titled “It was Five Minutes Past Midnight” written by Dominique Lapierre. Kindly mail me a copy of the book by VPP (Value Payable Post) at the earliest.
Thank you for your attention to this request. I look forward to receiving the book soon.
Yours sincerely, Seema Bharatiya
2. Letter Seeking Permission to Visit a Glass Factory
[Your Name] [Your Address] 18th November 2024
Mr. Vithal Bhai Manager Glass Factory [Location]
Subject: Permission to Visit the Glass Factory for Project Work
Dear Mr. Vithal Bhai,
I hope you are doing well. I, along with a group of my friends, am currently working on a project titled “How Glass is Made.” We are keen to gain practical knowledge by visiting your esteemed factory, which is close to our town.
We kindly request your permission to allow our group to visit the factory at a date and time convenient for you. This visit will help us understand the process of glassmaking firsthand, and we will ensure to follow all safety protocols during our visit.
We look forward to your favorable response.
Thank you for your time and consideration.
Yours sincerely, [Your Name]
3. Letter of Complaint for Incorrect Book Order
[Your Name] [Your Address] 18th November 2024
Messrs Sita Prakashan [Address]
Subject: Complaint Regarding Incorrect Book Order
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I recently placed an order for books with your publication house. Unfortunately, upon receiving the package, I found that the books sent were not the ones I had ordered.
Kindly replace the books with the correct ones at the earliest. I would appreciate it if the replacement could be made promptly, as I require the books for an upcoming project. Please find attached the order details and list of the correct books I requested.
Thank you for your prompt attention to this matter.
Yours sincerely, [Your Name]
4. Letter to Joy Travels for Details on a Trip to Goa
Prem Butalia [Your Address] 18th November 2024
Messrs Joy Travels [Address]
Subject: Request for Details of a Package Tour to Goa
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope you are doing well. My friends and I are planning a sightseeing trip to Goa and are interested in the package tours conducted by your travel agency.
Could you kindly provide us with details of the tour packages available, including the itinerary, cost, accommodation options, and the duration of the trip? We are planning to travel in the first week of December, so we would appreciate receiving the information at your earliest convenience.
Thank you for your assistance. We look forward to hearing from you soon.
Yours sincerely, Prem Butalia
5. Letter to Modern Sports for Ordering Football Shoes
Saurav Gangadhar [Your Address] 18th November 2024
Modern Sports Karol Bagh Delhi
Subject: Order for Football Shoes
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this letter finds you well. I would like to place an order for a pair of football shoes from your shop. Below are the details of my requirement:
Brand: Nike
Size: UK 9
Color: Black with white stripes
Mode of Dispatch: Please send the shoes via courier to the address provided below.
Please confirm the availability of the shoes and the total cost, including shipping charges, so I can make the payment accordingly.
Shipping Address: Saurav Gangadhar [Your Address]
Thank you, and I look forward to receiving the shoes soon.
Yours sincerely, Saurav Gangadhar
6. Invitation for New Year’s Eve Dinner
Mrs. Sandra Mathews invites you to a New Year’s Eve Dinner
Date: 31st December 2024 Time: 7:30 PM Venue: [Mrs. Mathews’ House Address]
Letโs celebrate the start of a new year together with joy and laughter!
RSVP: [Phone Number]
7. Invitation for Dinner to Celebrate Sonโs Return
Mr. and Mrs. Khan cordially invite you to a Dinner in honor of their sonโs return from the USA after completing his MBA from Harvard Business College.
Date: 25th November 2024 Time: 7:00 PM Venue: Hotel Taj, [Location]
We look forward to celebrating this special occasion with you!
RSVP: [Phone Number]
8. Informal Reply to Invitation
Dear Mr. and Mrs. Khan,
Thank you so much for your kind invitation to the dinner in honor of your sonโs return. We are delighted to hear about his achievement and look forward to celebrating with you on the 25th at Hotel Taj.
We wish him continued success and are excited to be part of this joyous occasion.
With best regards, Mr. and Mrs. Ranade
9. Informal Invitation to Class XII Students for Auditorium Meeting
Dear Class XII Students,
You are invited to attend a meeting in the school auditorium to discuss important updates regarding the upcoming annual event.
Date: 20th November 2024 Time: 11:00 AM Venue: School Auditorium
Your participation is important as we will be finalizing crucial details for the event. Looking forward to seeing you there!
Sincerely, [Your Name] Vice-Head Boy
Application Letter
Exercise 34.3 Now read he situations and draft suitable applications for jobs :-
1. You are Anil. You have done your M. Sc. in Maths from Delhi University and have also done your B/Ed from CIE, Delhi. You have seen an advertisement of G.D. Hansarj School in the ‘Hindustan Times’, dated 12 December, 2013 asking for PGT Maths. Apply in response to the advertisement. 2. You are Sushila. You come across the following advertisement (HT, 24th Aug., 2016) : “Wanted good looking models. Male/Female for print ads for writer designer wears”. Write within five days with suitable photographs to Manager, New Designer Wears, 5-16, Lajpat Nagar IV, New Delhi. 3. You are Meena Butalia. Write an application to the Manager, MTNL Exchange, 21 Mathura Road, New Delhi for the post of a Telephone Operator. 4. You are Sushma Sareen. You have just completed your B.Com from Chennai. You come across an advertisement in a local newspaper about a Correspondence Couse offered by Vivekananda Institute of Education and Research. Write an application seeking admission to the course in Banking Laws. 5. Messrs Mehrason’s Superstores are looking for smart, graduate girls and boys who are fluent in English to serve in their stores as counter boys and girls They have announced a handsome salary. You are Preeti Raghvan. Write an application for the job. 6. You are Pawan Walia. You are working in parihar exports. You need one month’s leave as your sister’s marriage has been fixed and you to go to your hometown Meerut to make arrangements for the wedding. Write an application asking for leave. 7. You are Soina. You are working with Wari stores as their Floor Manager. You are on leave but you have fallen sick and will not be able to resume duties on the date scheduled. Write a letter to the Manager, Wari Stores, explaining your reasons for not being able to join on time. Request him to extend your leave by another 15 days. 8. You are Mimi. You have just completed your Graduation. Write an application to the Director, Young Women’s Christian Association asking them to enrol you for their next six month Travel and Tourism Course.
Answers: 1. Application for the Post of PGT Maths
Anil [Your Address] Delhi – [Pin Code] 18th November 2024
The Principal G.D. Hansarj School [School Address]
Subject: Application for the Post of PGT Maths
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to apply for the position of PGT Maths, as advertised in the Hindustan Times on 12th December 2013. I have completed my M.Sc. in Mathematics from Delhi University and hold a B.Ed. degree from the CIE, Delhi.
With my academic qualifications and teaching experience, I am confident that I possess the necessary skills to contribute effectively to your school. I am passionate about teaching Mathematics and have a deep understanding of the subject, along with the ability to communicate complex concepts in an easy-to-understand manner.
Please find my resume attached for your consideration. I am looking forward to the opportunity to discuss my qualifications in further detail.
Thank you for considering my application.
Yours sincerely, Anil
2. Application for the Post of Model
Sushila [Your Address] [Pin Code] 18th November 2024
The Manager New Designer Wears 5-16, Lajpat Nagar IV New Delhi
Subject: Application for the Post of Model
Dear Sir/Madam,
I came across your advertisement in the Hindustan Times, dated 24th August 2016, seeking good-looking male and female models for print advertisements for designer wear. I am very interested in applying for this position.
I have attached my photographs and personal details with this application. I believe my appearance and confidence would make me a suitable candidate for the role. I am eager to discuss how I can contribute to your upcoming projects.
I look forward to your positive response.
Yours sincerely, Sushila
3. Application for the Post of Telephone Operator
Meena Butalia [Your Address] [Pin Code] 18th November 2024
The Manager MTNL Exchange 21 Mathura Road New Delhi
Subject: Application for the Post of Telephone Operator
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to apply for the position of Telephone Operator at your MTNL Exchange, as advertised. I believe that my skills and qualifications make me a suitable candidate for this role.
I have completed my education and am proficient in handling calls, maintaining records, and providing excellent customer service. I have a good command over communication skills and am quick to learn any software or procedures that are required.
Kindly find my resume attached for your review. I would appreciate the opportunity to meet and discuss my application further.
Thank you for your time and consideration.
Yours sincerely, Meena Butalia
4. Application for Admission to the Correspondence Course in Banking Laws
Sushma Sareen [Your Address] Chennai 18th November 2024
The Director Vivekananda Institute of Education and Research [Institute Address]
Subject: Application for Admission to the Correspondence Course in Banking Laws
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to express my interest in enrolling for the Correspondence Course in Banking Laws offered by your institute. I have recently completed my B.Com from Chennai and wish to expand my knowledge in the field of banking and law.
I believe that this course will help me build a strong foundation for my career. Kindly provide me with the necessary information regarding the course structure, admission process, and fees.
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Yours sincerely, Sushma Sareen
5. Application for the Job of Counter Boy/Girl
Preeti Raghvan [Your Address] [Pin Code] 18th November 2024
The Manager Mehrason’s Superstores [Store Address]
Subject: Application for the Job of Counter Boy/Girl
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to apply for the position of Counter Boy/Girl at your esteemed store. I am a graduate and fluent in English, as required in your advertisement. I believe my communication skills and customer service experience would make me a great fit for this position.
I am keen to work with your team and contribute to providing excellent customer service at your store. Please find my resume attached for your review.
I look forward to the opportunity to discuss my qualifications further.
Yours sincerely, Preeti Raghvan
6. Application for One-Month Leave
Pawan Walia Parihar Exports [Company Address] 18th November 2024
The Manager Parihar Exports [Company Address]
Subject: Request for One-Month Leave
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to request one month’s leave from work as my sister’s wedding has been scheduled, and I need to travel to my hometown, Meerut, to make necessary arrangements for the event.
I kindly request you to grant me leave from 1st December to 31st December 2024. I assure you that I will complete all my pending tasks before my leave and ensure a smooth handover.
Thank you for your understanding and support.
Yours sincerely, Pawan Walia
7. Application for Extension of Leave
Soina Floor Manager Wari Stores [Store Address] 18th November 2024
The Manager Wari Stores [Store Address]
Subject: Request for Extension of Leave
Dear Sir,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am currently on leave due to illness and, unfortunately, I am not yet fully recovered. I will not be able to resume my duties on the scheduled date.
I kindly request you to extend my leave by an additional 15 days until 5th December 2024. I sincerely apologize for any inconvenience caused and assure you that I will be back to work once I have fully recovered.
Thank you for your understanding and support.
Yours sincerely, Soina
8. Application for Enrollment in Travel and Tourism Course
Mimi [Your Address] [Pin Code] 18th November 2024
The Director Young Women’s Christian Association [Address]
Subject: Application for Enrollment in Travel and Tourism Course
Dear Sir/Madam,
I have recently completed my Graduation and am eager to pursue a career in the travel and tourism industry. I came across the six-month Travel and Tourism Course offered by your organization and would like to apply for admission.
I am confident that this course will provide me with the skills and knowledge needed to succeed in this field. Please provide me with the necessary information regarding the admission process and course details.
Thank you for your time and consideration.
Yours sincerely, Mimi
Letters to Editor
Exercise 34.4 Write the following letters to the Editor of a national newspaper :- 1. You are Varun. You are quite concerned about the bad conditions of roads in your locality. You have been writing to the local authorities about it but no action has been taken so far. Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper highlighting the plight of the residents due to the bad conditions of the roads and the callous attitude of the local authorities. 2. You are Sabina. Every time you stop at the red light crossing, you find a number of beggars who swarm around the cars begging for alms. You have also noticed that recently the number of child beggars is increasing. Write a letter to the Editor, Times of India, stating your opinion. Suggest that it is high time that citizens learn to do things on their own rather than sit and criticize the Government. 3. The disaster at Badrinath and kedarnath has shocked the nation with stories still pouring in about the missing and the dead You are Abhinav/Asha. You are concerned as a student, and want to help in some way. Write a letter to the Editor, Times of India, stating your opinion. Suggest that it is high time that citizens learn to do things on their own rather than sit and criticise the Government. 4. Most holy places in our country are very vulnerable places for pickpokets or kidnappers to play their dirty tricks on unsuspecting pilgrims . You are saddened to see this deplorable side of human character. Write a letter to the Editor of a National Daily stating your views. 5. Recently, you were travelling in a bus in which a number of college boys and girls were travllings too. You noticed that some bullies did not buy any ticket. Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper highlighting this giving some effective solutions for the problem. 6. The TV and the Computer have been blamed for reduced book reading habits among children. You feel that there are still better ways in which parents and teachers can promote reading habits amongst children. 7. You live in a small town which does not have even a public park. Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper highlighting the need of a park.
Answers: 1. Application for the Post of PGT Maths
Anil [Your Address] Delhi – [Pin Code] 18th November 2024
The Principal G.D. Hansarj School [School Address]
Subject: Application for the Post of PGT Maths
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to apply for the position of PGT Maths, as advertised in the Hindustan Times on 12th December 2013. I have completed my M.Sc. in Mathematics from Delhi University and hold a B.Ed. degree from the CIE, Delhi.
With my academic qualifications and teaching experience, I am confident that I possess the necessary skills to contribute effectively to your school. I am passionate about teaching Mathematics and have a deep understanding of the subject, along with the ability to communicate complex concepts in an easy-to-understand manner.
Please find my resume attached for your consideration. I am looking forward to the opportunity to discuss my qualifications in further detail.
Thank you for considering my application.
Yours sincerely, Anil
2. Application for the Post of Model
Sushila [Your Address] [Pin Code] 18th November 2024
The Manager New Designer Wears 5-16, Lajpat Nagar IV New Delhi
Subject: Application for the Post of Model
Dear Sir/Madam,
I came across your advertisement in the Hindustan Times, dated 24th August 2016, seeking good-looking male and female models for print advertisements for designer wear. I am very interested in applying for this position.
I have attached my photographs and personal details with this application. I believe my appearance and confidence would make me a suitable candidate for the role. I am eager to discuss how I can contribute to your upcoming projects.
I look forward to your positive response.
Yours sincerely, Sushila
3. Application for the Post of Telephone Operator
Meena Butalia [Your Address] [Pin Code] 18th November 2024
The Manager MTNL Exchange 21 Mathura Road New Delhi
Subject: Application for the Post of Telephone Operator
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to apply for the position of Telephone Operator at your MTNL Exchange, as advertised. I believe that my skills and qualifications make me a suitable candidate for this role.
I have completed my education and am proficient in handling calls, maintaining records, and providing excellent customer service. I have a good command over communication skills and am quick to learn any software or procedures that are required.
Kindly find my resume attached for your review. I would appreciate the opportunity to meet and discuss my application further.
Thank you for your time and consideration.
Yours sincerely, Meena Butalia
4. Application for Admission to the Correspondence Course in Banking Laws
Sushma Sareen [Your Address] Chennai 18th November 2024
The Director Vivekananda Institute of Education and Research [Institute Address]
Subject: Application for Admission to the Correspondence Course in Banking Laws
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to express my interest in enrolling for the Correspondence Course in Banking Laws offered by your institute. I have recently completed my B.Com from Chennai and wish to expand my knowledge in the field of banking and law.
I believe that this course will help me build a strong foundation for my career. Kindly provide me with the necessary information regarding the course structure, admission process, and fees.
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Yours sincerely, Sushma Sareen
5. Application for the Job of Counter Boy/Girl
Preeti Raghvan [Your Address] [Pin Code] 18th November 2024
The Manager Mehrason’s Superstores [Store Address]
Subject: Application for the Job of Counter Boy/Girl
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to apply for the position of Counter Boy/Girl at your esteemed store. I am a graduate and fluent in English, as required in your advertisement. I believe my communication skills and customer service experience would make me a great fit for this position.
I am keen to work with your team and contribute to providing excellent customer service at your store. Please find my resume attached for your review.
I look forward to the opportunity to discuss my qualifications further.
Yours sincerely, Preeti Raghvan
6. Application for One-Month Leave
Pawan Walia Parihar Exports [Company Address] 18th November 2024
The Manager Parihar Exports [Company Address]
Subject: Request for One-Month Leave
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to request one month’s leave from work as my sister’s wedding has been scheduled, and I need to travel to my hometown, Meerut, to make necessary arrangements for the event.
I kindly request you to grant me leave from 1st December to 31st December 2024. I assure you that I will complete all my pending tasks before my leave and ensure a smooth handover.
Thank you for your understanding and support.
Yours sincerely, Pawan Walia
7. Application for Extension of Leave
Soina Floor Manager Wari Stores [Store Address] 18th November 2024
The Manager Wari Stores [Store Address]
Subject: Request for Extension of Leave
Dear Sir,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am currently on leave due to illness and, unfortunately, I am not yet fully recovered. I will not be able to resume my duties on the scheduled date.
I kindly request you to extend my leave by an additional 15 days until 5th December 2024. I sincerely apologize for any inconvenience caused and assure you that I will be back to work once I have fully recovered.
Thank you for your understanding and support.
Yours sincerely, Soina
8. Application for Enrollment in Travel and Tourism Course
Mimi [Your Address] [Pin Code] 18th November 2024
The Director Young Women’s Christian Association [Address]
Subject: Application for Enrollment in Travel and Tourism Course
Dear Sir/Madam,
I have recently completed my Graduation and am eager to pursue a career in the travel and tourism industry. I came across the six-month Travel and Tourism Course offered by your organization and would like to apply for admission.
I am confident that this course will provide me with the skills and knowledge needed to succeed in this field. Please provide me with the necessary information regarding the admission process and course details.
Thank you for your time and consideration.
Yours sincerely, Mimi
4o mini
You said:
Exercise 34.4 Write the following letters to the Editor of a national newspaper :-
1. You are Varun. You are quite concerned about the bad conditions of roads in your locality. You have been writing to the local authorities about it but no action has been taken so far. Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper highlighting the plight of the residents due to the bad conditions of the roads and the callous attitude of the local authorities.
2. You are Sabina. Every time you stop at the red light crossing, you find a number of beggars who swarm around the cars begging for alms. You have also noticed that recently the number of child beggars is increasing. Write a letter to the Editor, Times of India, stating your opinion. Suggest that it is high time that citizens learn to do things on their own rather than sit and criticize the Government.
3. The disaster at Badrinath and kedarnath has shocked the nation with stories still pouring in about the missing and the dead You are Abhinav/Asha. You are concerned as a student, and want to help in some way. Write a letter to the Editor, Times of India, stating your opinion. Suggest that it is high time that citizens learn to do things on their own rather than sit and criticise the Government.
4. Most holy places in our country are very vulnerable places for pickpokets or kidnappers to play their dirty tricks on unsuspecting pilgrims . You are saddened to see this deplorable side of human character. Write a letter to the Editor of a National Daily stating your views.
5. Recently, you were travelling in a bus in which a number of college boys and girls were travllings too. You noticed that some bullies did not buy any ticket. Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper highlighting this giving some effective solutions for the problem. 6. The TV and the Computer have been blamed for reduced book reading habits among children. You feel that there are still better ways in which parents and teachers can promote reading habits amongst children. 7. You live in a small town which does not have even a public park. Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper highlighting the need of a park.
1. Letter about Bad Conditions of Roads
Varun [Your Address] 18th November 2024
The Editor [Newspaper Name] [Newspaper Address]
Subject: Poor Condition of Roads in Our Locality
Dear Sir/Madam,
I would like to bring to your attention the deplorable condition of the roads in our locality. Despite multiple complaints lodged with the local authorities, no action has been taken so far to address the issue. The roads are full of potholes, making it extremely dangerous for pedestrians and vehicles alike. This has not only led to several accidents but also makes commuting a daily struggle for the residents.
The authorities’ callous attitude is deeply concerning, and we are left with no option but to highlight this issue through your esteemed newspaper. I request you to publish this letter so that the concerned authorities may take swift action and relieve the residents of this daily hardship.
Yours sincerely, Varun
2. Letter about Increasing Child Beggars
Sabina [Your Address] 18th November 2024
The Editor Times of India [Address]
Subject: Rising Number of Child Beggars at Traffic Signals
Dear Sir/Madam,
Every time I stop at a red light crossing, I am swarmed by a number of beggars seeking alms, many of whom are children. It is heartbreaking to see these young ones deprived of education and a decent life. Instead of addressing the root cause of this issue, we, as citizens, often just criticize the Government without taking any meaningful steps to help.
I believe it is high time we, as a society, take responsibility and work towards rehabilitation programs for these children. Public awareness campaigns, stricter enforcement of child protection laws, and encouraging education could go a long way in reducing this issue.
I hope your esteemed newspaper can help highlight this growing concern and push for actionable solutions.
Yours sincerely, Sabina
3. Letter about the Disaster in Badrinath and Kedarnath
Abhinav/Asha [Your Address] 18th November 2024
The Editor Times of India [Address]
Subject: Concerns Over the Badrinath-Kedarnath Disaster
Dear Sir/Madam,
The recent disaster at Badrinath and Kedarnath has shocked the entire nation, with stories of missing and deceased individuals still surfacing. As a student, I feel deeply concerned about the situation and wish to contribute in some meaningful way.
Rather than merely criticizing the Government’s efforts, I believe it is time for citizens to step up and contribute to the rehabilitation and recovery process. Volunteering with NGOs, donating to relief funds, and raising awareness about disaster preparedness can help prevent such large-scale devastation in the future.
I request your esteemed newspaper to highlight this issue and encourage citizens to play an active role in rebuilding the affected regions.
Yours sincerely, Abhinav/Asha
4. Letter about Safety at Holy Places
[Your Name] [Your Address] 18th November 2024
The Editor [Newspaper Name] [Newspaper Address]
Subject: Safety Concerns at Holy Places
Dear Sir/Madam,
It is disheartening to observe that holy places in our country have become vulnerable spots for pickpockets and kidnappers. Unsuspecting pilgrims fall victim to these criminals, which not only mars their spiritual experience but also reflects the deplorable state of humanity in such places.
It is important that security measures be enhanced at these locations, including the installation of surveillance cameras, increased police patrolling, and educating pilgrims about safeguarding their belongings. I hope your esteemed publication can bring attention to this issue and urge authorities to take the necessary steps.
Yours sincerely, [Your Name]
5. Letter about College Students Not Buying Bus Tickets
[Your Name] [Your Address] 18th November 2024
The Editor [Newspaper Name] [Newspaper Address]
Subject: College Students Evading Bus Tickets
Dear Sir/Madam,
I recently traveled by bus and noticed that several college students traveling in the same bus deliberately evaded buying tickets. This behavior not only reflects dishonesty but also deprives the transportation system of revenue.
I believe stricter checks should be implemented on buses, and conductors should be empowered to impose penalties on defaulters. Moreover, awareness should be raised among students about their responsibility as citizens to follow rules. I hope your esteemed newspaper can highlight this issue and encourage responsible behavior among the youth.
Yours sincerely, [Your Name]
6. Letter about Promoting Reading Habits Among Children
[Your Name] [Your Address] 18th November 2024
The Editor [Newspaper Name] [Newspaper Address]
Subject: Promoting Reading Habits Among Children
Dear Sir/Madam,
It is widely believed that the growing popularity of television and computers has led to a decline in reading habits among children. While these technologies are often blamed, I believe there are still better ways for parents and teachers to promote reading.
Organizing reading sessions, introducing engaging books, and encouraging visits to libraries can go a long way in fostering a love for reading. Schools and communities should also promote book clubs and reading challenges to make the habit more appealing to children.
I hope your esteemed newspaper can shed light on this issue and offer constructive suggestions for promoting reading habits among young minds.
Yours sincerely, [Your Name]
7. Letter about the Need for a Public Park
[Your Name] [Your Address] 18th November 2024
The Editor [Newspaper Name] [Newspaper Address]
Subject: Need for a Public Park in Our Town
Dear Sir/Madam,
I live in a small town that, unfortunately, does not have a single public park. The lack of such a recreational space is greatly felt by the residents, especially children and the elderly, who have no proper area to relax, exercise, or spend time outdoors.
A public park would not only improve the quality of life in our town but also encourage a healthy and active lifestyle. I request you to publish this letter to bring this concern to the attention of the local authorities, hoping they will take the necessary steps to address this need.
Yours sincerely, [Your Name]
Exercise 34.5 Attempt the following letters :- 1. You are Krishna, living in Ajmer. You have recently seen a movie (film). Write a letter to your brother describing how you enjoyed the movie. You may touch upon the following points :- (i) When did you see the movie? (ii) Who else accompanied you? (iii) What was the theme of the movie? (iv) How did you enjoy yourself at the movie? (v) What did you learn from it? 2. You are Shiva. Your school is organising an eductional tour. Write a letter to your father requesting him to allow you go to on the tour and to send you money. You may touch upon the following points :- (i) The dates of the tour (ii) The places to be visited (iii) Your interest (iv) The amount of money needed (v) Request and thanks 3. Write a letter to your younger brother, advising him to read newspaper. Tell him why newspaper are necessary for education; how they bring not only news but opinions on social, economic and political subjects also. 4. Write a letter to the Headmaster of your school asking for leave due to illness. 5. Write a letter to the Health Officer district requesting him to take immediate steps against the spread of cholera in your village. 6. Write a letter to the Superintendent of Police complaining about the behaviour of a policeman on patrol duty. 7. Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper complaining of the frequent break-down of electricity in your locality. 8. Write a letter to the manager of a local mill seeking his permission to visit the mill. Give the number of students and the date on which you propose to visit.
Answers: 1. Letter to Brother Describing a Movie Experience
Krishna Ajmer 18th November 2024
Dear Brother,
I hope you are doing well. Last weekend, I had a wonderful time as I went to watch a movie, which I have been eagerly waiting for. I saw it on Saturday evening with my friends. We were so excited that we booked the tickets well in advance.
The movie was based on an inspiring theme of friendship and perseverance. It showed how friends stick together through thick and thin, facing various challenges, and ultimately achieving their dreams. The message of the film was powerful and emotional, and it left a deep impact on me.
I thoroughly enjoyed myself at the theater โ the storyline, the acting, and the music were all top-notch. What I loved most was how the movie emphasized the importance of teamwork and loyalty. It taught me that success comes when you work together and never give up, no matter how difficult the journey may be.
I wish you had been there with me. I am sure you would have loved it too!
Take care and write back soon.
Yours lovingly, Krishna
2. Letter to Father Requesting Permission to Go on an Educational Tour
Shiva [Your Address] 18th November 2024
Dear Father,
I hope you are well. I am writing to ask for your permission to go on an educational tour that my school is organizing next month. The tour is scheduled from 5th to 10th December, and we will be visiting some important historical and educational places like Jaipur, Agra, and Delhi.
I have always been interested in visiting these places, especially the Taj Mahal and the Red Fort, as we studied them in history class. This tour will be a great learning experience for me, and I am excited to participate.
The total cost of the tour is โน5,000, which covers transportation, accommodation, and food. I kindly request you to send me the amount so that I can confirm my participation. I promise to make the most out of this trip and take lots of notes and pictures to share with you.
Thank you for considering my request. I look forward to your response.
Yours affectionately, Shiva
3. Letter to Younger Brother Advising Him to Read Newspapers
[Your Name] [Your Address] 18th November 2024
Dear [Brother’s Name],
I hope you’re doing well. I wanted to talk to you about something important โ the habit of reading newspapers. I know you are busy with your studies, but reading the newspaper daily is crucial for your overall development.
Newspapers are not just a source of news; they provide opinions and perspectives on social, economic, and political issues. They help you understand current affairs, and they also improve your language and general knowledge, which are important for competitive exams.
By reading the editorial sections, you can get a deeper understanding of important topics and stay informed about what’s happening around the world. This habit will greatly benefit you in the long run, especially when you sit for exams and interviews.
So, make it a point to start reading at least one newspaper daily. Trust me, it will enhance your knowledge and broaden your outlook.
Take care, [Your Name]
4. Letter to Headmaster Requesting Leave Due to Illness
[Your Name] [Your Address] 18th November 2024
The Headmaster [School Name] [School Address]
Subject: Leave Application Due to Illness
Respected Sir,
I am writing to inform you that I am suffering from a severe case of viral fever and am unable to attend school for the next few days. The doctor has advised me to take rest for a full recovery.
I request you to kindly grant me leave for three days, from 18th to 20th November. I will ensure that I make up for the missed lessons once I am back.
Thank you for your understanding.
Yours obediently, [Your Name] Class [Your Class]
5. Letter to Health Officer Requesting Action Against Cholera Spread
[Your Name] [Your Address] 18th November 2024
The Health Officer [District Name] [Health Department Address]
Subject: Request for Immediate Action Against Spread of Cholera
Respected Sir,
I am writing to bring to your notice the alarming spread of cholera in our village. Several residents have already been affected, and the situation is getting worse. The lack of clean drinking water and poor sanitation facilities are contributing to the outbreak.
I kindly request you to take immediate steps to control the situation. We urgently need medical teams, clean water supplies, and proper sanitation measures to prevent the disease from spreading further. Your prompt action will save many lives.
Thank you for your attention to this serious matter.
Yours sincerely, [Your Name]
6. Letter to Superintendent of Police Complaining About a Policeman’s Behavior
[Your Name] [Your Address] 18th November 2024
The Superintendent of Police [Police Station Name] [Address]
Subject: Complaint Regarding Policeman’s Behavior
Respected Sir,
I am writing to bring to your attention an unfortunate incident involving a policeman on patrol duty in our area. On the night of 15th November, I had an encounter with the said officer, who behaved rudely and unprofessionally when I approached him with a simple query regarding security in the locality.
Such behavior from a public servant is unacceptable, and it tarnishes the image of the police force. I request you to kindly look into this matter and take appropriate action to ensure that public servants treat citizens with respect and fulfill their duties properly.
Thank you for your attention to this issue.
Yours faithfully, [Your Name]
7. Letter to Editor Complaining About Frequent Electricity Breakdowns
[Your Name] [Your Address] 18th November 2024
The Editor [Newspaper Name] [Newspaper Address]
Subject: Frequent Breakdown of Electricity in Our Locality
Dear Sir/Madam,
I would like to draw your attention to the frequent breakdown of electricity in our locality, which has become a constant source of inconvenience for the residents. Power cuts last for hours, and the situation worsens during peak evening hours when students need electricity for studies, and families need it for daily chores.
Despite repeated complaints to the electricity board, the situation remains unresolved. I hope that through your esteemed newspaper, the concerned authorities will be compelled to take immediate action and resolve the problem.
Yours sincerely, [Your Name]
8. Letter to the Manager of a Local Mill Seeking Permission for a Visit
[Your Name] [Your Address] 18th November 2024
The Manager [Mill Name] [Mill Address]
Subject: Request for Permission to Visit the Mill
Respected Sir,
I am writing on behalf of a group of students from [Your School/College Name]. We are keen on visiting your mill as part of an educational tour to understand the production processes and operational management of your facility.
We are a group of 25 students, and we would like to visit the mill on [Proposed Date]. Kindly grant us permission for the visit at a time convenient to you.
Thank you for your cooperation. We look forward to your positive response.
Essays and Articles Exercises with Answers for class 8 and worksheet with solution from the book Elementary school Grammar for CBSE and ICSE students.
Exercise 33.2 1. Describe any match (hockey, football, cricket, table tennis) you have witnessed in your school. 2. You witnessed an accident near your house. Describe how it happened and who was hurt. Did anyone help the injured people? Did the police help? Who took the injured to the hospital? What did you do and how did you do and how did you help? 3. Narrate an incident which happened during a train journey and which was very humorous. 4. Which season do you like and why? 5. I hate watching Sas-bahu soaps on the T.V. 6. A weekly market. 7. The colony I live in 8. My first journey in a plane. 9. Oh! What a horrible experience! 10. The country you would like to visit.
Answers: 1. A Match I Witnessed in School (Cricket) Last week, our school hosted an inter-house cricket match, and the excitement was palpable. The match was between the Red House and the Blue House. The Red House batted first, setting a target of 150 runs. The Blue House started off strong, but by the middle of the innings, they lost a few key players. In the last over, they needed 10 runs to win, and the tension was high. The crowd cheered as the batsman hit a six on the second-last ball. With one ball left, the Blue House won with a single, and the students erupted in celebration. It was an exhilarating experience.
2. An Accident I Witnessed One evening, while I was standing outside my house, I saw a bike skid on the wet road, and the rider fell hard onto the pavement. A car coming from behind stopped just in time, avoiding a serious collision. The rider was injured and bleeding. A few people gathered around to help, while I immediately called an ambulance. The police arrived shortly after, ensuring traffic control, and the injured person was taken to the hospital in the ambulance. It was heartwarming to see how everyone cooperated in helping, and it made me realize the importance of acting quickly in such situations.
3. A Humorous Incident During a Train Journey During a family train journey last summer, we encountered a humorous incident. A fellow passenger had placed his slippers outside his seat to relax. As the train halted at a station, a monkey suddenly jumped onto the platform, snatched one of the slippers, and ran off! The entire coach burst into laughter as the man tried to chase the monkey, but it was too quick. The man returned with a sheepish smile, saying, โWell, at least it didnโt take both!โ It was a funny, unexpected moment that made our journey memorable.
4. My Favorite Season I love the winter season. The crisp, cold air, cozy blankets, and the warmth of bonfires make it my favorite time of year. I enjoy sipping hot cocoa while sitting by the window, watching the world outside covered in mist. Winter also brings with it the joy of holidays, festivals, and family gatherings. The chill in the air makes outdoor activities more fun, whether itโs playing sports or just going for a walk in the park. Everything feels calm and serene during winter, and that’s why I look forward to it every year.
5. I Hate Watching Sas-Bahu Soaps on TV I truly dislike watching Sas-Bahu soaps on TV. The repetitive plots, overdramatic scenes, and never-ending conflicts between characters make them unbearable for me. These shows often promote unrealistic family dynamics and stereotypes that I find unrelatable. Instead of such shallow content, I prefer watching documentaries, movies, or series that offer meaningful entertainment or teach something new. For me, time spent watching Sas-Bahu dramas feels like time wasted.
6. A Weekly Market The weekly market near my house is always bustling with life. From fresh vegetables to vibrant clothes, you can find almost anything here. The air is filled with the chatter of vendors calling out their prices and the aroma of street food cooking at various stalls. I love wandering through the narrow lanes, bargaining for small items and exploring the variety of goods. The market brings the community together, and every visit feels like a mini adventure with something new to discover.
7. The Colony I Live In I live in a quiet, peaceful colony surrounded by greenery. The streets are lined with trees, providing shade and a pleasant environment. Our colony has a small park where children play and elders take morning walks. The people here are friendly, and we often gather for small celebrations during festivals. The colony also has basic amenities like a grocery store, pharmacy, and a community hall where we hold meetings. Itโs a perfect place for families, and I feel safe and happy living here.
8. My First Journey in a Plane My first plane journey was nothing short of exciting. As the plane took off, my heart raced with excitement. The view from the window was breathtaking โ the buildings became tiny, and soon we were flying above the clouds. The flight attendants served refreshments, and I enjoyed the whole experience of flying for the first time. Landing was another thrilling moment, and when we touched down safely, I felt a mix of relief and joy. It was an unforgettable experience that made me look forward to future travels.
9. Oh! What a Horrible Experience! Iโll never forget the day when a severe storm hit while we were out camping. The winds were so strong that our tent collapsed, and the rain poured in torrents. We were drenched, shivering, and had to hold onto the trees to avoid being blown away. We quickly packed our things and hurried back to the campsiteโs shelter, but the storm continued for hours. It was a terrifying experience, and Iโve never felt so helpless in the face of nature’s fury. I learned a lesson that day โ always check the weather forecast before planning outdoor activities!
10. The Country I Would Like to Visit The country I would love to visit is Japan. Its unique blend of modern technology and traditional culture fascinates me. From the bustling streets of Tokyo to the serene temples of Kyoto, Japan has a lot to offer. Iโm particularly interested in experiencing the cherry blossom season, visiting historical landmarks, and trying authentic Japanese cuisine. Japanโs efficient transport system, clean cities, and polite people make it an attractive destination for a dream vacation.
For or against
Exercise 33.3 Write either for or against the following topics. 1. Television is a hazard to children’s health and growth. 2. India is a better country to live than any other country in the world. 3. Is it better to live in a colony or an independent house? 4. Cinema entertains and educates. 5. Admission in school be compulsory for all. 6. Girls should not be allowed to take up jobs in the army.
Answers: 1. Television is a hazard to children’s health and growth (For) Television, when watched excessively, can indeed be a hazard to childrenโs health and growth. Long hours in front of the screen can lead to a sedentary lifestyle, contributing to obesity and other health problems. The constant exposure to fast-paced, often violent, content can negatively impact a child’s mental and emotional development. Furthermore, it reduces the time children spend playing outdoors, socializing, or engaging in creative activities that are essential for their overall growth. Excessive TV viewing can also affect sleep patterns, causing fatigue and attention problems in school.
2. India is a better country to live than any other country in the world (For) India is a wonderful country to live in, offering diversity, culture, and opportunities. With its rich history, vibrant traditions, and multiple languages, it provides a unique living experience. The cost of living in India is relatively low compared to many developed countries, and despite challenges, India is making rapid progress in fields like technology, education, and infrastructure. Moreover, the sense of community and family values in India makes it a warm and welcoming place to live. For those who value cultural heritage and unity in diversity, India offers an unmatched lifestyle.
3. Is it better to live in a colony or an independent house? (For Living in a Colony) Living in a colony has many advantages over an independent house. Colonies provide a sense of community, where neighbors often come together to celebrate festivals, organize events, and help each other in times of need. They also tend to have shared amenities such as parks, security, and maintenance services, which make daily living more convenient and secure. Children in colonies can make friends easily and have safe spaces to play. Moreover, colonies often have a closer-knit environment, which fosters social connections and collective support.
4. Cinema entertains and educates (For) Cinema serves a dual purpose by entertaining and educating audiences. While films offer a break from daily life through entertainment, they can also address important social issues and spread awareness. Documentaries, biopics, and historical films can be highly educational, providing insights into different cultures, histories, and human experiences. Even in fictional movies, there are often life lessons, values, and moral takeaways. By blending entertainment with informative content, cinema becomes a powerful medium that can influence people’s thoughts and promote learning in an engaging way.
5. Admission in school should be compulsory for all (For) Compulsory school admission is essential to ensure that every child receives a basic education, which is a fundamental right. Education opens doors to opportunities and is a powerful tool in breaking the cycle of poverty. When children attend school, they develop not only academically but also socially, emotionally, and ethically. By making school admission mandatory, governments can ensure that no child is left behind, and the country can progress as a whole. Moreover, an educated population is crucial for the development of any nation.
6. Girls should not be allowed to take up jobs in the army (Against) There is no valid reason to prevent girls from joining the army. In modern times, women have proven their capabilities in all fields, including the military. Many countries have female soldiers who perform their duties with the same level of professionalism and courage as their male counterparts. Gender should not determine oneโs ability to serve in the army; rather, it should be based on skill, determination, and physical fitness. Denying women the opportunity to serve in the military is a step backward and reinforces outdated gender stereotypes. Women deserve equal opportunities in all fields, including the armed forces.
Essays
Exercise 33.4 Write the following essays :-
1. If I were an astronaut on Mars! 2. If I could be Mahindra Singh Dhoni for a day 3. If I were as good a singer as Lata Mangeshkar 4. If I were crowned “Miss Universe” 5. A day in your life as an actor 6. If I could be a submarine and find out the secrets of the sea 7. If I were a toy maker 8. If there were no serials on T.V. !
Answers: 1. If I Were an Astronaut on Mars! If I were an astronaut on Mars, it would be a dream come true. As I land on the red planet and step out of the spacecraft, I would marvel at the alien landscape, with its rusty sand dunes and towering volcanoes. My mission would be to explore this uncharted territory, conducting experiments and searching for signs of life. Living in a space station, I would adjust to Mars’ weaker gravity and the challenges of surviving in such an extreme environment. Every day would bring new discoveriesโanalyzing soil samples, studying the Martian atmosphere, and transmitting valuable data back to Earth. I would be proud to contribute to humanity’s quest for knowledge and the possibility of future colonization of Mars. It would be an exciting adventure filled with wonder and awe, a true step into the future of space exploration.
2. If I Could Be Mahendra Singh Dhoni for a Day If I could be Mahendra Singh Dhoni for a day, I would relish the opportunity to experience what it feels like to be one of the greatest cricketers in the world. Leading the Indian cricket team, I would make important decisions on the field with calmness and precision, just as Dhoni does. I would step into the stadium amidst roaring fans, don the wicket-keeping gloves, and strategize to outsmart the opposing team. Off the field, I would inspire young cricketers with my story, teaching them the value of hard work, humility, and perseverance. Dhoniโs leadership and ability to stay cool under pressure are qualities I would embrace and carry with me for life. It would be a thrilling day, experiencing the glory, challenges, and responsibilities of being one of Indiaโs most loved sports icons.
3. If I Were as Good a Singer as Lata Mangeshkar! If I were as good a singer as Lata Mangeshkar, I would feel blessed to have such an extraordinary gift. With a voice that transcends boundaries, I would sing songs that touch peopleโs hearts and bring them joy. Just like her, I would aim to create a legacy of timeless music that inspires generations. My concerts would be filled with fans who admire the purity of my voice and the emotions I convey through my songs. I would lend my voice to films, sing devotional songs, and even perform in global arenas. Being able to sing like Lata Mangeshkar would also be a responsibility to use music to spread love, hope, and unity across the world. It would be an honor to uphold the tradition of Indian classical music while embracing modern tunes, much like the legendary Lata Ji.
4. If I Were Crowned “Miss Universe” If I were crowned “Miss Universe,” it would be a life-changing moment filled with pride and responsibility. As I wear the sparkling crown, I would realize the enormous platform I have been given to make a positive impact. My first mission would be to advocate for important global issues such as education, womenโs empowerment, and environmental conservation. I would travel the world, meeting influential leaders and inspiring young women to pursue their dreams and fight for equality. Being Miss Universe is not just about beauty; itโs about intelligence, compassion, and making a difference. I would strive to live up to these ideals, using my voice to raise awareness about causes close to my heart and spreading a message of peace and unity. It would be a thrilling and rewarding year filled with purpose and fulfillment.
5. A Day in Your Life as an Actor If I were an actor, a typical day in my life would be full of excitement and creativity. I would start the day on set, getting into character for a new movie or TV show. Working closely with directors, co-stars, and a talented crew, I would rehearse my lines, perfecting every emotion and expression. Being an actor requires intense focus and dedication, and I would immerse myself in my role, whether itโs a romantic hero or a complex villain. After a long day of filming, I might attend a red-carpet event or a press conference, where I would interact with fans and the media. The glamour of being an actor is balanced by the hard work behind the scenes, but the satisfaction of bringing stories to life and entertaining millions would make it all worth it.
6. If I Could Be a Submarine and Find Out the Secrets of the Sea If I could be a submarine, I would dive deep into the mysterious world of the ocean, uncovering secrets hidden beneath the waves. Gliding through the dark, unexplored depths, I would encounter fascinating creatures like bioluminescent fish, giant squids, and ancient shipwrecks. My journey would take me to the ocean floor, where I would discover ecosystems that humans have never seen before. As a submarine, I could help scientists study marine life, underwater volcanoes, and the effects of climate change on coral reefs. Exploring the ocean would be like traveling to another world, full of wonder and endless discoveries. The ocean holds so many mysteries, and I would be at the forefront of uncovering its hidden treasures.
7. If I Were a Toy Maker If I were a toy maker, I would create toys that bring joy, creativity, and learning to children. Each day, I would design and craft toys that spark imaginationโcolorful building blocks, dolls with unique personalities, or remote-controlled cars that zoom through living rooms. I would focus on making toys that are not only fun but also educational, helping children develop skills while they play. My toy workshop would be a place of endless creativity, where new ideas come to life. Seeing the smiles on childrenโs faces when they play with my creations would be the most rewarding part of my job. As a toymaker, I would take pride in knowing that I contribute to making childhood a magical and memorable experience.
8. If There Were No Serials on TV! If there were no serials on TV, I believe our lives would be more peaceful and productive. Without the constant stream of melodramatic Sas-Bahu shows or never-ending soap operas, families would spend more quality time together, engaging in meaningful conversations or playing games. People would have more time to pursue hobbies, read books, or exercise instead of being glued to their screens. Without serials, TV channels might focus more on informative and creative content, such as documentaries, educational shows, or movies with a social message. While some people enjoy the entertainment that serials provide, I think a world without them could encourage a healthier balance of entertainment and real-life interaction.
Longer Compositions Exercises with Answer for class 8 and worksheet with solution from the book Elementary School Grammar for CBSE and ICSE students.
Reports
Exercise 32.1 Now write the following reports :-
1. Yesterday, a fire broke out in the busy Sadar Bazaar area. More than 1000 shops were gutted There has bee a heavy loo of life and property. You are a correspondent with a National Daily. Image other details and complete the report. 2. Many years have passed since the twonship of Bhuj got ravaged by a severe earthquake. Majority of the people are still hoping to get help from the government. At many places, the debris is yet to be cleared. Write an eyewitness account of the plight of the town. (Make up any other details that you would like to insert. 3. You are a journalist with the Times of India. You were at a gas filling station when you saw armed robbers who fired at the Manager and ran away with a bag full of money. Write a detailed report for your newspaper. 4. In a remote township of Samastipur, farmers starved due to poor facilities for irrigation and no means of employment till a few years ago. Today the village is thriving due to the efforts of the Jan Kalyan NGO which took over the villagers are leading a prosperous life. 5. A health check -up camp was organised in your school last week. The check-up revealed certain startling facts. More than 50% students were found to be anaemic, 90% students suffered from weak eyesight and were underweight. Doctors said it was due to bad food habits and lack of nutritious food. Write a report about the camp for a newspaper. 6. Recently your school celebrated a Book Week. During this week, many competitions were held such as book reviews, book discussions, meeting with authors, film shows based on books. Write a reports about this Book Week for your school magazine mentioning how it proved to be useful. 7. Last week there was a film festival in which special movies that could interest children were screened . Free passes were distributed by the NIE. Write a reports about this film festival and how it has been educative. 8. During the summer vacations your school organise a 10-day trip to Kulu-manali. You were taken to different places which included t days trekking in two the Rohtang Pass area. Write a report for your school magazine. 9. In a survey conducted to find out literacy levels in different regions of India, the following data were collected. Write a report of the survey. Northern region-60% Southern region-90% Eastern region -40% Western region-80% 10. A survey conducted to find out how students like to enjoy life after school. The following chart shows details of student preferences. Study it and write a report.
Answers: 1. Fire Breaks Out in Sadar Bazaar
By [Your Name], Correspondent, National Daily
New Delhi, November 17: A devastating fire broke out yesterday afternoon in the bustling Sadar Bazaar area, engulfing over 1,000 shops in flames. The fire, which is believed to have been caused by an electrical short circuit in one of the shops, rapidly spread due to the narrow lanes and congested nature of the marketplace. Local fire services were dispatched immediately, but it took more than five hours to bring the fire under control.
The tragedy has resulted in a massive loss of life and property. At least 15 people have been reported dead, and over 50 are severely injured. Property worth crores has been reduced to ashes, leaving many shop owners in financial ruin. Rescue operations are still underway as authorities search for survivors. The government has announced an investigation into the incident and promised compensation for the victims.
2. Bhuj Township Struggles After Earthquake
By [Your Name], Eyewitness Reporter
It has been years since the township of Bhuj was devastated by a powerful earthquake that left the region in ruins. Despite the passage of time, the scars of the disaster are still visible. Large piles of debris remain uncleared in several parts of the town, and many buildings stand half-destroyed, a reminder of the destruction that once gripped Bhuj.
The local population continues to live in despair, as government aid has been slow to arrive. Temporary shelters have now become semi-permanent homes for thousands of people, who are still waiting for rehabilitation. Hope is running thin, but the resilient spirit of Bhuj’s people keeps them fighting for survival amidst adversity. The need for swift action and effective rebuilding plans remains urgent.
3. Armed Robbers Strike Gas Station
By [Your Name], Journalist, Times of India
Mumbai, November 17: A daring robbery took place yesterday at a gas filling station in the heart of Mumbai. At around 6:30 p.m., two armed men stormed the station, firing at the Manager and seizing a large bag filled with cash. Witnesses say the robbers arrived on motorbikes, entered the office, and fired without warning. The Manager sustained a gunshot wound to his shoulder and was rushed to the hospital, where he is currently in stable condition.
The robbers managed to flee the scene within minutes, leaving behind a trail of panic. The local police have launched an investigation and are reviewing CCTV footage to track the suspects. This incident has sparked concern over the increasing number of armed robberies in the city.
4. Jan Kalyan NGO Transforms Samastipur
By [Your Name]
The remote township of Samastipur, which once suffered from poverty and starvation due to a lack of irrigation facilities and employment opportunities, has been completely transformed. Thanks to the tireless efforts of the Jan Kalyan NGO, the village has witnessed a remarkable turnaround in recent years.
The NGO introduced modern irrigation techniques and agricultural tools, allowing farmers to produce higher yields. They also provided employment opportunities through vocational training programs. Today, Samastipur is thriving, and its residents are leading prosperous lives, with improved healthcare, education, and infrastructure. The villagers credit the NGO for changing the course of their future.
5. Health Check-Up Camp Reveals Startling Facts
By [Your Name]
Last week, a health check-up camp was organized at [School Name], revealing some concerning facts about the health of the students. The medical team found that more than 50% of the students are suffering from anemia, and an alarming 90% were found to have weak eyesight and are underweight.
Doctors attributed these conditions to poor dietary habits and a lack of nutritious food in students’ diets. The school administration has decided to implement a health awareness program to encourage better eating habits and regular exercise. This camp has highlighted the urgent need for nutritional education among students.
6. Book Week Celebrated at [School Name]
By [Your Name]
Last week, [School Name] celebrated a vibrant Book Week, filled with a series of engaging activities. The event included book review competitions, book discussions, film shows based on famous books, and interaction sessions with well-known authors. Students actively participated in various contests, and the event fostered a deep love for reading among them.
The highlight of the week was the session where students met authors who shared their experiences and writing journeys. The Book Week was an enriching experience for everyone, and it significantly contributed to encouraging reading as a hobby and educational tool in our school.
7. Children’s Film Festival Enlightens and Entertains
By [Your Name]
A special Film Festival for children was organized last week, featuring a collection of educational and entertaining movies. The event was sponsored by NIE, which distributed free passes to schoolchildren across the city. Movies that focused on moral values, environmental awareness, and historical figures were screened, leaving a lasting impact on young minds.
The festival was not only a source of entertainment but also proved to be highly educative. The children were able to connect with the stories and characters, and it sparked meaningful discussions in classrooms.
8. Exciting School Trip to Kulu-Manali
By [Your Name]
During the summer vacation, our school organized a 10-day trip to the scenic hill stations of Kulu-Manali. The highlight of the trip was a two-day trekking adventure in the Rohtang Pass area. Students had the opportunity to explore breathtaking landscapes, experience the thrill of trekking, and witness snow-clad mountains up close.
Apart from trekking, we visited several tourist spots such as the Solang Valley, Hadimba Temple, and Manikaran. The trip was a perfect blend of adventure and learning, leaving students with unforgettable memories.
9. Survey Reveals Literacy Levels in India
By [Your Name]
A recent survey conducted across various regions of India has highlighted the varying literacy rates in the country. The Southern region of India boasts the highest literacy rate at 90%, followed by the Western region at 80%. In contrast, the Northern and Eastern regions lag behind with literacy rates of 60% and 40%, respectively.
This data calls for urgent educational reforms in the Northern and Eastern regions to bridge the gap and ensure equal access to education for all.
10. How Students Prefer to Enjoy Life After School
By [Your Name]
A survey was recently conducted to analyze how students prefer to spend their time after school hours. The results showed that the majority of students, about 45%, prefer spending time on social media. This is followed by 25% who enjoy playing sports, 20% who engage in hobby classes such as music or art, and 10% who dedicate their time to reading.
These findings reflect the growing importance of digital engagement and physical activities in the lives of modern students. Schools may need to balance these preferences with a push towards more intellectual and creative pursuits.
Exercise 31.2 Now write the following processes :-
1. Tell your younger brother how to polish a shoe. 2. Find out from your mother how to make a cup of tea and describe it in a letter to a penfriend of yours. 3.In your home science class you have been asked to describe how to wash clothes. Write the process. 4. Kanika’s mother is leaving for office in a hurry. She has to leave instructions for her daughter Vini on how to make an omelette so that she can have her breakfast. Write out the process. 5. Look at the picture given below. Explain the process how water is purified, stored and finally distributed to homes.
Answers: 1. How to Polish a Shoe (Instructions for Younger Brother)
Dear [Brother’s Name],
Polishing your shoes is easy if you follow these steps:
Gather the materials: You will need shoe polish, a brush, a cloth, and some water.
Clean the shoes: Remove any dirt or dust from your shoes using a dry brush.
Apply the polish: Take a small amount of shoe polish on the brush or cloth and apply it evenly all over the shoe, focusing on any scuffs or scratches.
Let it dry: Allow the polish to sit for a few minutes to dry.
Buff the shoe: Using a clean brush or cloth, buff the shoe to bring out a shine by rubbing it in circular motions.
Final touch: If needed, repeat the process to get a brighter shine.
That’s it! Now your shoes will look brand new.
Love, [Your Name]
2. How to Make a Cup of Tea (Described in a Letter to a Penfriend)
Dear [Penfriend’s Name],
I thought I’d share with you how my mother makes a perfect cup of tea! Here’s the process:
Boil water: First, you need to boil some water in a kettle.
Add tea leaves: Once the water boils, add one teaspoon of tea leaves (or a tea bag) to the water.
Simmer: Let the tea leaves simmer in the hot water for about 2-3 minutes, depending on how strong you like your tea.
Add milk and sugar: If you like milk in your tea, pour in a little (or more if you prefer). Add sugar to taste. Stir everything together.
Strain and serve: If you’re using tea leaves, strain the tea into a cup. Now, it’s ready to enjoy!
Try it out and let me know how it turns out!
Best wishes, [Your Name]
3. How to Wash Clothes (Home Science Class Instructions)
In today’s home science class, we learned how to wash clothes. Hereโs the process:
Sort the clothes: Separate the clothes by color and fabric type (whites, darks, and delicates).
Pre-treat stains: If there are any stains, apply a stain remover or detergent directly on the spot before washing.
Fill the bucket/washing machine: Fill the washing machine with water (or a bucket if washing by hand) and add detergent.
Wash the clothes: Place the sorted clothes into the machine or bucket. Let the machine run its cycle, or if washing by hand, rub the clothes gently to remove dirt.
Rinse: Once washed, rinse the clothes in clean water to remove any detergent.
Dry: Hang the clothes out to dry, preferably under the sun.
And thatโs how we wash clothes!
4. Instructions for Making an Omelette (From Kanikaโs Mother to Vini)
Dear Vini,
Hereโs how to make a quick and easy omelette for your breakfast:
Break the eggs: Take two eggs and crack them into a bowl.
Whisk the eggs: Add a pinch of salt and pepper, then whisk the eggs until they are well mixed.
Prepare the pan: Heat a small pan on medium heat and add a little butter or oil to prevent the omelette from sticking.
Cook the omelette: Pour the egg mixture into the hot pan. Let it cook for about 2-3 minutes. You can add vegetables, cheese, or any filling you like.
Flip and fold: Once the bottom is set, gently fold the omelette in half and let it cook for another minute.
Serve: Slide the omelette onto a plate and enjoy your breakfast.
Love, Mom
5. How Water is Purified, Stored, and Distributed to Homes
The process of purifying and distributing water to homes involves several steps:
Water collection: Water is collected from natural sources like rivers, lakes, or reservoirs.
Filtration: The water is passed through filters to remove large debris and particles such as leaves, stones, and other impurities.
Coagulation and sedimentation: Chemicals are added to the water to bind small particles together into larger clumps, which then settle at the bottom in a sedimentation tank.
Chlorination: To kill harmful bacteria and germs, chlorine or other disinfectants are added to the water.
Storage: Once purified, the clean water is stored in large tanks or reservoirs.
Distribution: Finally, the purified water is pumped through a network of pipes, distributing it to homes, schools, and other establishments.
This process ensures that the water we drink is clean and safe for consumption.
Writing Dairy
Exercise 32.3
1. You saw a very amusing play today. Write a dairy entry about what you enjoyed. 2. You discovered that Anita, who you considered a good friend, has been backbiting you. Record your feelings in your dairy. 3. You recently saw pictures of poachers killing elephants in the wildlife sanctuary Jim Corbett National Park. Record your feelings. 4. You recently saw two of your friends quarrel over a trivial matter. Write a dairy entry describing your feelings. 5. You won the first prize in an inter-school debate on “Environment Pollution”. Record your describing your feelings. 6. You saw a video report on the havoc caused in Badrinath /Kedarnath by fury of nature. Record your feelings in your dairy.
Answers:
1. Dairy Entry on Watching an Amusing Play
Date: [Insert Date]
Dear Diary,
Today was such a delightful day! I watched a hilarious play titled The Comedy of Errors, and I can’t stop laughing even now! The actors were brilliant, and the timing of the jokes was perfect. My favorite part was when the two main characters kept confusing everyone around them due to their identical appearancesโit was pure chaos but so well done! The audience couldn’t stop laughing either.
The costumes, the dialogues, and the expressions were spot-on, making it one of the most amusing plays I’ve ever seen. I really needed this after such a hectic week. I’m so glad I went!
Good night! [Your Name]
2. Dairy Entry on Learning About Anita’s Backbiting
Date: [Insert Date]
Dear Diary,
I can’t believe what I heard today. Anita, someone I considered a close friend, has been backbiting me. It hurts so much to know that someone I trusted could say such things behind my back. I always thought we were good friends, but now I feel betrayed.
Iโm confused about how to confront herโshould I talk to her directly or just distance myself? I feel angry, sad, and disappointed all at once. Itโs hard to understand why people act this way. I hope I can figure out how to handle this.
Feeling betrayed, [Your Name]
3. Dairy Entry on Poachers Killing Elephants in Jim Corbett National Park
Date: [Insert Date]
Dear Diary,
I saw some shocking and heartbreaking pictures today. Poachers have been killing elephants in Jim Corbett National Park. The sight of these majestic creatures being slaughtered for their tusks left me deeply saddened and furious. How can people be so cruel?
Elephants are such gentle beings, and to see them suffer like this just for greed is beyond comprehension. I wish there was more we could do to stop this senseless violence. We need stricter laws and better protection for wildlife before it’s too late. Itโs hard to imagine a world without these beautiful creatures.
Feeling upset, [Your Name]
4. Dairy Entry on Friends Quarreling Over a Trivial Matter
Date: [Insert Date]
Dear Diary,
Today was such an uncomfortable day. Two of my friends had a huge argument over something so trivial! It all started because of a misunderstanding about who borrowed a book first. At first, I thought they were joking, but it soon escalated into a full-blown fight.
I tried to mediate, but neither of them wanted to listen. It felt so unnecessary. I hope they realize how silly this was and patch things up soon. It’s tough seeing friends fight over something so small, especially when it couldโve been solved with a simple conversation.
Feeling frustrated, [Your Name]
5. Dairy Entry on Winning First Prize in a Debate on “Environment Pollution”
Date: [Insert Date]
Dear Diary,
Iโm over the moon today! I won the first prize in the inter-school debate on “Environment Pollution”! I worked so hard preparing for this, and it feels amazing to see my efforts pay off. The topic was something Iโm passionate about, and I was able to convey my thoughts confidently.
The judges praised my arguments, and the moment they announced my name as the winner, I could hardly believe it. All the late-night preparations were worth it! I feel proud and motivated to keep working on issues that matter.
Feeling proud, [Your Name]
6. Dairy Entry on Seeing the Havoc in Badrinath/Kedarnath Due to Nature’s Fury
Date: [Insert Date]
Dear Diary,
I watched a video report today about the devastating effects of natural disasters in Badrinath and Kedarnath. The images of homes destroyed, roads washed away, and people suffering due to landslides and floods were heart-wrenching. Nature can be so powerful, and yet so destructive.
I feel so helpless watching these disasters unfold from afar. So many lives have been affected, and it makes me realize how fragile life is in the face of natureโs fury. I just hope that relief efforts reach the people there quickly and that such tragedies can be minimized in the future.
Short Compositions Exercises with Answer for Class 8 and worksheet with solution from the book Elementary English Grammar for CBSE and ICSE students.
Writing Paragraph
Exercise 31.1 Write a paragraph of not more than 150 words on each of the following topics :-
1. What you dislike most and why? 2. The funniest day in your life 3. Caught in the storm 4. My neighbours 5. A visit to a museum 6. Thoughts on Independence Day 7. Pollution in big cities 8. Traffic jams 9. Realty shows on TV 10. One-day cricket matches
Answers: 1. What You Dislike Most and Why? What I dislike most is dishonesty. When people are dishonest, it breaks trust and creates a barrier between individuals. Whether itโs a small lie or a major deception, dishonesty harms relationships and makes life more complicated. I value honesty because it fosters genuine connections, transparency, and respect. Being truthful may be difficult at times, but it helps build trust, which is essential for personal and professional relationships. In a world where trust is the foundation of many aspects of life, dishonesty creates unnecessary conflicts and misunderstandings, which I find extremely frustrating.
2. The Funniest Day in Your Life The funniest day of my life was when I accidentally showed up at a formal event wearing casual clothes. I had misread the invitation and thought it was a casual gathering. When I arrived in jeans and a t-shirt, everyone else was dressed in elegant suits and dresses. The awkwardness was overwhelming, but soon everyone, including me, burst into laughter. I became the highlight of the event, and the situation turned into a hilarious memory that we still laugh about today. It taught me to double-check invitations, but it was a day filled with humor and lightheartedness.
3. Caught in the Storm One summer evening, I was caught in a sudden thunderstorm while walking home. The sky turned dark, and within minutes, heavy rain poured down. Without an umbrella or a shelter nearby, I had no choice but to run through the storm. Lightning flashed, and the wind howled, making it difficult to see or move. Although I was drenched, the experience was both terrifying and thrilling. The storm passed after about 20 minutes, leaving behind a sense of relief and an unforgettable memory of nature’s power.
4. My Neighbours My neighbors are a friendly and diverse group of people. On one side, there is an elderly couple who enjoy gardening and often share fresh vegetables with us. On the other side, there is a young family with two playful children. We often exchange smiles and greetings, and during festivals, we visit each other to share sweets and gifts. The sense of community is strong, and we all look out for one another. Whether it’s lending a tool or helping with small tasks, living in such a supportive neighborhood makes life more pleasant.
5. A Visit to a Museum A visit to the National Museum was an enriching experience. The museum was filled with artifacts from different periods of history, ranging from ancient sculptures to modern art. I was particularly fascinated by the archaeological section, which showcased pottery, coins, and tools from civilizations long gone. The highlight of the visit was the gallery of paintings, where I admired the intricate details and creativity of artists from various eras. Walking through the exhibits, I gained a deeper appreciation for history and culture. It was a memorable and educational visit that left me with a greater understanding of the past.
6. Thoughts on Independence Day Independence Day is a day of great pride and reflection for me. It reminds us of the sacrifices made by countless individuals to secure freedom for the country. Every year, as the national flag is hoisted, I feel a sense of unity and patriotism. The celebrations, which include speeches, parades, and cultural programs, highlight the diversity and strength of our nation. Independence Day is not just about looking back at our past; itโs also about recognizing our responsibilities as citizens to contribute positively to the countryโs future. Itโs a day to honor the values of freedom, equality, and democracy.
7. Pollution in Big Cities Pollution in big cities is a growing concern that affects millions of people daily. The air is filled with harmful pollutants from vehicles, factories, and construction sites. This leads to serious health issues like respiratory problems and allergies. Water and noise pollution also add to the problem, making city life stressful and unhealthy. Despite various initiatives to control pollution, rapid urbanization and industrialization continue to worsen the situation. We need stricter environmental regulations and public awareness campaigns to tackle this crisis and make cities cleaner and safer for future generations.
8. Traffic Jams Traffic jams are a common problem in big cities, causing frustration and delays. Whether it’s rush hour or road construction, getting stuck in traffic wastes time and fuel. It affects not just individuals but also the economy, as people are late for work and goods take longer to reach their destinations. The honking of horns, pollution, and the stress of being stuck in one place add to the misery. To reduce traffic jams, we need better public transportation, more efficient traffic management systems, and better urban planning.
9. Reality Shows on TV Reality shows on TV have become incredibly popular in recent years. While some find them entertaining, others criticize them for promoting unhealthy competition and fake drama. Many reality shows focus on talent, such as singing and dancing competitions, which give ordinary people a chance to shine. However, some shows seem to prioritize sensationalism over content, blurring the line between reality and entertainment. Despite the mixed opinions, reality shows continue to attract large audiences and have become a significant part of modern television culture.
10. One-Day Cricket Matches One-day cricket matches are exciting and fast-paced, attracting fans from all over the world. Unlike traditional test matches, which can last for days, one-day matches offer a thrilling experience in a shorter time. Each team gets 50 overs, and the game is full of twists and turns, with quick runs, wickets, and sometimes nail-biting finishes. The format appeals to both casual viewers and die-hard cricket fans. The intensity and strategy involved in one-day matches make them a favorite among sports enthusiasts, providing entertainment and suspense throughout the day.
Exercise 31.2 1. Rosary Public School is organising a one month theatre workshop with the help of the National School of Drama. Eminent actor Nasiruddin Shah has agreed to conduct it. The fee for each participant will be Rs 2500. Maximum number of Students who can attend the workshop will be thirty. As Secretary of the School Theatre Club, put up a suitable notice, inviting students to enrol themselves. 2. It is traffic week. The local authorities wish to take out a really. The Principal has allowed students of class IX to attend the rally. As head girl of your school, put up a notice for class IX students to prepare some attractive posters and slogans to carry with them for the rally. 3. The Rainbow School, Muzaffarnagar is organising a health exhibition titled ‘Live Healthy’ on 23rd and 24th January, 20_______. The Sports-Incharge. Mr Bhim Singh, put up a notice inviting students to prepare charts, slogans and posters. Write the notice on his behalf. 4. The Xavier School, Mumbai is organising a Summer Camp in School for a month. Activities would include areobics, guitar, pottery making, western dance and aero-modellings. Students can opt for any two activities and the fee is Rs 500. As secretary of the Culture Club of your school put up a suitable notice giving all necessary information.
Answers: 1. Rosary Public School Theatre Workshop Notice
Rosary Public School Notice Date: 16th November, 2024
One-Month Theatre Workshop
The School Theatre Club is excited to announce a one-month theatre workshop in collaboration with the National School of Drama, conducted by the renowned actor Nasiruddin Shah. Details:
Duration: 1st December 2024 to 31st December 2024
Fee: Rs 2500 per participant
Eligibility: Open to all students (limited to 30 participants)
Venue: School Auditorium
Interested students are requested to enrol by 25th November 2024 by contacting the undersigned. Seats are limited, so hurry!
(Name) Secretary, Theatre Club
2. Traffic Week Rally Notice
ABC School Notice Date: 16th November, 2024
Traffic Week Rally โ Class IX Students
This is to inform all students of Class IX that our school has been invited to participate in a Traffic Week Rally organized by the local authorities. The rally will be held on 20th November 2024. Students are requested to prepare attractive posters and slogans to carry with them during the rally.
We are pleased to announce a health exhibition titled “Live Healthy” on 23rd and 24th January 2025. Students are invited to participate by preparing charts, posters, and slogans promoting health and wellness.
Details:
Event: Health Exhibition โ “Live Healthy”
Dates: 23rd and 24th January 2025
Preparation Deadline: 15th January 2025
Venue: School Hall
Submit your creative materials to Mr Bhim Singh (Sports In-charge) by the mentioned deadline.
(Name) On behalf of Mr Bhim Singh, Sports In-charge
We are thrilled to announce a Summer Camp to be held at our school for the duration of one month. Students can choose from a variety of activities, including:
Aerobics
Guitar
Pottery Making
Western Dance
Aero-Modelling
Details:
Duration: 1st May 2024 to 31st May 2024
Fee: Rs 500 (for any two activities)
Registration Deadline: 20th April 2024
Interested students can register with the undersigned. Join us for a month of fun and learning!
(Name) Secretary, Culture Club
Exercise 31.3 1. Ranbaxy Public School needs a Secretary to the Principal. You are the Administrative Officer of the School. Draft a suitable advertisement in not more than 50 words for publication in the Classified ‘Situations Vacant’ column of the Hindustan Times. 2. You are Swabhiman Gupta- a freelance photo journalist. You plan to start coaching classes in photography. Draft a suitable classified display advertisement to be inserted in the hobbies column. 3. You are Ashok Kumar. You wish to sell your car, Honda City, which is a 2009 model and in good condition. Write a suitable advertisement to be inserted in the ‘Sale and Purchase’ column of the Times of India. 4. You are Mrs Khosla. You are fluent in Spanish and German languages. You wish take up private classes for those interested in learning languages. Draft a display advertisement to be inserted in ‘Education’ column of a national daily. 5. You are Arushi Khanna, Cultural Secretary of M.B.D School, Ranchi. Your school is presenting a play “Merchant of Venice” by Shakespeare. Write an advertisement for it in the local newspaper. You must state the date, time, venue and he price of tickets inyour ad. (50 words). 6. You are Anil Kapoor. You are going to launch a new toothpaste. Write an advertisement for it in 30 words.
Answers: 1. Advertisement for Secretary to the Principal
Situations Vacant Ranbaxy Public School requires a Secretary to the Principal. Candidates must have excellent communication skills, proficiency in MS Office, and a minimum of 3 years of experience. Apply with a resume to the Administrative Officer by 25th November 2024.
2. Photography Coaching Classes by Swabhiman Gupta
Learn Photography! Join professional photography coaching classes by freelance photojournalist Swabhiman Gupta. Master techniques, creative angles, and editing. Classes start from 1st December. For details, contact: 9876543210 Location: South Delhi.
3. Car for Sale (Honda City 2009 Model)
For Sale Honda City, 2009 model, excellent condition, well-maintained, single owner, new tires, insurance valid till June 2025. Asking price: โน2.5 lakhs (negotiable). Contact Ashok Kumar at 9876543210.
4. Language Classes by Mrs. Khosla
Learn Spanish & German! Private language classes for Spanish and German by experienced teacher Mrs. Khosla. Flexible timings, personalized lessons, and beginner to advanced levels. For details, call: 9876543210 Location: Gurgaon.
5. Play Advertisement (Merchant of Venice)
M.B.D School, Ranchi Presents Shakespeareโs classic play “Merchant of Venice” on 10th December 2024, at 6:00 PM, in the School Auditorium. Tickets: โน200 (students), โน300 (adults). Book now at 9876543210.
6. Advertisement for New Toothpaste
Introducing Fresh Mint New Fresh Mint Toothpaste โ for long-lasting freshness and stronger teeth. Try it today for a refreshing smile! Available at leading stores.
Telephonic conversations
Exercise 31.5 Read the following telephonic conversations. 1. Vibha Sehgal : Hello, I am speaking to Anuska? Anuskha : Yes, Vinbha, how are you? Vibha Sehagal : I am fine. U rang up to say that I am coming to Delhi to appear for CAT exam on 25 November, from Delhi. Anuskha : How wonderful! I’ve not met you for the last two years. Which centre has been allotted to you in Delhi? Vibha Sehgal : My centre is DAV School for Boys at Lodhi Road. Just remind Mahesh to receive me at New Delhi Railway Station on 24th November at 5 P.M. Anushka : I’ll do it, you need not worry. I’ll leave a message for Mahesh. since I’m leaving for Mumbai tomorrow. I am sorry I won’t be able to meet you. Vibha Sehgal : My bad luck! May be I’ll be lucky. next time. Write a message for Mahesh in 50 words. 2. Abhishek rings up his friend Anubhav to tell him about the schedule of School Final Exams. Anubhav has gone out of station, so Abhishek leaves a message for him and asks his brother Alok to inform him. Schedule Practical __ 11 April, 20 _______ Physics Practical _ 15 April, 20 _____ Chemistry Practical ___18 April, 20 ______ Computer Science __18 April, 20 _____ Biology Practical __ 19 April, 20 _____ All practical Exams will be conducted during school hours. Alok promises to leave a message on Anubhav’s table with all the above details. Write the message in 50 words. 3. Revati : Hello, can I speak to Mrs. Basu? Lavanya : She is not at home. I’m her sister lavanya. Revati : Oh, hello Lavanya, tell your sister that I have bought tickets for the movie, “The Lunch Box” for the afternoon show tomorrow. Rani is also coming. Tell her to meet us at Gate no. 4 of the Centre Stage Mall at 2 P.M. Lavanya : O.K. Revati. I’ll inform my sister. Lavanya has to go for tuition classes. So, she leaves a message for her sister. Write the message in 50 words.
Answers: 1. Message for Mahesh:
Message:
Mahesh, Vibha Sehgal is arriving in Delhi for her CAT exam on 24th November. Please receive her at the New Delhi Railway Station at 5 PM. Her exam center is DAV School for Boys at Lodhi Road. Anushka has left for Mumbai and wonโt be able to meet her.
Anushka
2. Message for Anubhav:
Message:
Anubhav, Abhishek called to inform you about the School Final Exam schedule.
Practical exam: 11 April
Physics Practical: 15 April
Chemistry Practical: 18 April
Computer Science Practical: 18 April
Biology Practical: 19 April
All practicals will be held during school hours.
Alok
3. Message for Mrs. Basu:
Message:
Sister, Revati has bought tickets for the movie “The Lunch Box” tomorrow for the afternoon show. Rani is also coming. Please meet them at Gate No. 4 of the Centre Stage Mall at 2 PM.
Lavanya
Writing
Exercise 31.6 1.Write in not more than 100 words, “How to make an omelette”. 2. Describe your class before the arrival of your teacher. 3. As the Head Boy/Girl of your school you are asked to plan a school for classes 6,7 and 8. Write down how you planned it under the heading “Planning a Picnic.” 4. Describe the process of borrowing a book from your school library. 5. Describe the process of booking a cinema ticket on line. 6. Describe how you drew money from your bank account. 7. Describe your first attempt to earn swimming. 8. Describe how people behaved during a cricket match.
Answers: How to Make an Omelette To make an omelette, break two eggs into a bowl and beat them well. Add a pinch of salt and pepper for flavor. Heat a non-stick pan and melt a little butter or oil. Pour the beaten eggs into the pan and cook over medium heat. As the edges set, tilt the pan to let the uncooked egg flow to the edges. Add desired fillings like cheese, vegetables, or ham. Once the omelette is firm, fold it in half and serve hot.
Before the Arrival of the Teacher Before the teacher arrived, the classroom was filled with noise and excitement. Some students were chatting with friends, while others were flipping through their books or making small talk. A few students were rushing to complete their homework, and others were settling into their seats, getting ready for the lesson. The atmosphere was lively but slightly disorganized. The teacher’s absence allowed everyone to express their energy before the class began.
Planning a Picnic As the Head Girl, I was excited to plan the school picnic for classes 6, 7, and 8. First, I selected a beautiful park nearby, ideal for outdoor activities. I arranged for buses to transport everyone safely. I planned various games and competitions to ensure fun for all students. A picnic lunch, with sandwiches, fruits, and juices, was organized. I also ensured teachers’ supervision and prepared a first-aid kit for safety. The plan was to start the day with games, followed by lunch, and then free time for students to explore the park.
Borrowing a Book from the Library To borrow a book from the school library, first, I visit the library and search for the book I need. I check its availability on the shelves or ask the librarian if it’s currently unavailable. Once I find the book, I bring it to the librarianโs desk, where they log it into the system. I show my library card, and the librarian stamps the book with the due date. Finally, I carry the book home, remembering to return it on time.
Booking a Cinema Ticket Online To book a cinema ticket online, I open the cinema’s website or use a ticketing app. I select the movie, showtime, and the number of tickets. Then, I choose my preferred seating arrangement. I proceed to the payment section and enter my payment details. After the transaction is successful, I receive an e-ticket via email or a QR code on the app. I can show this ticket at the cinema for entry.
Drawing Money from My Bank Account To draw money from my bank account, I visit an ATM or use an online banking app. At the ATM, I insert my debit card, enter my PIN, and select the ‘Withdraw’ option. I choose the amount to withdraw and confirm the transaction. The ATM dispenses the cash, and I take my card and receipt. For online banking, I log in to the app, select the withdrawal option, and transfer funds to my account or withdrawal service.
My First Attempt to Learn Swimming On my first attempt to learn swimming, I was nervous but excited. I entered the shallow end of the pool with my instructor. At first, I practiced floating on my back, trying to stay calm in the water. The instructor guided me through basic strokes like the dog paddle. Although I struggled initially with breathing and coordination, I slowly started feeling more comfortable. By the end of the session, I felt a sense of achievement despite my early challenges.
Behavior During a Cricket Match During a cricket match, the crowd is often filled with enthusiasm and energy. Fans cheer loudly for every boundary and wicket, waving banners and shouting encouragement. Players on the field focus intently, while fielders stay alert for any opportunity to make a catch or run out. The atmosphere is tense, especially during close moments, with everyone holding their breath. The crowd sometimes groans when a bad delivery or shot occurs but erupts in joy when their team performs well. The match is filled with excitement and energy from both players and spectators.
Some Useful Phrases and Idioms Exercises with Answer for class 8 and worksheet with solution from the book Elementary English Grammar for CBSE and ICSE students.
Fill in the blanks
Matching
Exercise 29.2 Match the following idiomatic expressions with their meanings.
A
B
1. An eye for an eye
a. to blame
2. An old hand
b. to tolerate
3. An old head on young shoulders
c. to understand
4. To have a finger in every pie
d. to create a bad impression
5. To put up with
e. wisdom in a very young person
6. To see through
f. to pay an excessive price
7. To cut a sorry figure
g. to interfere to be concerned with many things
8. To find fault with
h. to use unfair means to harm someone
9. To hit below the belt
i. to take revenge as severely as one was hurt
10. To pay through the nose
j. an experienced person
Answers: 1. An eye for an eye – i. to take revenge as severely as one was hurt 2. An old hand – j. an experienced person 3. An old head on young shoulders – e. wisdom in a very young person 4. To have a finger in every pie – g. to interfere or be concerned with many things 5. To put up with – b. to tolerate 6. To see through – c. to understand 7. To cut a sorry figure – d. to create a bad impression 8. To find fault with – a. to blame 9. To hit below the belt – h. to use unfair means to harm someone 10. To pay through the nose – f. to pay an excessive price
Phrasal Expression
Exercise 29.3 Here are some phrasal expressions. Match them with their meanings. (Take the help of the dictionary) :-
1. A Red-Letter Day (a) a warm welcome 2. out of order (b) obliging each other mutually 3. off and on (c) to feel or be self- important 4. with open arms (d) an act of kindness 5. from hand to mouth (e) to wait with pleasure 6. to keep pace with (f) poverty 7. to give oneself (g) now and again 8. give and take (h) to move at an equal speed 9. a good turn (i) a memorable 10. look forward to (j) not in working condition
Answers: 1. A Red-Letter Day - i. a memorable day 2. Out of order - j. not in working condition 3. Off and on - g. now and again 4. With open arms - a. a warm welcome 5. From hand to mouth - f. poverty 6. To keep pace with - h. to move at an equal speed 7. To give oneself airs - c. to feel or be self-important 8. Give and take - b. obliging each other mutually 9. A good turn - d. an act of kindness 10. Look forward to - e. to wait with pleasure
Idiomatic Expression
Exercise 29.4 Explain briefly the following idiomatic expression in the space given :-
1. call off ______________________________________________________ 2. to face the music ______________________________________________________ 3. to fight shy of ______________________________________________________ 4. call upon ______________________________________________________ 5. pull through ______________________________________________________ 6. to go to the dogs ______________________________________________________ 7. a fair-weather friend ______________________________________________________ 8. to keep one’s fingers crossed ______________________________________________________ 9. hold back ______________________________________________________ 10. tell upon ______________________________________________________
Answers : 1. call off To cancel or stop something that was planned or in progress. Example: The event was called off due to bad weather. 2. to face the music To confront the consequences of one’s actions or decisions. Example: After failing the exam, he had to face the music from his parents. 3. to fight shy of To avoid something or be reluctant to engage in something. Example: He fights shy of public speaking because he gets nervous. 4. call upon To formally request or invite someone to do something. Example: The teacher called upon the students to submit their assignments. 5. pull through To recover from a difficult or dangerous situation, especially illness or hardship. Example: After the surgery, the patient managed to pull through. 6. to go to the dogs To deteriorate or become ruined, especially morally or financially. Example: The company has gone to the dogs since the new management took over. 7. a fair-weather friend A person who is only a friend during good times but abandons others in difficult situations. Example: When he lost his job, he realized who his fair-weather friends were. 8. to keep one’s fingers crossed To hope for a positive outcome or good luck. Example: She kept her fingers crossed while waiting for the exam results. 9. hold back To restrain oneself or prevent something from progressing. Example: He had to hold back his emotions during the speech. 10. tell upon To have a noticeable negative effect on someone or something. Example: The long hours of work began to tell upon his health.
Idioms
Single word
Making Sentences
Exercise 29.7 Make your own sentences of the following expressions :- 1. on and on, 2. by and by, 3. up and about, 4. more or less, 5. touch and go
Answers: 1. on and on The speaker went on and on about the importance of hard work during the seminar. 2. by and by By and by, he started to understand the complexities of the new project. 3. up and about After a week of rest, she was finally up and about, feeling much better. 4. more or less The new plan is more or less finalized, but there are still a few details to iron out. 5. touch and go It was touch and go for a while, but the doctors managed to save the patient in the end.
Spellings Exercises with Answer for class 8 and worksheet with solution from the book Elementary English Grammar for CBSE and ICSE students.
Missing words
Exercise 28.1 Complete the word by putting in the missing letters :-
1. b – – utif – – 2. ma – – yi – – 3. change – – – – 4. liv – – g 5. courage – – s 6. sk – – f – l 7. conc – – ve 8. s – – ze 9. engage – – – t 10. occu – – ed
Exercise 27.4 Find, at least five new words, with the help of the dictionary for each of the groups given below :-
GROUP 1 : Words ending in ar, er, and re. ar similar ___________________________________________________________ er prayer ____________________________________________________________ or tailor ______________________________________________________________ re centre ____________________________________________________________
GROUP 2 : Words ending in al, el or le. al equal ____________________________________________ el label ____________________________________________ le angle ___________________________________________
GROUP 3 : Words ending in ur, ure, eur, our. ur murmur ___________________________________________________ ure manure ___________________________________________________ eur grandeur __________________________________________________ our harbour ____________________________________________________
GROUP 4 : Words ending in ry, ary, ery, ory. ry country __________________________________________ ary February __________________________________________ ery nursery __________________________________________ ory history __________________________________________
GROUP 5 : Words ending in ant, ent, ient. ant assistant __________________________________________ ent serpent __________________________________________ ient ancient __________________________________________
GROUP 6 : Words ending in ance, ence, ense. ance entrance __________________________________________ ence sentence __________________________________________ ense nonsense __________________________________________
GROUP 7 : Words ending in able, ible. able valuable __________________________________________ ible horrible __________________________________________
GROUP 8 : Words ending in city or sity. city scarcity __________________________________________ sity university __________________________________________
GROUP 9 : Words ending in -ous, -ious. ous joyous __________________________________________ ious anxious __________________________________________
GROUP 10. : Words ending in -cial, -tial. cial special __________________________________________ tial essential __________________________________________
GROUP 11 : Words ending in -tion, -sion. tion action __________________________________________ sion decision __________________________________________
Answers : GROUP 1: Words ending in -ar, -er, -or, -re.
Word Power Exercises with Answers for class 8 and worksheet with solution from the book Elementary English Grammar for CBSE and ICSE students.
One word
Exercise 27.1 Give one word for the following. One has been done for you :-
1. A person who wears and shows clothes to possible buyers.
A MODEL
2. Looks after a house and family
A H – – – – W – – E
3. Writes music
A C – – P – S – –
4. Builds houses
A – U I – – – –
5. Designs houses
An – – C – I – – C –
6. Cures sick animals
A V – –
7. Cooks in a hotel or restaurant
A – – – F
8. Paints pictures
An A – – – S –
9. Builds roads, bridges, dams etc.
An – – G – – EE –
10. Decides cases
A – – D – E
Answers: 2. Looks after a house and family: A HOUSEWIFE 3. Writes music: A COMPOSER 4. Builds houses: A BUILDER 5. Designs houses: AN ARCHITECT 6. Cures sick animals: A VET 7. Cooks in a hotel or restaurant: A CHEF 8. Paints pictures: AN ARTIST 9. Builds roads, bridges, dams etc.: AN ENGINEER 10. Decides cases: A JUDGE
Synonym
Exercise 27.2 Underline the word which is not a synonym and does not match the rest.
Answers : 1.Sensitive (The others mean curious or nosy) 2. Circle (The others refer to a boundary or edge) 3. Offend (The others mean to attract or charm) 4. Distract (The others mean to try or attempt) 5. Excellent(The others mean feeling down or sad) 6. Hurry (The others mean to delay or slow down) 7. First (The others mean last or final) 8. Revenge (The others refer to a rebellion or uprising)b 9. Immoral (The others mean lawful or legal) 10.Same (The others mean to make or form) 11. Ruthless (The others refer to feelings of sympathy or compassion) 12. Plastic (The others refer to a plan or design) 13.Weak (The others mean strong or sturdy) 14. bright (The others mean strong or sturdy) 15. Meagre (The others mean sufficient or enough) 16. Catch (The others refer to misery or distress) 17. Unwell (The others mean healthy or robust) 18. Gaiety (The others mean agony or misery) 19. Sober (The others mean laughter or mirth) 20. Obstruct (The others mean to impel or force)
Antonyms
Exercise 27.3 Give two Antonyms for each of the following words :- 1. Dull _______________________________ 2. Bold _______________________________ 3. Strict _______________________________ 4. End ________________________________ 5. Physical ___________________________ 6. Inferior ____________________________ 7. Friendship ________________________ 8. Condemn __________________________ 9. Accept _____________________________ 10. Above ____________________________
Exercise 27.5 Choose from the box above and make a new word.
Prefix
Base word
New word
advantage
final
understood
Yamuna
stop
date
Indian
cover
definite
weekly
Answers: 1. Dis + advantage = Disadvantage 2. Re + final = Refinal 3. Mis + understood = Misunderstood 4. Re + Yamuna = Re-Yamuna (not commonly used) 5. Non + stop = Nonstop 6. Out + date = Outdate 7. Non + Indian = Non-Indian 8. Un + cover = Uncover 9. In + definite = Indefinite 10. Bi + weekly = Biweekly
Prefix dis or mis
Exercise 27.6 Form new words by using the prefix dis or mis :- 1. _________________ doing 2. _________________ connect 3. _________________ continue 4. _________________ direct 5. _________________ fortune 6. _________________ comfort 7. _________________ arrange 8. _________________ believe 9. _________________ deed 10. _________________ order
Exercise 27.8 Make compound words by matching words in column A with those of column B.
A
B
1. Whole
a. yard
2. torch
b. proof
3. hand
c. drum
4. pass
d. pocket
5. with
e. writer
6. back
f. bearer
7. water
g. loom
8. pick
h. hold
9. ear
i. some
10. type
j. port
Answers: 1. Whole + i. some = Wholesome 2. Torch + b. proof = Torchproof 3. Hand + f. bearer = Handbearer 4. Pass + j. port = Passport 5. With + h. hold = Withhold 6. Back + a. yard = Backyard 7. Water + c. drum = Waterdrum 8. Pick + d. pocket = Pickpocket 9. Ear + g. loom = Earloom (heirloom) 10. Type + e. writer = Typewriter
Punctuations and Capital Letters Exercises with Answers for class 8 and worksheet with solution from the book Elementary English Grammar for CBSE and ICSE students.
Insert Commas
Exercise 26.1 Insert Commas where necessary :- 1. When most people of Goa India they think of Beautiful beaches they do not think of heat or other discomforts. 2. Yesterday I bought a new battery for my C.D. player. 3. It took us about 80 minutes to finish the yellow trail as we were in no hurry. We could have gone faster but there was a lot traffic with so many people in the trail. We heard the calls of various birds felt the crunch of gravel beneath our shoes the roughness of tree’s and mint and fruit such as jack-fruit and mango. 4. Fortunately we had good weather today and everyone enjoyed themselves. Infact today was one of the loveliest days we spent on this island. 5. “Please Sita don’t forgot about bringing a camera with you can take pictures” said Ravi. “Good idea” said Sita “What about food?” she asked after a few minutes pause. “Let’s take something practical” said Ravi. ‘Let’s take some sandwiches some biscuits and fruits then we won’t need to cook.
Answers: 1. When most people think of Goa, India, they think of beautiful beaches; they do not think of heat or other discomforts. 2. Yesterday, I bought a new battery for my C.D. player. 3. It took us about 80 minutes to finish the yellow trail, as we were in no hurry. We could have gone faster, but there was a lot of traffic with so many people on the trail. We heard the calls of various birds, felt the crunch of gravel beneath our shoes, the roughness of trees, and mint and fruit such as jackfruit and mango. 4. Fortunately, we had good weather today, and everyone enjoyed themselves. In fact, today was one of the loveliest days we spent on this island. 5. Please, Sita, don’t forget about bringing a camera so you can take pictures,” said Ravi. “Good idea,” said Sita. “What about food?” she asked after a few minutes’ pause. “Let’s take something practical,” said Ravi. “Let’s take some sandwiches, some biscuits, and fruits; then we won’t need to cook.”
Full Stop
Exercise 26.2 Place a full stop, note of interrogation or exclamation and comma, wherever necessary :-
1. How exciting your climb on the Everest must be 2. Oh yes, it was a marvellous adventure 3. You carried oxygen with you, didn’t you 4. Are there more bundles to be tied up and sent to the godown 5. What a delightful movie it was 6. Who has run away with my camera 7. How I wish I hadn’t agreed to his proposal 8. Would you mind moving away your car 9. “Where have you been” she said to me 10. “Ouch” he said “Why did you hurt me so much nurse”
Answers: 1. How exciting your climb on the Everest must be! 2. Oh yes, it was a marvellous adventure. 3. You carried oxygen with you, didn’t you? 4. Are there more bundles to be tied up and sent to the godown? 5. What a delightful movie it was! 6. Who has run away with my camera? 7. How I wish I hadn’t agreed to his proposal! 8. Would you mind moving away your car? 9. “Where have you been?” she said to me. 10. “Ouch!” he said. “Why did you hurt me so much, nurse?
Punctuation marks
Exercise 26.3 Punctuate the following passage by putting in the necessary punctuation marks and capital letters :-
1. before reading on there are two things you should know about ghosts according to an unwritten international conversation they will not make themselves visible to people who do not believe in them. 2. the professor was silent whod produce his favourite foods the moment foods the moment it was time but of course i believe in you mrs gruff he said comfortingly do you she asked and vanished how tiresome women can be he thought fancy going off like that in the middle of an argument do you believe in me mrs gruff asked out of the air swinging from the ceiling fan of course i do but not when you do foolish things come down at once or you II break your neck 3. mrs sarojini naidu called for prayer before the march started she exhorted them gandhis body is in goal but his soul is with you indias prestige is in your hands
Answers: 1. Before reading on, there are two things you should know about ghosts: according to an unwritten international convention, they will not make themselves visible to people who do not believe in them. 2. The professor was silent. “Who’d produce his favorite foods the moment it was time? But of course I believe in you, Mrs. Gruff,” he said comfortingly. “Do you?” she asked, and vanished. “How tiresome women can be!” he thought. “Fancy going off like that in the middle of an argument.” “Do you believe in me?” Mrs. Gruff asked, out of the air, swinging from the ceiling fan. “Of course I do, but not when you do foolish things. Come down at once, or you’ll break your neck.” 3. Mrs. Sarojini Naidu called for prayer before the march started. She exhorted them, “Gandhi’s body is in jail, but his soul is with you. India’s prestige is in your hands.”
Dialogue
Exercise 26.4 Punctuate the following dialogue between the Wolf and Grandma and Red Riding Hood. Use capital letters where required. wolf may i come in grandma (terrified) : he’s going to eat me up, help (grandma was absolutely right he ate her up in one big bite.) red riding hood comes in, she stopped she stared and then she said. what big ears you have grandma all the better to hear you with the wolf replied what big eyes you have Grandma said little red riding hood. all the better to see you with the wolf replied.
Answers: Wolf: “May I come in?” Grandma (terrified): “He’s going to eat me up! Help!” (Grandma was absolutely right. He ate her up in one big bite.) Red Riding Hood comes in. She stopped, she stared, and then she said, “What big ears you have, Grandma!” “All the better to hear you with,” the Wolf replied. “What big eyes you have, Grandma,” said Little Red Riding Hood. “All the better to see you with,” the Wolf replied.
Direct -Indirect Speech Exercises with Answer for class 8 and worksheet with solution from the book Elementary English Grammar for CBSE and ICSE students.
Indirect Speech
Exercise 25.1 Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech :-
1. Our teacher said to us, “Do not make a noise while I am away.” 2.”I haven’t seen you for ages,” said Leela to her cousin Sumit. 3. The detective said to Raman, “I saw you at the hotel last week.” 4. He said, “Key West is the southern most point of the United States.” 5. My mother said to me, “I think your friend Tania is not a trustworthy girl.” 6. My father said to my brother, “Pay attention while you are driving.” 7. My friend said , I will bring your birthday cake in the evening.” 8. Rashmi said, “Please help in carrying these heavy packages to my car.” 9. “Don’t put any sugar in my coffee. “said my friend to me. 10. The shopkeeper said to my friend, ‘Buy this pair of shoes. They are the latest design and will last you a long time.”
Answers: 1. Our teacher told us not to make a noise while she was away. 2. Leela told her cousin Sumit that she hadn’t seen him for ages. 3. The detective told Raman that he had seen him at the hotel the previous week. 4. He said that Key West is the southernmost point of the United States. 5. My mother told me that she thought my friend Tania was not a trustworthy girl. 6. My father told my brother to pay attention while he was driving. 7. My friend said that she would bring my birthday cake in the evening. 8. Rashmi requested me to help in carrying those heavy packages to her car. 9. My friend told me not to put any sugar in his coffee. 10. The shopkeeper told my friend to buy that pair of shoes, saying they were the latest design and would last him a long time.
Speech
Exercise 24.2 Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech :-
1. My mother said to me, “Are your brothers playing in the garden?” 2. The teacher said to the boys, “When did the match end?” 3. The master said, ” Mohan, why didn’t you inform me earlier about this accident?” 4. ‘Please Sir, can I have some more food?” said Oliver. 5. My father said to me, “Have you paid the electricity bill?” 6. The Director said to the young applicant for the job, “Is it for the first time you have applied for a manager’s post?” 7. She said to the beautician, “How can I lose weight?” 8. “Why don’t you come over for dinner on Friday?” Sheila said to me.
Answers: 1. My mother asked me if my brothers were playing in the garden. 2. The teacher asked the boys when the match had ended. 3. The master asked Mohan why he had not informed him earlier about the accident. 4. Oliver requested the Sir if he could have some more food. 5. My father asked me if I had paid the electricity bill. 6. The Director asked the young applicant for the job if it was the first time he had applied for a manager’s post. 7. She asked the beautician how she could lose weight. 8. Sheila asked me why I didnโt come over for dinner on Friday.
Indirect speech
Exercise 25.3 Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech. Use the words given in box for the Introductory Verb “said” :-
1. The nurse said to me, “The doctor can spare only a few minutes for you,” 2. The boy said, I didn’t hit Ramesh.” 3. The gardener said the boys, “Get off the grass immediately.” 4. Jasbir said to his mother, “I will tidy up my room when I come back from the match.” 5. Radha said to her teacher, “I am sorry I forgot to do the homework” 6. My brother said to me, “Remember to thank your friend for his help.” 7. The mother said to them, “I beg you not to hurt my child.” 8. The Instructor said, “Don’t cry, you try again to do the exercise.” 9. “Would you please lend me your camera?” said the boy to his friend. 10. The teacher said to the boy, “You must work hard if you want to win the scholarship.”
Answers: 1.The nurse informed me that the doctor could spare only a few minutes for me. 2. The boy denied having hit Ramesh. 3. The gardener ordered the boys to get off the grass immediately. 4. Jasbir promised his mother that he would tidy up his room when he came back from the match. 5. Radha apologised to her teacher, saying that she was sorry she had forgotten to do the homework. 6. My brother reminded me to thank my friend for his help. 7. The mother beseeched them not to hurt her child. 8. The Instructor ordered not to cry and to try again to do the exercise. 9. The boy requested his friend to lend him his camera. 10. The teacher advised the boy that he must work hard if he wanted to win the scholarship.
Indirect Speech
Exercise 25.4 Change the following into Indirect Speech :-
1. “Oh! what a lovely dress, “said Roshni. 2. “Happy New Year,” said John to Mary. 3. “Alas ! I lost my best gold chain,” said Rani to her friend. 4. “What a tragedy!” said he. 5. “May God bless you for your kindness!” said the poor boy to his master.
Answers: 1. Roshni exclaimed that it was a lovely dress. 2. John wished Mary a Happy New Year. 3. Rani exclaimed with regret that she had lost her best gold chain. 4. He exclaimed that it was a tragedy. 5. The poor boy prayed that God might bless his master for his kindness.
Indirect speech
Exercise 25.5 Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech :-
1. The teacher cried out angrily, “What are you doing, Raman? If you do not attend to the lesson, I shall send you to the Headmaster and you will be punished. Look into your book and do not let me catch you playing again.” 2. Next morning at breakfast his wife said to him, “George, I think I can tell what is wrong with our clock.” “Well, what is it?” He sharply asked. “It wants winding up,” said his partner quietly. 3. The father said angrily to his son, “Where have you been all this time? I saw you here last at ten in the morning. Go at once and change for dinner.” 4. “What will you give me if I spin this straw into gold?” he asked. “You shall have the ring from my finger,” said the girl. 5. “Will you come to my palace with me and be my wife?” said the king. “Yes”, said she, “if you allow me to have my fawn with me always.” 6. He said, “Who are you to speak to me like this? Don’t you know that I am your master and you are my servant? You must carry out my orders, whether you like them or not.” 7. “Are you angry, my friends,” said the king, “Because you have lost your leader? I am your king; I will be your leader.” 8. “Curse it!” exclaimed the driver. “Who could have foreseen such ill-luck? But for the accident we should have reached home before the sunset.” 9. The traveller said to the policeman, “Can you tell me the way to the nearest hotel?” “Yes,” said the policeman, “Do you want one in which you can spend the night?” “No,” replied the traveller, “I only want a meal.” 10. “You say,” said the judge, “The bag you lost contained one hundred and ten rupees.” “Yes, your Honour,” replied the miser. “Then as this one contains one hundred rupees it cannot be yours.”
Answers : 1. The teacher cried out angrily and asked Raman what he was doing. He warned him that if he did not attend to the lesson, he would send him to the Headmaster and he would be punished. He then instructed him to look into his book and not to let him catch him playing again. 2. Next morning, at breakfast, his wife told George that she thought she could tell what was wrong with their clock. He sharply asked her what it was. She quietly replied that it wanted winding up. 3. The father angrily asked his son where he had been all this time, telling him that he had last seen him at ten in the morning. He then ordered him to go at once and change for dinner. 4 .He asked her what she would give him if he spun the straw into gold. The girl replied that he should have the ring from her finger. 5. The king asked her if she would come to his palace with him and be his wife. She replied that she would if he allowed her to have her fawn with her always. 6. He asked angrily who she was to speak to him like that, and if she did not know that he was her master and she was his servant. He then commanded her to carry out his orders, whether she liked them or not. 7. The king asked his friends if they were angry because they had lost their leader, and then assured them that he was their king and would be their leader. 8. The driver cursed the situation and exclaimed that no one could have foreseen such ill-luck. He lamented that but for the accident, they would have reached home before sunset. 9. The traveller asked the policeman if he could tell him the way to the nearest hotel. The policeman replied affirmatively and asked if he wanted one where he could spend the night. The traveller replied that he only wanted a meal. 10. The judge said that the miser had stated that the bag he lost contained one hundred and ten rupees. The miser replied affirmatively. The judge then said that as the bag contained only one hundred rupees, it could not be his.
Direct speech
Exercise 25.6 Turn the following into Direct Speech :- 1. The policeman ordered the driver to step out oft he car. 2. The policeman charged the driver with speeding. 3. The driver denied the charge. 4. The policeman insisted that he did and would have to pay a fine for speeding. 5. The driver protested but then gave Rs 600 as fine.
Answers: 1. The policeman said to the driver, “Step out of the car.” 2. The policeman said to the driver, “You have been speeding.” 3. The driver replied, “I did not speed.” 4. The policeman said, “Yes, you did, and you will have to pay a fine for speeding.” 5. The driver protested, “But this is unfair!” However, he then said, “Here is Rs 600 as the fine.”
The Sequence of Tenses Exercises with Answers for class 8 and worksheet with solution from the book Elementary English Grammar for CBSE and ICSE students.
Correct tense of the verb:
Correct the following sentences
Exercise 24.2 Correct the following sentences and rewrite them :-
1. I hoped that she will pass. 2. The doctor sad that she will soon recover. 3. I warned her lest she may make a mistake. 4. He said that the sun rose in the east. 5. We returned home as soon as it begins to rain. 6. The teacher taught that wood was lighter than water. 7. She told us that honestly was the best policy. 8. We were afraid lest they ,ay get hurt. 9. I found that she has told a lie. 10. The sage said that soul was immortal. 11. She said me the film was terrible. 12. She advise me to buy a dictionary. 13. I didn’t wanted to go at first but she persuade me. 14. They watch the film together and they discuss it in small groups yesterday. 15. I didn’t think it is my fault but they still blame me.
Answers: 1. I hoped that she will pass. โ I hoped that she would pass. 2. The doctor sad that she will soon recover. โ The doctor said that she would soon recover. 3. I warned her lest she may make a mistake. โ I warned her lest she should make a mistake. 4. He said that the sun rose in the east. โ He said that the sun rises in the east. 5. We returned home as soon as it begins to rain. โ We returned home as soon as it began to rain. 6 . The teacher taught that wood was lighter than water. โ The teacher taught that wood is lighter than water. 7. She told us that honestly was the best policy. โ She told us that honesty was the best policy. 8. We were afraid lest they ,ay get hurt. โ We were afraid lest they should get hurt. 9. I found that she has told a lie. โ I found that she had told a lie. 10. The sage said that soul was immortal. โ The sage said that the soul was immortal. 11. She said me the film was terrible. โ She told me the film was terrible. 12. She advise me to buy a dictionary. โ She advised me to buy a dictionary. 13. I didn’t wanted to go at first but she persuade me. โ I didnโt want to go at first, but she persuaded me. 14. They watch the film together and they discuss it in small groups yesterday. โ They watched the film together and discussed it in small groups yesterday. 15. I didn’t think it is my fault but they still blame me. โ I didnโt think it was my fault, but they still blamed me.
Combination of Sentences Exercises with Answers for class 8 and worksheet with solution from the book Elementary English Grammar for CBSE and ICSE students.
Joining Sentences
Exercise 23.1 Join each of the following pairs. Sentences into a single sentence :-
(i) By using the Conjunction and : 1. My brother got a prize. My sister got a prize. 2. Mary is clever girl. Pinky is a clever girl. 3. The sun rises in the east. The sun sets in the west. 4. I can speak English. I can write English. 5. God made the country. Man made the town.
(ii) By using the Conjunction as well as : 1. Tom passed. Peter passed. 2. Sheila was to blame. Lily was to blame. 3. She sings. She plays the harmonium. 4. We should obey our parents. We should honour them. 5. The little child was fast asleep. Its mother was fast asleep.
(iii) By using the Conjunction not only…. but also : 1. He lost his ticket. He lost his luggage. 2. He was fined. He was sent to prison. 3. Bali told a lie. She deceived us. 4. She told a lie. She deceived us. 5. His enemies declared him to be guilty. His best friends declared him to be guilty.
(iv) By using Conjunction or : 1. Do you like tennis? Do you like badminton. 2. She must weep. She will die. 3. Do your work honestly. Leave my service. 4. You must obey the rules. You must leave the school. 5. You must tell the truth. You will be punished.
(v) By using the Conjunction either …. or 1. The king must attend the ceremony. The queen must attend the ceremony. 2. You can write with pencil. You can write in ink. 3. You should go there at once. Your brother should go there at once. 4. He has made a mistake. His brother has make a mistake. 5. Make your purchase. Get out of my shop.
(vi) By using the Conjunction neither … nor : 1. He has no gold. He has no silver. 2. She cannot read English. She cannot write English. 3. Do not be a borrower. Do not be a lender. 4. He does not love her. He does not hate her. 5. He did not admit it. He did not deny it.
(vii) By using the Conjunction else or otherwise : 1. You must work hard. You will not pass. 2. Walk quickly. You will miss the train. 3. Give her water immediately. She will die. 4. Do your work properly. You will be dismissed. 5. We must do our homework. The teacher will punish us.
Answers: (i) By using the Conjunction “and”: 1. My brother got a prize and my sister got a prize. 2. Mary is a clever girl and Pinky is a clever girl. 3. The sun rises in the east and the sun sets in the west. 4. I can speak English and I can write English. 5. God made the country and man made the town. (ii) By using the Conjunction “as well as”: 1. Tom passed as well as Peter. 2. Sheila was to blame as well as Lily. 3 .She sings as well as plays the harmonium. 4. We should obey our parents as well as honour them. 5. The little child was fast asleep as well as its mother. (iii) By using the Conjunction “not onlyโฆ but also”: 1. He lost not only his ticket but also his luggage. 2. He was not only fined but also sent to prison. 3. Bali not only told a lie but also deceived us. 4. She not only told a lie but also deceived us. 5. Not only his enemies but also his best friends declared him to be guilty. (vi) By using the Conjunction “neitherโฆ nor”: 1. He has neither gold nor silver. 2. She can neither read nor write English. 3. Be neither a borrower nor a lender. 4. He neither loves her nor hates her. 5. He neither admitted it nor denied it. (vii) By using the Conjunction “else” or “otherwise”: 1. You must work hard, else you will not pass. 2. Walk quickly, else you will miss the train. 3. Give her water immediately, otherwise she will die. 4. Do your work properly, otherwise you will be dismissed. 5. We must do our homework, else the teacher will punish us.
Single sentence
Exercise 23.2 Join each of the following pairs of Simple Sentences into a single sentence :-
(i) By using the Conjunction but : 1. I called on you. You were not at home. 2. The days are hot. The nights are cold. 3. He was a good speaker. He was a bad writer. 4. She writes slowly. She Writes neatly. 5. He has passed. His sister had failed. (ii) By using the Conjunction though, although, still or yet : 1. He has got a prize. He is not satisfied. 2. He is very rich. He is not contented. 3. He is sixty years old. He works very hard. 4. My uncle has great wealth. He is not work at all. 5. Bali is very poor. He does not work at all. 6. Hari worked hard. He could not succeed. 7. My uncle is very rich. He is not proud of his wealth. 8. Hari is very strong. He is not courageous. 9. He may deceive me. I trust him. 10. The poor man was very weak. He did a lot of work. (iii) By using the Conjunction therefore or so : 1. I have caught a cold. I shall stay at home. 2. He was late. He could not catch the train. 3. He was found guilty. He was hanged. 4. I had a severe headache. I could not attend the school yesterday. 5. He was ill. He could not attend the meeting.
Answers: (i) By using the Conjunction “but”: 1. I called on you, but you were not at home. 2. The days are hot, but the nights are cold. 3. He was a good speaker, but he was a bad writer. 4. She writes slowly, but she writes neatly. 5. He has passed, but his sister had failed. (ii) By using the Conjunction “though,” “although,” “still,” or “yet”: 1. He has got a prize, though he is not satisfied. 2. He is very rich, yet he is not contented. 3. He is sixty years old, but he works very hard. 4. My uncle has great wealth, but he does not work at all. 5. Bali is very poor, yet he does not work at all. 6. Hari worked hard, but he could not succeed. 7. My uncle is very rich, but he is not proud of his wealth. 8. Hari is very strong, yet he is not courageous. 9. He may deceive me, but I trust him. 10. The poor man was very weak, yet he did a lot of work. (iii) By using the Conjunction “therefore” or “so”: 1. I have caught a cold, so I shall stay at home. 2. He was late, so he could not catch the train. 3. He was found guilty, therefore he was hanged. 4. I had a severe headache, so I could not attend the school yesterday. 5. He was ill, so he could not attend the meeting.
Pairs of Simple Sentences
Exercise 23.3 Join each of the following pairs of Simple Sentences into a single sentence :-
1. He could scarcely stand. He was very tired. 2. The meeting was over. All the people went home. 3. He was hanged. He had committed murder. 4. The thief saw the policeman coming. He immediately ran away. 5. He tried his best. He failed in the test. 6. He is very rich. He is not happy. 7. He worked hard. His purpose was to get a scholarship. 8. I am intelligent. My brother is more intelligent. 9. His brother loves him. He loves his brother more. 10. Rama works hard. his brother works equally hard. 11. He is patient. You are not equally hard. 12. All will respect you. You must be honest. 13. You must work hard. You will never succeed. 14. He heard the news. He began to weep. 15. You will never pass. You must work hard.
Answers: 1. He could scarcely stand because he was very tired. 2. The meeting was over, so all the people went home. 3. He was hanged because he had committed murder. 4. The thief saw the policeman coming, so he immediately ran away. 5. He tried his best, but he failed in the test. 6. He is very rich, but he is not happy. 7. He worked hard in order that he might get a scholarship. 8. I am intelligent, but my brother is more intelligent. 9. His brother loves him, but he loves his brother more. 10. Rama works hard, and his brother works equally hard. 11. He is patient, whereas you are not equally patient. 12. All will respect you if you are honest. 13. You must work hard, or you will never succeed. 14. He heard the news, and he began to weep. 15. You will never pass unless you work hard.
Single sentences:
Exercise 23.4 Join each of the following pairs of Simple Sentences into a single sentence :-
1. I remember the house. I was born there. 2. Here is the pen. You were looking for it. 3. These are the boys. Their parents are dead. 4. Jack gets the first prize. He deserve it. 5. This is the place. The accident occurred here. 6. She is Mrs kaul. Her daughter is an actress. 7. We have found the book. We lost it yesterday. 8. The villagers are very lazy. You praised them so much. 9. My mother will always be grateful to you. You helped her. 10. The old man is my uncle. You have bought his house.
Answers: 1. I remember the house where I was born. 2. Here is the pen which you were looking for. 3. These are the boys whose parents are dead. 4. Jack gets the first prize because he deserves it. 5. This is the place where the accident occurred. 6. She is Mrs. Kaul, whose daughter is an actress. 7. We have found the book which we lost yesterday. 8. The villagers are very lazy, yet you praised them so much. 9. My mother will always be grateful to you for helping her. 10. The old man is my uncle, whose house you have bought.
Simple Sentences:
Exercise 23.5 Join each of the following pairs of Simple Sentences into a single sentence :-
1. He went to Agra. He wished to see the Taj Mahal. 2. She left tired. She laid her work aside. 3. He failed in the first attempt. He made no further attempt. 4. The police arrived. The thieves ran away. 5. The bank was closed. We could get any money. 6. She has eight children. She must look after them. 7. The lecture was over. We returned. home. 8. He finished his work. He went out for a walk. 9. Ashoka ruled over India. He was a good and noble king. 10. he was ill last month. He was unable to attend school.
Answers: 1. He went to Agra to see the Taj Mahal. 2. She left tired, so she laid her work aside. 3. He failed in the first attempt, and made no further attempt. 4. The police arrived, so the thieves ran away. 5. The bank was closed, so we could not get any money. 6. She has eight children, and she must look after them. 7. The lecture was over, so we returned home. 8. He finished his work, and then went out for a walk. 9. Ashoka ruled over India, and he was a good and noble king. 10. He was ill last month, so he was unable to attend school.
Conditional Clauses Exercises with Answers for class 8 and worksheet with Solution from the book Elementary English Grammar for CBSE and ICSE students.
Complete the sentences
Exercise 22.1 Write the option which correctly completes the sentence. In some cases more than one or all might be correct :-
1. If it rains, (i) the First Test Match will be cancelled. (ii) the First Test Match would be cancelled. (iii) the First Test Match ought to be cancelled.
2. When water freezes, (i) it turns into ice. (ii) it would turn into ice. (iii) it should turns into ice.
3. If I have time, (i) I shall go to the Book Fair. (ii) I might go to the Book Fair. (iii) I would to go the Book Fair.
4. If Hari meets Sameer, (i) he must remind him to meet me. (ii) remind him to meet me. (iii) he ought to remind him to meet me.
5. If you will perform at my party, (i) I will give you a big remuneration. (ii) I must give you a big remuneration. (iii) I might give you a big renumeration.
6. If I weren’t so busy, (i) I would have gone to the exhibition. (ii) I would go to the exhibition. (iii0 I should visit the exhibition.
7. If I were you, (i) I would never refuse Rohan’s offer. (ii) I would never have refused Rohan’s offer. (iii) I will never refuse Rohan’s offer.
8. If I were you, (i) we may have forgive him. (ii) we might have forgive him. (iii) we would forgive him.
9. If he had admitted his mistake. (i) I might buy a new car. (ii) I shall buy a new car. (iii) I would buy a new car.
10. If you want to keep fit, (i) take exercise daily. (ii) you should exercise daily. (iii) you must take some exercise daily.
Answers:
1.If it rains, (i) the First Test Match will be cancelled. (For a realistic future possibility, use “will be.”)
2.When water freezes, (i) it turns into ice. (For scientific facts, use the present tense.)
3.If I have time, (ii) I might go to the Book Fair. (“Might” is correct for indicating possibility.)
4.If Hari meets Sameer, (iii) he ought to remind him to meet me. (“Ought to” is appropriate for suggesting a duty.)
5.If you will perform at my party, (i) I will give you a big remuneration. (For conditional agreements in the future, use “will.”)
6.If I weren’t so busy, (ii) I would go to the exhibition. (This is a second conditional sentence, imagining a present unreal situation.)
7.If I were you, (i) I would never refuse Rohan’s offer. (This is a hypothetical suggestion in the present or future.)
8.If I were you, (iii) we would forgive him. (This matches a hypothetical present situation.)
9.If he had admitted his mistake, (iii) I would buy a new car. (For third conditional structures, indicating a hypothetical past situation, use “would.”)
10.If you want to keep fit, (ii) you should exercise daily. (“Should” expresses advice.)
Use Conditional Clauses
Exercise 22.2 State what type of conditional clause is used in the following sentences (universal truth, likely or probable, unlikely or improbable, imaginary) :-
1. If you heat ice, it melts. ____________________________ 2. If I win a lottery, I will buy a new house. ___________________ 3. If I were a ghost, I will scare people. _______________________ 4. If you had asked me to do it, I would have done it. ___________________ 5. If I find anything wrong, I shall inform you. ____________________
Answers: 1. If you heat ice, it melts. Universal Truth (This expresses a general or scientific fact.) 2. If I win a lottery, I will buy a new house. Likely or Probable (This expresses a condition that is possible or likely to happen in the future.) 3. If I were a ghost, I would scare people. Imaginary (This expresses an unreal or hypothetical situation, imagining something that is not true.) 4. If you had asked me to do it, I would have done it. Unlikely or Improbable (This refers to a past condition that did not happen, so the result is impossible now.) 5. If I find anything wrong, I shall inform you. Likely or Probable (This expresses a condition that is possible or likely to happen in the future.)
Make ‘IF’ sentences
Exercise 22.3 Certain phrases are given in two boxes. Combine them to make an ‘if’ sentences :-
A
B
1. not to park here
You/plans failed
2. My parents agree
I/go abroad for studies.
3. If/you satisfied
he/included in the team
4. You/regulate diet
You/cured of Indigestion
5. You/plans failed
You/blame us.
Answers: 1. If you park here, you will be fined. 2. If my parents agree, I will go abroad for studies. 3. If you are satisfied, he will be included in the team. 4. If you regulate your diet, you will be cured of indigestion. 5. If your plans failed, you should not blame us.
had, should, unless, or were
Exercise 22.4 Remove if in the following sentences and use (had, should, unless, or were). Make the necessary changes :-
1. If I had not rung him up, he would not have come to my party. Had _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. If he does not satisfy you with this work, we will not employ him. Unless ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. If I met him tomorrow, I will inform him of your visit. Should ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. If you had worked hard you would not have been rejected today. Had _______________________________________ 5. If the patient feels pain, you should give him this injection. Unless ____________________________________________________ 6. If you go to the top of the buildings, you will see the fireworks. _______________________________ 7. If I were the monitor, I would keep the class quiet. _____________________________________________ 8. If poaching is not stopped, tigers will soon become extinct. 9. If there is not enough food, many animals will die. ______________________________________________ 10. If I have the time, I shall go to the party. _______________________________________________________
Answers: 1. Had I not rung him up, he would not have come to my party. 2. Unless he satisfies you with his work, we will not employ him. 3. Should I meet him tomorrow, I will inform him of your visit. 4. Had you worked hard, you would not have been rejected today. 5. Unless the patient feels pain, you should not give him this injection. 6. Should you go to the top of the building, you will see the fireworks. 7. Were I the monitor, I would keep the class quiet. 8. Unless poaching is stopped, tigers will soon become extinct. 9. Unless there is enough food, many animals will die. 10. Should I have the time, I shall go to the party.
Relative Clauses Exercises with Answers for Class 8 and worksheet with solutions from the book Elementary English Grammar for CBSE and ICSE students.
Selecting the right words
Exercise 21.1 Write the right word in the the box to complete the sentences :- 1. He is neglecting the important work that was/which was given to him. 2. The police is questioning the driver who was/that was driving the blueline bus involved in the accident. 3. This is the most complicated case which/that I have been asked to solve. 4. The scooter which/that was found abandoned on the road, belonged to a noted criminal. 5. He distrusts people that/who flatter him. 6. I was the boy who/that instigated your son to steal. 7. I am looking for a worker that/who I can depend on. 8. J.R.D Tata was the most effective chairman that/which we ever had. 9. This is the famous beach which/that we visited last year. 10. The architect who/that designed this buildings is now working in Dubai.
Answers: 1. He is neglecting the important work that was given to him. 2. The police is questioning the driver who was driving the blueline bus involved in the accident. 3. This is the most complicated case that I have been asked to solve. 4. The scooter which was found abandoned on the road, belonged to a noted criminal. 5. He distrusts people who flatter him. 6. I was the boy who instigated your son to steal. 7. I am looking for a worker that I can depend on. 8. J.R.D Tata was the most effective chairman that we ever had. 9. This is the famous beach which we visited last year. 10. The architect who designed this building is now working in Dubai.
Join the sentences
Converting into relative clauses
Exercise 21.3 Combine the following sentences into one by converting one of them into a relative clauses. In some you can leave out who/which/that. Put commas whenever it is a non-defining relative clause. One has been done for you :-
1. This was my decision. regret it to this day. 2. My daughter has completed one course of antibiotics. It has not helped her at all. 3. The police interrogated the servant. My daughter had identified him. 4. This is the diamond necklace. My wife wants it. 5. Mr Gupta is our social science teacher. He can hold us spellbound with his stories. 6. This is the girl. I went to her house yesterday. 7. The Beastly Tales is written by Vikram Seth. It is one of my favourite books. 8. She is the girl. I went to her house yesterday. 9. I talked to the Home Minister about their case. He promised to take serious action. 10. I gave you a big loan last year. What have you done with it.
Answers: 1. This was my decision, which I regret to this day. 2. My daughter has completed one course of antibiotics, which has not helped her at all. 3. The police interrogated the servant, whom my daughter had identified. 4. This is the diamond necklace which my wife wants. 5. Mr. Gupta is our social science teacher, who can hold us spellbound with his stories. 6. This is the girl whose house I went to yesterday. 7. The Beastly Tales, which is written by Vikram Seth, is one of my favourite books. 8. She is the girl whose house I went to yesterday. 9. I talked to the Home Minister about their case, and he promised to take serious action. 10. I gave you a big loan last year; what have you done with it?
Adverb Clauses Exercises with Answers for class 8 and worksheet with solutions from the book Elementary English Grammar for CBSE and ICSE students.
Exercise 20.1 Bold the Adverb Clauses in the following sentences, and say of what kind each is :-
1. We work that we may pass. ___________________________________ 2. He is wiser than I am. ___________________________________________ 3. Even if it rains, I shall come. _____________________________________ 4. Though she is rich she is not happy. _____________________________ 5. Although he failed, he was promoted. ____________________________ 6. So good a woman is she that all followed him. ______________________ 7. He talked in such a way that all followed him. _______________________ 8. If you have tears prepare to shed them now. _________________________ 9. Unless you work harder you will fail. ___________________________________ 10. You must go there whether you like it or not. _________________________ 11. He was very pleased that you had passed. ___________________________ 12. Because I like her, I shall help her. ___________________________________ 13. Since you are intelligent, you will pass easily. _________________________ 14. As he was ill, he could not come to school. ____________________________ 15. They worked hard that they might pass the examination. ______________
Answers: 1. We work that we may pass. Adverb Clause of Purpose 2. He is wiser than I am. Adverb Clause of Comparison 3. Even if it rains, I shall come. Adverb Clause of Condition 4. Though she is rich, she is not happy. Adverb Clause of Concession 5. Although he failed, he was promoted. Adverb Clause of Concession 6. So good a woman is she that all followed her. Adverb Clause of Result 7. He talked in such a way that all followed him. Adverb Clause of Result 8. If you have tears, prepare to shed them now. Adverb Clause of Condition 9. Unless you work harder, you will fail. Adverb Clause of Condition 10. You must go there whether you like it or not. Adverb Clause of Concession 11. He was very pleased that you had passed. Adverb Clause of Reason 12. Because I like her, I shall help her. Adverb Clause of Reason 13. Since you are intelligent, you will pass easily. Adverb Clause of Reason 14. As he was ill, he could not come to school. Adverb Clause of Reason 15. They worked hard that they might pass the examination. Adverb Clause of Purpose
Exercise 20.2 Add a suitable Adverb Clause to each of the following :- 1. _______________________ he is honest. 2. Stop _______________________________. 3. He does ____________________________. 4. He spoke ____________________________. 5. I awarded _____________________________. 6. _____________ you will miss the train. 7. _________________________ he is honest. 8. Nobody trusts him ___________________. 9. He fled ________________________________. 10. He failed ______________________________. 11. The sun set ____________________________. 12. Wait here ______________________________. 13. I shall __________________________________. 14. You may do ____________________________ . 15. He was so tired _________________________.
Answers: 1. Although he is poor, he is honest. 2. Stop when I tell you to. 3. He does as he is instructed. 4. He spoke as if he knew everything. 5. I awarded him because he deserved it. 6. Hurry up or you will miss the train. 7. Whether you believe it or not, he is honest. 8. Nobody trusts him because he often lies. 9. He fled as soon as the police arrived. 10. He failed because he didn’t study enough. 11. The sun set after the long day ended. 12. Wait here until I return. 13. I shall help you if you need me. 14. You may do whatever you think is best. 15. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.
Adjective Clauses Exercises with Answer for class 8 and worksheet with solution from the Elementary English Grammar for CBSE and ICSE students.
Exercise 19.1 Bold the Adjectives Clauses in the following sentences :-
1. God helps those who help themselves. 2. This is the house where she lived. 3. This is the boy who stood first in the examination. 4. Here is the book you want. 5. He is not the man I can trust. 6. I remember the house where I was born. 7. I am the monarch of all I survey. 8. He that climbs too high is sure to fall. 9. The story he tells is untrue. 10. They never fail who die in a great cause. 11. The house that she lives in belongs to her father. 12. All that glitters is not gold. 13. He laughs best who laughs last. 14. He gave her everything she asked for. 15. He that is down need fear no fall.
Answers: 1. God helps those who help themselves. 2. This is the house where she lived. 3. This is the boy who stood first in the examination. 4. Here is the book you want. 5. He is not the man I can trust. 6. I remember the house where I was born. 7. I am the monarch of all I survey. 8. He that climbs too high is sure to fall. 9. The story he tells is untrue. 10. They never fail who die in a great cause. 11. The house that she lives in belongs to her father. 12. All that glitters is not gold. 13. He laughs best who laughs last. 14. He gave her everything she asked for. 15. He that is down need fear no fall.
Exercise 19.2 Fill in the blanks with suitable Adjectives Clauses :-
1. I know the place ______________. 2. He is the man _________________. 3. I want back the book ______________. 4. He never fails __________________. 5. Here is the book ________________. 6. God helps those ________________. 7. Blessed is he _________________. 8. He tells a tale ___________________. 9. This is the girl ____________________. 10. I met a girl ______________________.
Answers: 1. I know the place where she lives. 2. He is the man who helped me yesterday. 3. I want back the book that I lent you. 4. He never fails who works hard. 5. Here is the book that you were looking for. 6. God helps those who help themselves. 7. Blessed is he who trusts in the Lord. 8. He tells a tale that no one believes. 9. This is the girl who won the competition. 10. I met a girl who speaks five languages.
Noun Clauses Exercises with Answer for Class 8 and Worksheet with solutions from the book Elementary English Grammar for CBSE and ICSE students.
Exercise 18.1 Bold the Noun Clauses in each of the following sentences and say how it is used :-
1. There is no meaning in what she says. _________________________________________________ 2. I do not know where you find her. _________________________________________________ 3. It is not known who has stolen your book. _________________________________________________ 4. That she should think so surprise me. _________________________________________________ 5. Her fear is that the secret of her birth may be out. _________________________________________________ 6. That he loves her is known to all. _________________________________________________ 7. I have no faith in what she says. _________________________________________________ 8. He asked me whether my father was at home. _________________________________________________ 9. I think you have made a mistake. _________________________________________________ 10. The truth is that we have been deceived. _________________________________________________ 11. The news that he has failed is untrue. _________________________________________________ 12. That he will pass this year is uncertain. _________________________________________________
Answers: 1. what she says โ Object of the preposition “in.” 2. where you find her โ Object of the verb “know.” 3. who has stolen your book โ Subject of the verb “is known.” 4. That she should think so โ Subject of the verb “surprises.” 5. that the secret of her birth may be out โ Subject complement (explaining her fear). 6. That he loves her โ Subject of the verb “is known.” 7. what she says โ Object of the preposition “in.” 8. whether my father was at home โ Object of the verb “asked.” 9. you have made a mistake โ Object of the verb “think.” 10. that we have been deceived โ Subject complement (explaining the truth). 11. that he has failed โ Appositive, explaining “the news.” 12. That he will pass this year โ Subject of the verb “is uncertain.
Exercise 18.2 Complete the following by adding Noun Clauses :-
1. Tell him __________________________________________. 2. It is certain __________________________________________. 3. He was pleased with __________________________________________. 4. I think __________________________________________. 5. She told us __________________________________________. 6. I fear __________________________________________. 7. He replied __________________________________________. 8. All thought __________________________________________. 9. No one knows __________________________________________. 10. He knew __________________________________________. 11. Can you guess __________________________________________. 12. Do you know __________________________________________. 13. Will you tell me __________________________________________. 14. __________________________________________ is quite certain. 15. __________________________________________ surprise me.
Answers: 1. Tell him what you plan to do. 2. It is certain that he will arrive on time. 3. He was pleased with how the event turned out. 4. I think that you should apologize. 5. She told us that she was leaving the city. 6. I fear that we might be too late. 7. He replied that he was not feeling well. 8. All thought that the plan would fail. 9. No one knows where she went after the meeting. 10. He knew that he had made a mistake. 11. Can you guess what I am thinking? 12. Do you know when the meeting will start? 13. Will you tell me why you are upset? 14. That he passed the exam is quite certain. 15. That you forgot my birthday surprises me.
Sentences – Simple, Compound, Complex Exercise with Answer for Class 8 and worksheet with Solution from the book Elementary English Grammar for CBSE and ICSE students.
Exercise 17.1Say which of the following sentences are Compound, and which are Complex? Also bold the Clause in each case :-
1. God helps those who help themselves. 2. Walk quickly, or you will miss the train. 3. I know where he has gone. 4. They rested when the night came. 5. I know a place where wild roses. 6. Work hard and you will pass. 7. Men may come, and men may go, but I go on forever. 8. Come tomorrow and get your money. 9. We returned home when the sun set. 10. All that glitters is not gold. 11. I think he is absent today. 12. I will live where you live. 13. Night came on and rain fell heavily and we all got very wet. 14. When I went to the bazaar this morning. I met my old friend whom I had not seen for three years. 15. I know the man who said that the earth is flat. 16. He goes to school but his sister stays at home. 17. I have no sympathy for a man who is not a hero in the battle of life. 18. He does not know who has stolen your books. 19. Ashok passed but Raman failed. 20. Nobody knows where he was murdered. 21. The news is so good that it cannot be true. 22. The boy who was lost yesterday has been found by the police. 23. Was he asleep or awake? 24. He went to the window to look out but found no one there. 25. When the cat is away the mouse is at play.
Answers: 1.God helps thosewho help themselves. Complex (Adjective Clause: “who help themselves“) 2. Walk quickly, oryou will miss the train. Compound (Two independent clauses: “Walk quickly” and “you will miss the train“) 3. I knowwhere he has gone. Complex (Noun Clause: “where he has gone“) 4. They restedwhen the night came. Complex (Adverb Clause: “when the night came“) 5. I know a placewhere wild roses grow. Complex (Adjective Clause: “where wild roses grow“) 6. Work hard andyou will pass. Compound (Two independent clauses: “Work hard” and “you will pass“) 7. Men may come, and men may go, butI go on forever. Compound (Three independent clauses: “Men may come“, “men may go“, and “I go on forever“) 8. Come tomorrow andget your money. Compound (Two independent clauses: “Come tomorrow” and “get your money“) 9. We returned homewhen the sun set. Complex (Adverb Clause: “when the sun set“) 10. All that glittersis not gold. Complex (Adjective Clause: “that glitters“) 11. I thinkhe is absent today. Complex (Noun Clause: “he is absent today“) 12. I will livewhere you live. Complex (Adverb Clause: “where you live“) 13. Night came on and rain fell heavily andwe all got very wet. Compound (Three independent clauses: “Night came on“, “rain fell heavily“, and “we all got very wet“) 14. When I went to the bazaar this morning, I met my old friendwhom I had not seen for three years. Complex (Adverb Clause: “When I went to the bazaar this morning“, Adjective Clause: “whom I had not seen for three years“) 15. I know the manwho said that the earth is flat. Complex (Adjective Clause: “who said that the earth is flat“) 16. He goes to school buthis sister stays at home. Compound (Two independent clauses: “He goes to school” and “his sister stays at home“) 17. I have no sympathy for a manwho is not a hero in the battle of life. Complex (Adjective Clause: “who is not a hero in the battle of life“) 18. He does not knowwho has stolen your books. Complex (Noun Clause: “who has stolen your books“) 19. Ashok passed butRaman failed. Compound (Two independent clauses: “Ashok passed” and “Raman failed“) 20. Nobody knowswhere he was murdered. Complex (Noun Clause: “where he was murdered“) 21. The news is so goodthat it cannot be true. Complex (Adverb Clause: “that it cannot be true“) 22. The boywho was lost yesterdayhas been found by the police. Complex (Adjective Clause: “who was lost yesterday“) 23. Was he asleep orawake? Compound (Two independent clauses: “Was he asleep” and “awake?“) 24. He went to the window to look out butfound no one there. Compound (Two independent clauses: “He went to the window to look out” and “found no one there“) 25. When the cat is away, the mouse is at play. Complex (Adverb Clause: “When the cat is away“)
The Phrase and the Clause Exercises with Answers for Class 8 and Worksheet with solution from the book Elementary English Grammar for CBSE and ICSE students.
Exercise 16.1 Bold the Clauses in the following sentences, and tell the kind of each :-
1. I asked her where she was going. 2. He expected that he would win a prize. 3. The boys went home when the schools was over. 4. He will pass if he works hard. 5. No one knows where he lives. 6. The mice will play when the cat is away. 7. God helps those who help themselves. 8. This is the house where I was born. 9. I do not know what she wants. 10. I think he will pass this year. 11. This is the boy who saved your child’s life. 12. I met her when I was in Mumbai. 13. The dog which bit the child was mad. 14. I know who is to blame. 15. I know the man who is there. 16. This is the house that Jack built. 17. People who eat too much die early. 18. This is the beggar whom we met yesterday. 19. I know when he will come. 20. I know the time when he will come.
Answers: 1. I asked her(Main Clause)where she was going(Noun Clause). Noun Clause: Acts as the object of the verb “asked.” 2. He expected(Main Clause)that he would win a prize(Noun Clause). Noun Clause: Acts as the object of the verb “expected.” 3. The boys went home(Main Clause)when the school was over(Adverbial Clause). Adverbial Clause: Modifies the verb “went” by providing the time. 4. He will pass(Main Clause)if he works hard(Adverbial Clause). Adverbial Clause: Indicates the condition under which he will pass. 5. No one knows(Main Clause)where he lives(Noun Clause). Noun Clause: Acts as the object of the verb “knows.” 6. The mice will play(Main Clause)when the cat is away(Adverbial Clause). Adverbial Clause: Modifies the verb “will play” by providing the time. 7. God helps(Main Clause)those who help themselves(Noun Clause). Noun Clause: Acts as the object of the verb “helps.” 8. This is the house(Main Clause)where I was born(Adverbial Clause). Adverbial Clause: Modifies the noun “house” by providing information about it. 9. I do not know(Main Clause)what she wants(Noun Clause). Noun Clause: Acts as the object of the verb “know.” 10. I think(Main Clause)he will pass this year(Noun Clause). Noun Clause: Acts as the object of the verb “think.” 11. This is the boy(Main Clause)who saved your child’s life(Adjective Clause). Adjective Clause: Modifies the noun “boy” by providing additional information. 12. I met her(Main Clause)when I was in Mumbai(Adverbial Clause). Adverbial Clause: Modifies the verb “met” by providing the time. 13. The dog was mad(Main Clause)which bit the child(Adjective Clause). Adjective Clause: Modifies the noun “dog” by providing additional information. 14. I know(Main Clause)who is to blame(Noun Clause). Noun Clause: Acts as the object of the verb “know.” 15. I know the man(Main Clause)who is there(Adjective Clause). Adjective Clause: Modifies the noun “man” by providing additional information. 16. This is the house(Main Clause)that Jack built(Adjective Clause). Adjective Clause: Modifies the noun “house” by providing additional information. 17. People die early(Main Clause)who eat too much(Adjective Clause). Adjective Clause: Modifies the noun “people” by providing additional information. 18. This is the beggar(Main Clause)whom we met yesterday(Adjective Clause). Adjective Clause: Modifies the noun “beggar” by providing additional information. 19. I know(Main Clause)when he will come(Noun Clause). Noun Clause: Acts as the object of the verb “know.” 20. I know the time(Main Clause)when he will come(Adverbial Clause). Adverbial Clause: Modifies the noun “time” by providing additional information about it.
Summary of Clause Types:
Main Clause: Expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. Noun Clause: Acts as a noun in the sentence (subject, object, or complement). Adverbial Clause: Modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb, usually indicating time, place, condition, or manner. Adjective Clause: Modifies a noun or pronoun, providing additional information about it.
Exercise 16.2 Fill in the blanks with suitable Clauses. One has been done for you :- (a) Adverbs Clauses
1. He will pass if he studies hard.
2. He came ________________. 3. They fought ______________ . 4. Make hay _______________. 5. His father died __________. 6. Work hard ___________. 7. Wait ___________. 8. Do ___________. 9. We eat __________. 10. _____________ I will keep it.
(b) Adjective Clauses
1. He lost the book 2. I know the man 3. This is the pen 4. They never fail 5. I found an umbrella 6. I remember 7. God helps those 8. This is the book 9. All that glitters is 10. He is the boy
(c) Noun Clauses
1. Do you know 2.He spends 3. We know ____________ 4. Can you deny _________ 5. I often wonder _______________ 6. She says ________________ 7. Do you deny _______________ 8. ____________________ is quite certain. 9. This is _____________________. 10. ______________ is a mystery.
Answers: (a) Adverb Clauses
He will pass if he studies hard.
He came as soon as he heard the news.
They fought until they were exhausted.
Make hay while the sun shines.
His father died when he was a child.
Work hard so that you may succeed.
Wait until I return.
Do as I say.
We eat because we are hungry.
If you give it to me, I will keep it.
(b) Adjective Clauses
He lost the book that he had borrowed.
I know the man who lives next door.
This is the pen which I bought yesterday.
They never fail who try their best.
I found an umbrella that was lying on the road.
I remember the day when we met.
God helps those who help themselves.
This is the book which I wanted to read.
All that glitters is not gold.
He is the boy who won the prize.
(c) Noun Clauses
1. Why she left is a mystery. 2. Do you know where he lives? 3. He spends what he earns. 4. We know that the Earth is round. 5. Can you deny that he is right? 6. I often wonder why he left. 7. She says that she is tired. 8. Do you deny that you broke the vase? 9. That he will come is quite certain. 10. This is what I was looking for.
Structure of Sentences Exercises with Answers for class 8 and worksheet with solutions from the book Elementary English Grammar for CBSE and ICSE students.
Exercise 15.1 Arrange the group of words in their proper order to make sensible sentences :-
1. In time, a stitch, nine, saves 2. now, are crossing, the Atlantic, airmen, quite regularly 3. we used, years ago, instead of, electric lamps, oil lamps 4. plenty of money, by kind friends, he was supplied with 5. unanimously, elected him, caption of the team, the boys 6. our mother, this interesting story, one wintry night, told us 7. at the end of the road, a beautiful statue, you will find, made of marble 8. how to do it, again and again, they showed him 9. the Arctic Ocean, airmen, very often, yet, have not crossed 10. a large number of foreigners, in the park, yesterday, they saw, taking photographs
Answers: 1. A stitch in time saves nine. 2. Airmen are now crossing the Atlantic quite regularly. 3. Years ago, we used oil lamps instead of electric lamps. 4. He was supplied with plenty of money by kind friends. 5. The boys unanimously elected him captain of the team. 6. Our mother told us this interesting story one wintry night. 7. You will find a beautiful statue made of marble at the end of the road. 8. They showed him again and again how to do it. 9. Airmen have not yet crossed the Arctic Ocean very often. 10. Yesterday, they saw a large number of foreigners in the park taking photographs.
Exercise 15.3bold the Indirect objects and bold the Direct objects in each sentences :-
1. The teacher asked us to sing a song. 2. I apologised to Rohan my mistake. 3. Please give this book to him. 4. The leader proposed that we should follow his plan. 5. She told me that film was terrible.
Answers: 1. The teacher asked us to sing a song. Indirect object: us (underlined) Direct object: song (circled) 2. I apologised to Rohan my mistake. Indirect object: Rohan (underlined) Direct object: mistake (circled) 3. Please give this book to him. Indirect object: him (underlined) Direct object: book (circled) 4. The leader proposed that we should follow his plan. Indirect object: None Direct object: plan (circled) 5. She told me that film was terrible. Indirect object: me (underlined) Direct object: film (circled) Summary: Indirect Object: Indicates to whom or for whom the action of the verb is done. Direct Object: Indicates what or whom the action of the verb is done.
Exercise 14.2 Complete the answer to these questions with the help of phrasal verbs. One has been done for you :-
1. Ali : What shall I do with this form? Sunil : Just fill it in and send it to address at the top. 2. Rehan : Is Soina a fast runner? Kabir : Oh, yes. Nobody else can keep _________ 3. Ayub : Why didn’t you buy a dictionary? Zeenat : The bookshop has run _________________ 4. Mohan : Did you believe Javed’s story? Aamir : No, I knew he must have made ____________ 5. Rahim : Did Salma play with her cousins when they came to stay? Ravi : Oh yes. She got _____________
Answers: Rehan: Is Soina a fast runner? Kabir: Oh, yes. Nobody else can keep up with her. Ayub: Why didn’t you buy a dictionary? Zeenat: The bookshop has run out of them. Mohan: Did you believe Javed’s story? Aamir: No, I knew he must have made it up. Rahim: Did Salma play with her cousins when they came to stay? Ravi: Oh yes. She got along with them very well.
Replace a word
Exercise 14.3 Select one phrasal verb form the list given in the box to replace a word or a phrase in each sentence. One has been done for you :-
cut short, take off, turn back, start out, keep on
1. The plane left on time. Answers : The plane took off on time.
2. We began our trip early in the morning. 3. We wanted to interrupt our trip in Nepal. 4. There was a thunderstorm but the plane continued flying. 5. But soon the pilot decided to return to Tokyo.
Answers: 2. We started out our trip early in the morning. 3. We wanted to cut short our trip in Nepal. 4. There was a thunderstorm but the plane kept on flying. 5. But soon the pilot decided to turn back to Tokyo.
Tense form of the verbs
Correct form of verbs
Exercise 14.5 Replace the bold words in the sentences with the correct form of verbs given in the box. ONe has been done for you.
at a loss, find out, look back on, own up, as a rule, set off, turn down, carry on, at times, bag and baggage
1. I am sure we will all remember this holiday for a long time. Ans. I am sure we will all look back on this holiday for a long time.
2. Unless Ramesh confesses, the mystery will remain unsolved. 3. They cannot continue with the construction unless the labour cooperates. 4. The master soon discovered what his servant was up to. 5. Before you refused this offer, consider it very carefully. 6. They started on their journey with great hopes and enthusiasm. 7. I am quite puzzled and cannot explain his behaviour. 8. He occasionally loses his temper and becomes violent. 9. He was ordered to leave, leaving nothing behind. 10. A sensible man, usually, cars much for public opinion.
Answers: 2. Unless Ramesh owns up, the mystery will remain unsolved. 3. They cannot carry on with the construction unless the labour cooperates. 4. The master soon found out what his servant was up to. 5. Before you turn down this offer, consider it very carefully. 6. They set off on their journey with great hopes and enthusiasm. 7. I am quite at a loss and cannot explain his behaviour. 8. He at times loses his temper and becomes violent. 9. He was ordered to leave, bag and baggage, leaving nothing behind. 10. A sensible man, as a rule, cares much for public opinion.
Prepositions Exercises with Answers for class 8 and worksheet with solution from the book Elementary English Grammar for CBSE and ICSE students.
Suitable Prepositions
Correct the sentences
Exercise 13.2 Correct the following sentences. There is an error in each of them :-
1. I have not met my father from a long time. 2. The four friends distributed the money between them. 3. Beside being heavily fined, he was sent to the jail. 4. He has been suffering from fever from last Monday. 5. He is the boy whom I gave the book too. 6. He was struck at the head with an unknown assailant. 7. He jumped in the well to escape arrest. 8. He is very proud about his success in the tournament. 9. The train will arrive in the station by the right time. 10. What are you looking?
Answers: 1. Incorrect: I have not met my father from a long time. Correct: I have not met my father for a long time. 2. Incorrect: The four friends distributed the money between them. Correct: The four friends distributed the money among them. 3. Incorrect: Beside being heavily fined, he was sent to the jail. Correct: Besides being heavily fined, he was sent to jail. 4. Incorrect: He has been suffering from fever from last Monday. Correct: He has been suffering from fever since last Monday. 5. Incorrect: He is the boy whom I gave the book too. Correct: He is the boy to whom I gave the book. 6. Incorrect: He was struck at the head with an unknown assailant. Correct: He was struck on the head by an unknown assailant. 7. Incorrect: He jumped in the well to escape arrest. Correct: He jumped into the well to escape arrest. 8. Incorrect: He is very proud about his success in the tournament. Correct: He is very proud of his success in the tournament. 9. Incorrect: The train will arrive in the station by the right time. Correct: The train will arrive at the station on time. 10. Incorrect: What are you looking? Correct: What are you looking at?
Adverbs Exercises with Answers for class 8 and worksheet with Solutions from the book Elementary English Grammar for CBSE and ICSE students.
Form Adverbs
Opposite of Adverbs
Complete the sentences
So, such, so … that or such … that
Quite or rather
Quite,ย rather,ย fairly,ย tooย orย enough
Correct form of Adverbs
Adverbs
Exercise 12.8 Complete the sentences by putting the Adverbs (given in the brackets) in the right position. one has been done for you :-
1. I have lived in Nainital ___________________ (among) the locals ___________________ (peacefully) in my life. Answer: I have peacefully all my life among the locals in Nainital.
2. Pandit Jasraj holds concerts _______________ (often, successfully, abroad). 3. I am certain you will be successful _______________ (in life, absolutely, very). 4. The injured were taken to a safe place _______________ (immediately/seriously/luckily). 5. We saw _______________ (suddenly/on the road/an accident/yesterday). 6. This bank ______________ (strangely/on Raksha Bandhan day/till on p.m.) 7. I met her _________________ (last night/unexpectedly/at the party). 8. I take my dinner ______________ (8 p.m./always/everyday). 9. Traffic is _____________ (usually/at this hour/very heavy). 10. Vanita ____________ (hardly/strangely/lost her tamper).
Answers: 2. Pandit Jasraj holds concerts successfully abroad often. 3. I am certain you will be absolutely successful in life very. 4. The injured were taken to a safe place immediately luckily seriously. 5. We saw an accident suddenly yesterday on the road. 6.This bank is strangely closed on Raksha Bandhan day till 8 p.m. 7. I met her unexpectedlylast night at the party. 8. I take my dinner always at 8 p.m. every day. 9. Traffic is usually very heavy at this hour. 10. Vanita strangely hardly lost her tamper.
Phrases
Exercise 12.9 Change the underline phrases with single words chosen from the box :-
1. She looked in all places for her lost keys. 2. You will hear from her in a short time. 3. All of a sudden, the stranger took out his revolver and fired at him. 4. Now and then I have letters from my sister. 5. She shouted in an angry manner. 6. Please come here without delay. 7. Diwali is celebrated once a year. 8. The train arrived at the fixed time. 9. Can you explain your plan in a few words. 10. Where is your mother living at the present time.
Answers: 1. She looked everywhere for her lost keys. 2. You will hear from her soon. 3. Suddenly, the stranger took out his revolver and fired at him. 4. Occasionally, I have letters from my sister. 5. She shouted angrily. 6. Please come here immediately. 7. Diwali is celebrated annually. 8. The train arrived on time. 9. Can you explain your plan briefly? 10. Where is your mother currently living?
Adjectives – Degrees of Comparison Exercises with Answers for class 8 and worksheet with Solution from the book Elementary English Grammar for CBSE and ICSE students.
Exercise 11.1 Complete the sentences using the Comparative form :- 1. I have seen many tall buildings but the building in New York are ________ 2. The flight over the mountains was rather short. I had expected it __________ 3. Please give me some sugar. I like my coffee to be _________ 4. Don’t walk so slowly. I know you can _______ 5. We went to the next room to find some quiet place but it ________ 6. You have no experience of doing this work. We want someone __________ 7. Raman was rejected because he was only 18. The company wanted someone ______ 8. This movie is awful. Let us watch _________ 9. We missed the train. We should have __________ 10. He was already feeling bad about his behavior at the party. His friends, comments made him ________
Answers: 1. I have seen many tall buildings but the buildings in New York are taller. 2. The flight over the mountains was rather short. I had expected it to be longer. 3. Please give me some sugar. I like my coffee to be sweeter. 5. Don’t walk so slowly. I know you can walk faster. 6. We went to the next room to find some quiet place but it was noisier. 7. You have no experience of doing this work. We want someone more experienced. 8. This movie is awful. Let us watch a better one. 9. We missed the train. We should have arrived earlier. 10. He was already feeling bad about his behavior at the party. His friends’ comments made him feel worse.
Much, better, a lot, a little, a bit
ย
Complete the blanks
Rewrite
Exercise 11.5 Rewrite the following sentences using as … as … :-
1. It is not today but it was hotter yesterday. 2. This is an interesting story but the one I read yesterday was more interesting. 3. Dhoni could captain the team better then Dravid . 4. I do not think Ishant Sharma can bowl better Irfan Pathan. 5. Delhi is a costlier city than Chennai.
Answers: 1. It is not as hot today as it was yesterday. 2. This story is not as interesting as the one I read yesterday. 3. Dhoni could not captain the team as well as Irfan Pathan. 4. I do not think Ishant Sharma can bowl as well as Dravid. 5. Delhi is not as inexpensive as Chennai.
Superlative degree
Comparative or Superlative formย
Fill in the blanks
Superlative
Change Sentences
Exercise 11.10 Change the following sentences as directed :-
1. Ashoka was one of the greatest kings (Change to Positive degree) 2. I have no eaten a more delicious cake. (Change to Superlative degree) 3. This is the oldest church in Spain. (Change to Comparative degree) 4. No pop singer is more famous than Michael Jackson. (Change to Superlative) 5. No one is as lazy as Mohan in the class. (Change to Comparative degree) 6. Hari and you are teller than me. (Change to Positive degree)
Answers: 1. Ashoka was a great king. 2. I have eaten the most delicious cake. 3. This church is older than many others in Spain. 4. Michael Jackson is the most famous pop singer. 5. Mohan is lazier than anyone else in the class. 6. I am shorter than Hari and you.
Direct Indirect speech Exercises with Answers for class 7 and worksheet solution of Elementary English Grammar for CBSE and ICSE students.
Direct into Indirect Speech
Exercise 16.1 Change from Direct into Indirect Speech. One has been done for you :-
1. “You are old enough to earn your living now,” said the father to his son. Answer: 1. The father told his son that he was old enough to earn his living now.
2. “I will not give you a single penny,” said the old man to the beggar. 3. “It will rain tonight,” said the father to children. 4. he wrote to me, “I am unable to attend the wedding as I am going on a tour. 5. The headmaster said to the boys, “You will leave for a tour soon. 6. The teacher said to Sita, “You have not done well in maths paper.” 7. He said, “All the students were making a noise. 8. Radha said, “I am doing my work.” 9. She said, “I am doing my work.” 10. The princess said, “It gives me great pleasure to be here this evening.
Answers: 2. The old man told the beggar that he would not give him a single penny. 3. The father told the children that it would rain that night. 4. He wrote to me that he was unable to attend the wedding as he was going on a tour. 5. The headmaster told the boys that they would leave for a tour soon. 6. The teacher told Sita that she had not done well in the maths paper. 7. He said that all the students had been making a noise. 8. Radha said that she was doing her work. 9. She said that she was doing her work. 10. The princess said that it gave her great pleasure to be there that evening.
Indirect Speech
Exercise 16.2 Turn the following into Indirect Speech.
1. My father said to me, “You are up very early today. 2. The teacher said to us, “Do your work regularly.” 3. He said, “I am very busy, do not disturb me. 4. She said to me, “I went there alone and I was not afraid. 5. The angry teacher said, “I shall not teach your class.
Answers:
1. My father told me that I was up very early that day. 2. The teacher told us to do our work regularly. 3. He said that he was very busy and asked not to disturb him. 4. She told me that she had gone there alone and that she was not afraid. 5. The angry teacher said that he would not teach our class.
Turn into Indirect Speech
Exercise 16.3 Turn the following into Indirect Speech :-
1. The teacher said to the boy, “Why were you absent yesterday?” 2. The mother said, “Hari, Have you seen a balloon go up in the sky?” 3. I said to the porter, “When does the next train come?” 4. I said to my brother, “Can you meet me at library today?” 5. He asked me, “Do you play football?” 6. My father’s friend said to me, “What will you do when you leave school?” 7. The stranger said to Aladdin, “Where do you live and how old are you?” 8. Robin said rudely to the guest , “Why have you come here?”
Answers:
1. The teacher asked the boy why he had been absent the previous day. 2. The mother asked Hari if he had seen a balloon go up in the sky. 3. I asked the porter when the next train would come. 4. I asked my brother if he could meet me at the library that day. 5. He asked me if I played football. 6. My father’s friend asked me what I would do when I left school. 7. The stranger asked Aladdin where he lived and how old he was. 8. Robin rudely asked the guest why he had come there.
Indirect Speech
Exercise 16.4 Turn into Indirect Speech :-
1. “Halt, “shouted the Sergeant. 2. She said to him, “Sit still, or the photograph will be spoiled.” 3. “Get out of the room at once,” said the angry officer. 4. The leader said, “Be calm and do not act in haste.” 5. I said to Meera, “Please lend me your notes.” 6. The old lady said, “Don’t beat the dog, you naughty boy.”
Answers:
1. The Sergeant shouted to halt. 2. She told him to sit still or the photograph would be spoiled. 3. The angry officer ordered to get out of the room at once. 4. The leader advised to be calm and not to act in haste. 5. I requested Meera to lend me her notes. 6. The old lady told the naughty boy not to beat the dog.
Indirect Speech
Exercise 16.5 Change the following into Indirect Speech.
1. “How clever you are!” said the fox to the crow. 2. “How sad, he lost his mother, “said Ramesh. 3. “What a beautiful scene!” said the girl. 4. Leela said , “I wish I could sing as beautifully as you!” 5. “How lucky you are!” said Mohan to Hari.
Answers:
1. The fox told the crow how clever he was. 2. Ramesh said how sad it was that he had lost his mother. 3. The girl exclaimed what a beautiful scene it was. 4. Leela said that she wished she could sing as beautifully as I could. 5. Mohan told Hari how lucky he was.
Direct Question
Exercise 16.6 Write each Direct Question given below as an Indirect Question. One has been done for you.
1. Where have they gone? Answer: Do you know where they have gone? 2. Who has taken my pen? Do you know __________________________________________. 3. How did you laughing? Could you tell me __________________________________________. 4. How did you this? Would you please tell me ___________________________________. 5. Who is that man? I do not know _______________________________________. 6. Can you lend me some money? I wonder if _________________________________________________.
Answers:
2. Who has taken my pen? Do you know who has taken my pen? 3. How did you start laughing? Could you tell me how you started laughing? 4. How did you do this? Would you please tell me how you did this? 5. Who is that man? I do not know who that man is. 6. Can you lend me some money? I wonder if you could lend me some money.
Indirect Speech
Exercise 16.7 Change the following into Indirect Speech :-
1. My friend said to me, “Why have you kept me waiting when you knew I was in such a haste to go?” 2. “Is there anybody here?” said the traveller knocking on the moonlit door. 3. “Take my advice,” said the fox to his friends, “and cut off your tails.” 4. “What have you sell, “My son, I earn only one or two rupees a day. How can I afford to buy a kite for you?” 6. Anusha said to the sales girl, “Did you check the price tag before making the bill?” 7. The newspaper representative said to the minister, “You cannot be angry with us. We are only doing our job.” 8. She said to her servant, “How dare you speak to me like this? Get out immediately.”
Answers:
1. My friend asked me why I had kept her waiting when I knew she was in such a haste to go. 2. The traveller knocked on the moonlit door and asked if there was anybody there. 3. The fox advised his friends to take his advice and cut off their tails. 4. The man said that his son asked him for a kite, but he explained that he earned only one or two rupees a day and could not afford to buy a kite for him. 5. Anusha asked the sales girl if she had checked the price tag before making the bill. 6. The newspaper representative told the minister that he could not be angry with them as they were only doing their job. 7. She asked her servant how he dared to speak to her like that and ordered him to get out immediately.
Change into indirect speech
Exercise 16.8 Read the following conversation and change into indirect speech :-
You : Reeta, why have you not been coming to school for so many days? Reeta : I had gone to Goa for my cousin’s wedding? You : Did you enjoying the wedding? Reeta : Yes, I did. We have great fun. You : Did you visit any tourist spots? Reeta : Oh! I saw the famous churches, visited the beautiful beaches and bought some lovely souvenirs. Begin : Reeta ha not coming to school for many days. I met her in the market today and she told me ______________
Answers: Reeta had not been coming to school for many days. I met her in the market today, and she told me that she had gone to Goa for her cousin’s wedding. I asked her if she had enjoyed the wedding. She replied that she had and that they had great fun. I then asked her if she had visited any tourist spots. Reeta exclaimed that she had seen the famous churches, visited the beautiful beaches, and bought some lovely souvenirs.
Direct Speech
Exercise 16.9 Change the following into Direct Speech :-
1. She wished that she were dead . 2. He asked his servant why he had not cooked the meal. 3. He asked me if I had finished my work. 4. He inquired where the office was. 5. He said that he was very busy then. 6. He told him that he would do his best to help him. 7. The captain applauded the player saying that he had played well. 8. He asked me whether I knew who had stolen his book. 9. My father wanted to know why I was up so early that day. 10. The teacher asked the boys whether they ha seen a rainbow in the sky the previous evening.
Answers: 1. She said, “I wish I were dead.” 2. He said to his servant, “Why have you not cooked the meal?” 3. He said to me, “Have you finished your work?” 4. He asked, “Where is the office?” 5. He said, “I am very busy now.” 6. He said to him, “I will do my best to help you.” 7. The captain said to the player, “You have played well.” 8. He said to me, “Do you know who has stolen my book?” 9. My father said, “Why are you up so early today?” 10. The teacher said to the boys, “Have you seen a rainbow in the sky yesterday evening?”
Active and Passive Voice Exercises with Answers for class 8 and worksheet with solutions from the book Elementary English Grammar for CBSE and ICSE students.
Active to Passive Voice
Exercise 10.1 Turn the following Present Tense sentences from Active to Passive Voice :-
1. Simon teaches children the art of water colour painting. 2. We have donated a variety of books for the library. 3. The captain always encourages us to do our best. 4. Rehman wants to play in the One Day Matches against Sri Lanka. 5. What does the company charge as fee for this course? 6. Has someone seen my new bag? 7. Is she still working in this office? 8. You must help the poor. 9. Everyone laughed at the poor beggar. 10. The woman are praying in the temple.
Answers: 1. Active: Simon teaches children the art of water colour painting. Passive: Children are taught the art of water colour painting by Simon. 2. Active: We have donated a variety of books for the library. Passive: A variety of books have been donated for the library by us. 3. Active: The captain always encourages us to do our best. Passive: We are always encouraged by the captain to do our best. 4. Active: Rehman wants to play in the One Day Matches against Sri Lanka. Passive: To play in the One Day Matches against Sri Lanka is wanted by Rehman. 5. Active: What does the company charge as fee for this course? Passive: What is charged as a fee for this course by the company? 6. Active: Has someone seen my new bag? Passive: Has my new bag been seen by someone? 7. Active: Is she still working in this office? Passive: Is this office still being worked in by her? 8. Active: You must help the poor. Passive: The poor must be helped by you. 9. Active: Everyone laughed at the poor beggar. Passive: The poor beggar was laughed at by everyone. 10. Active: The women are praying in the temple. Passive: The temple is being prayed in by the women.
Past Tense
Exercise 10.2 The following sentences are in the Past Tense. Active Voice, Turn them from Active to Passive Voice :-
1. My mother knitted this cardigan for me. 2.The villagers had lost all their possessions during the floods. 3. Did you forgot to post this letter yesterday. 4. The children were helping the teacher in decorating the class. 5. Did the police stop the strikers from doing damage to public property? 6. Why did you frighten the horses? 7. Someone stole my suitcase from the railway compartment. 8. He did not tell the members about the meeting on time. 9. She asked me to shut the door and lock it properly. 10. They believed that the experiment failed because of bad planning?
Answers: 1. Active: My mother knitted this cardigan for me. Passive: This cardigan was knitted for me by my mother. 2. Active: The villagers had lost all their possessions during the floods. Passive: All their possessions had been lost by the villagers during the floods. 3. Active: Did you forget to post this letter yesterday? Passive: Was this letter forgotten to be posted by you yesterday? 4. Active: The children were helping the teacher in decorating the class. Passive: The teacher was being helped by the children in decorating the class. 5. Active: Did the police stop the strikers from doing damage to public property? Passive: Was the damage to public property stopped by the police from being done by the strikers? 6. Active: Someone stole my suitcase from the railway compartment. Passive: My suitcase was stolen from the railway compartment by someone. 7. Active: He did not tell the members about the meeting on time. Passive: The members were not told about the meeting on time by him. 8. Active: She asked me to shut the door and lock it properly. Passive: I was asked by her to shut the door and lock it properly. 10. Active: They believed that the experiment failed because of bad planning. Passive: It was believed by them that the experiment failed because of bad planning.
Passive form
Correct passive form
Exercise 10.5 Rewrite the following passage in the Passive Voice in the Past Tense :-
The villagers witnessed a terrible train accident last night. The fire brigade fought the fire involving five bogies, while ambulance rescued the survivors. Ambulance took all the survivors to hospital. No one knows yet the cause of the accident. The government has ordered a full investigation. Newspapers and TV reporters have already interviewed many of the survivors. They say that there must be some eye witnesses. The police and the reporters are continuing the search.
Answers: A terrible train accident was witnessed by the villagers last night. The fire brigade fought the fire involving five bogies, while the survivors were rescued by the ambulance. All the survivors were taken to the hospital by the ambulance. The cause of the accident is not yet known by anyone. A full investigation has been ordered by the government. Many of the survivors have already been interviewed by newspapers and TV reporters. It is said by them that there must be some eye witnesses. The search is being continued by the police and the reporters.
Exercise 10.6 Rewrite the following passage in the passive form. (Future Tense) :-
The government is going to make an important in the announcement tomorrow. They will ban all cars from entering Delhi. They will enter according to their serial numbers. Cars ending in numbers 123 will not enter on Monday, 456 on Tuesday, 678 on Wednesday and so on. This will help people, as pollution is seriously affecting their health. The government is making plans for a new environment police force. After all they must do something before it is too late.
Answers: An important announcement is going to be made by the government tomorrow. All cars will be banned from entering Delhi. They will be allowed to enter according to their serial numbers. Cars ending in numbers 123 will not be allowed to enter on Monday, 456 on Tuesday, 678 on Wednesday, and so on. People will be helped by this, as their health is being seriously affected by pollution. Plans for a new environment police force are being made by the government. After all, something must be done by them before it is too late.
Exercise 10.7 Change the following sentences into the passive form according to the examples given :-
1. One must keep one’s promises. 2. The police may have caught the culprit by now. 3. You should do your duty come what may. 4. Without sincere hard work, you cannot achieve success. 5. You should have helped your brother when he needed it. 6. You ought to win this race, you have worked hard for it. 7. You might disturb the whole system by what you are doing. 8. We may revise the pay scales shortly. 9. We could hear the noise of the drums from a distance. 10. Why couldn’t you complete the building in the stipulated time.
Answers: 1.Active: One must keep one’s promises. Passive: Promises must be kept. 2. Active: The police may have caught the culprit by now. Passive: The culprit may have been caught by the police by now. 3. Active: You should do your duty come what may. Passive: Your duty should be done come what may. 4. Active: Without sincere hard work, you cannot achieve success. Passive: Success cannot be achieved without sincere hard work. 5. Active: You should have helped your brother when he needed it. Passive: Your brother should have been helped by you when he needed it. 6. Active: You ought to win this race, you have worked hard for it. Passive: This race ought to be won by you, you have worked hard for it. 7. Active: You might disturb the whole system by what you are doing. Passive: The whole system might be disturbed by what you are doing. 8. Active: We may revise the pay scales shortly. Passive: The pay scales may be revised shortly. 9. Active: We could hear the noise of the drums from a distance. Passive: The noise of the drums could be heard from a distance. 10. Active: Why couldn’t you complete the building in the stipulated time? Passive: Why couldn’t the building be completed in the stipulated time by you?
Exercise 10.8 Change the following from Active into Passive :-
1. Shut the door. 2. Do not tell him anything about our new plan. 3. Spare no efforts in Completing this assignment. 4. Clear all the dues by the end of this week. 5. Don’t move.
Answers: 1. Shut the door. Let the door be shut. 2. Active: Do not tell him anything about our new plan. Passive: Let nothing be told to him about our new plan. 3. Active: Spare no efforts in completing this assignment. Passive: Let no efforts be spared in completing this assignment. 4. Active: Clear all the dues by the end of this week. Passive: Let all the dues be cleared by the end of this week. 5. Active: Don’t move. Passive: Let there be no movement.
Exercise 10.9 Use Let in the beginning of each of the sentences given in Exercise 8 above :-
Example : 1. Let us shut the door.
Answers: 1. Shut the door. Let the door be shut. 2. Do not tell him anything about our new plan. Let him not be told anything about our new plan. 3. Spare no efforts in completing this assignment. Let no efforts be spared in completing this assignment. 4. Clear all the dues by the end of this week. Let all the dues be cleared by the end of this week. 5. Don’t move. Let there be no movement.
Exercise 10.10 Change the following sentences into Passive form with the help of the words given in the box. one has been done for you :-
1. Keep; off the grass. You are requested to keep off the grass.
2. Do not pluck flowers. 3. Do not trespass or you will be prosecuted. 4. All guests should be in their seats by five o’clock. 5. All members must follow the new rules. 6. Everyone expected Akhil Singh to win a medal at the Beijing Olympics. 7. They hope to find a cure for this disease soon. 8. Some still believe that Subhash Chandra Bose did not die in the air crash.
Answers: 2. Active: Do not pluck flowers. Passive: You are requested not to pluck flowers. 3. Active: Do not trespass or you will be prosecuted. Passive: Trespassing is prohibited, or you will be prosecuted. 4. Active: All guests should be in their seats by five o’clock. Passive: All guests are requested to be in their seats by five o’clock. 5. Active: All members must follow the new rules. Passive: The new rules must be followed by all members. 6. Active: Everyone expected Akhil Singh to win a medal at the Beijing Olympics. Passive: It was expected by everyone that Akhil Singh would win a medal at the Beijing Olympics. 7. Active: They hope to find a cure for this disease soon. Passive: It is hoped that a cure for this disease will be found soon. 8. Active: Some still believe that Subhash Chandra Bose did not die in the air crash. Passive: It is still believed by some that Subhash Chandra Bose did not die in the air crash.
Exercise 10.11 Change the verbs in the following sentences into either Active or Passive Form :
1. His performance in the shooting event was praised by everyone. 2. This Mall was built ten years ago. 3. By whom was this exercise written? 4. I was astounded by her stupid behavior at the club. 5. Let the post be advertised. 6. I should be allowed to attend the meeting by them. 7. You are not allowed to walk on the grass. 8. It is expected that the new changes in the salary structure will be announced shortly. 9. You are requested to be seated on time. 10. I found that my bag had been stolen from the bus before it reached Delhi. 11. The ticket will be given to you by my secretary tomorrow. 12. The parents will have been informed by post by them.
Answers: 1.Passive: His performance in the shooting event was praised by everyone. Active: Everyone praised his performance in the shooting event. 2. Passive: This Mall was built ten years ago. Active: They built this Mall ten years ago. 3. Passive: By whom was this exercise written? Active: Who wrote this exercise? 4. Passive: I was astounded by her stupid behavior at the club. Active: Her stupid behavior at the club astounded me. 5. Passive: Let the post be advertised. Active: Advertise the post. 6. Passive: I should be allowed to attend the meeting by them. Active: They should allow me to attend the meeting. 7. Passive: You are not allowed to walk on the grass. Active: They do not allow you to walk on the grass. 8. Passive: It is expected that the new changes in the salary structure will be announced shortly. Active: They expect to announce the new changes in the salary structure shortly. 9. Passive: You are requested to be seated on time. Active: They request you to be seated on time. 10. Passive: I found that my bag had been stolen from the bus before it reached Delhi. Active: I found that someone had stolen my bag from the bus before it reached Delhi. 11. Passive: The ticket will be given to you by my secretary tomorrow. Active: My secretary will give you the ticket tomorrow. 12. Passive: The parents will have been informed by post by them. Active: They will have informed the parents by post.
Verbs Non – Finites Exercises with Answer for class 8 and worksheet with solution from the book Elementary English Grammar for CBSE and ICSE students.
Exercise 9.1 Complete the following sentences by using infinitives :-
verb + Infinitive
Example : Is it proper to use this room?
1. It is safe _______________________________________________________ 2. It was a pleasure _______________________________________________________ 3. Everybody hopes _______________________________________________________ 4. The book is _______________________________________________________ 5. It was impossible _______________________________________________________
Answers:
1. It is safe to swim in the pool. 2. It was a pleasure to meet you. 3. Everybody hopes to succeed in life. 4. The book is interesting to read. 5. It was impossible to solve the problem.
Verb + Object + Infinitive
Using It
Exercise 9.3 Rewrite the following sentences using ‘It‘ :-
1. To tell lies is wrong. 2. To reject this offer will be foolish. 3. To be present at your party will be a pleasure. 4. To play on the road is unsafe for children. 5. To grab all the presents was very selfish on her part.
Answers: 1. It is wrong to tell lies. 2. It will be foolish to reject this offer. 3. It will be a pleasure to be present at your party. 4. It is unsafe for children to play on the road. 5. It was very selfish on her part to grab all the presents.
Adverb
Exercise 9.4 Rewrite the following sentences by using the Adverb too (Remember to place it before an objective) + an infinitive :-
1. It was so hot today that we could not work. 2. She was so frightened that she could not speak for a few minutes. 3. This news is so good that I can’t believe it. 4. The room was so noisy that I could not hear what my friend said. 5. His clothes were so shabby that he was not allowed to enter the club.
Answers: 1. It was too hot today to work. 2. She was too frightened to speak for a few minutes. 3. This news is too good to believe. 4. The room was too noisy to hear what my friend said. 5. His clothes were too shabby to be allowed into the club.
‘enough’ + an infinitive
Exercise 9.5 Join the following sentences by using ‘enough’ + an infinitive :-
Example : The boy was not tall. He would not reach the shelf. The boy was not tall enough to reach the shelf.
1. She was not very smart. She could not solve the puzzle in time. 2. He wasted all his wealth. He was very foolish. 3. He is quite honest. He can face any temptation. 4. He never complained about his work. He was patient. 5. Martin was not a strong boy. He could not lift heavy objects.
Answers: 1. She was not smart enough to solve the puzzle in time. 2. He was foolish enough to waste all his wealth. 3. He is honest enough to face any temptation. 4. He was patient enough to never complain about his work. 5. Martin was not strong enough to lift heavy objects.
Infinitive with or without to
Pair of sentences using a Participle
Exercise 9.7 Combine the pair of sentences using a Participle :-
1. I was in the hotel. I was waiting for my friend to arrive. 2. The little saw a monkey. He began to cry. 3. Ramesh picked up the mobile phone. He rang up his mother. 4. His friend seized his arm. He led him away from the party. 5. The crow stole a piece of cheese. He flew to his nest to enjoy it. 6. He seized his stick. He rushed out to chase the thief. 7. I met Abid on the road. He was carrying a load of books in his bag. 8. The enemy was beaten thoroughly. The enemy ran away from the field. 9. He was elected President. The people gave their full support. 10. The master was absent for a long time. The business was badly neglected.
Answers: 1. Waiting for my friend to arrive, I was in the hotel. 2. Seeing a monkey, the little boy began to cry. 3. Picking up the mobile phone, Ramesh rang up his mother. 4. Seizing his friendโs arm, he led him away from the party. 5. Stealing a piece of cheese, the crow flew to his nest to enjoy it. 6. Seizing his stick, he rushed out to chase the thief. 7. I met Abid on the road, carrying a load of books in his bag. 8. Beaten thoroughly, the enemy ran away from the field. 9. Elected President, he received the full support of the people. 10. Being absent for a long time, the master neglected the business badly.
Present or Past Participles
Exercise 9.8 Pick out the Participles in the following sentences and state whether they are Present or Past Participles :-
1. The enemy, beaten at every point, fled from the field. 2. Seeing the sunshine we decided to go for a picnic. 3. The hungry fox saw some grapes hanging from the vines. 4. She kept us waiting outside her office for two hours. 5. We saw a car driven at full speed crash against a bus. 6. Encouraged by his success, he expanded his business. 7. Dissatisfied with his present job he resigned and left. 8. Displeased by his servant’s actions he ordered him to leave at once. 9. Charmed by her presence, they offered her a role in their next picture. 10. Walking up to the front door he rang the bell loudly.
Exercise 9.9 Match A and B to make sensible sentences :-
A
B
1. Don’t try
a. breaking this window.
2. I do not agree to
b. without meeting my sister
3. The camera is not suitable for
c. bullying the poor child.
4. Please excuse
d. snowing now.
5. Would you mind
e. reporting the matter to the police.
6. Has it stopped
f. your going on leave very often.
7. We insisted on
g. driving the car when I go away.
8. I went home
h. playing this tune again.
9. Who is responsible for
i. taking pictures without proper light.
10. Why don’t you stop
j. my being late again.
Answers: 1. Don’t try a. breaking this window. 2. I do not agree to f. your going on leave very often. 3. The camera is not suitable for i. taking pictures without proper light. 4. Please excuse j. my being late again. 5. Would you mind h. playing this tune again? 6. Has it stopped d. snowing now? 7. We insisted on e. reporting the matter to the police. 8. I went home b. without meeting my sister. 9. Who is responsible for c. bullying the poor child? 10. Why don’t you stop g. driving the car when I go away?
Suitable Infinitive, Present Participle or Gerund of the verbs
