Chapter wise English Grammar in Hindi with definition, example, and exercises with answers. The step by step lesson for English learning is usefully Hindi Medium students preparing for competitive exams. The English Learning is also important for self personality development for a better future.
Chapter wise English Grammar in Hindi
The Topic wise links are given below to navigate for respective contents:
Words Followed by Prepositions Exercises with Answer for class 8 and worksheet with solution from the book Elementary English Grammar for CBSE and ICSE students.
English Grammar Exercises for Class 7 with Answers for CBSE and ICSE board students. Solution of all worksheet from N K Aggarwala, English Grammar and Composition book for free online practice. In this post we provide link to all units contains fully solved exercises.
Pronoun worksheet for class 7 with answers, All exercises of Elementary English Grammar and Composition chapter 3 with solution for online practice of CBSE and ICSE students.
Choose correct pronoun to complete the sentence
Fill in the blanks with Pronoun
Exercise 3.2 Fill in the blanks with Pronoun and state what kind they are :- 1. The boy went to the school but as _______________ was late, the teacher punished ___________. 2. The bird flew over the house. Did the children see __________________? No, _______________ did not see __________________. 3. We posted the letter _______________. 4. In a fit of depression, she poisoned ______________. 5. The Superintendent of police ______________ conducted the inquiry. 6. Sita ______________ was to be blamed for her failure in the exams.
Answers: he (Personal Pronoun) / him (Personal Pronoun) The boy went to the school but as he was late, the teacher punished him. it (Personal Pronoun) / they (Personal Pronoun) / it (Personal Pronoun) The bird flew over the house. Did the children see it? No, they did not see it. ourselves (Reflexive Pronoun) We posted the letter ourselves. herself (Reflexive Pronoun) In a fit of depression, she poisoned herself. himself (Reflexive Pronoun) The Superintendent of police himself conducted the inquiry. herself (Reflexive Pronoun) Sita herself was to be blamed for her failure in the exams.
Demonstrative Pronouns
Choose Pronoun to fill in the passage
Fill in the correct word
Interrogative Pronouns
Relative Pronouns
Relative pronoun
Exercise 3.8 Join together each of the following pairs of sentences by means of a Relative pronoun. One has been done for you :-
1. He is a rogue. Answer: He is a rogue whom no one trusts.
2. We got into a bus. 3. I saw a juggler. 4. Here is the book. 5. Here is the pen. 6. My brother is dead. 7. These are the boys. 8. That is the man. 9. The boy tells. 10. Look at these boys.
Answers: 2. We got into a bus which was full of people. 3. I saw a juggler who was performing tricks. 4. Here is the book which you lent to me. 5. Here is the pen which writes well. 6. My brother, whom I loved, is dead. 7. These are the boys who won the match. 8. That is the man whose car was stolen. 9. The boy who tells lies deserves punishment. 10. Look at these boys who are playing in the field.
Fill in the blanks with appropriate Pronouns
Please share your view about Pronoun worksheet for class 7 with answers post in the comment box.
Answers to all exercises and worksheets from “Elementary English Grammar and Composition for Class 6” by N.K. Aggarwala. Solutions for CBSE and ICSE students for free online practice.
Solutions : Elementary English Grammar and Composition for Class 6
The Lesson wise links for solutions of Elementary English Grammar and Composition for Class 6 are given below:
Comparison of Adverbs Exercises with Answers for Class 6, Elementary English Grammar book worksheet for online practice.
Comparison of Adverbs
Fill in the blanks with comparative or superlative adverb from the adjective in brackets.
Choose which adverbs form is needed- positive comparative or superlative.
Perform this activity with your partner.
Exercise 24.3 Perform this activity with your partner. Read the following examples and try at least ten more examples. 1. Student 1: Am I painting carefully enough. Student 2: Actually, you should paint more carefully. 2. Student 1: Am I typing quickly enough? Student 2: Actually, you should type more quickly. 3. Student 1: Am I speaking loudly enough? Student 2: Actually, you should speak more loudly. 4. Student 1: Am I writing neatly enough? Student 2: Actually, you should write more neatly. 5. Student 1: Am I running fast enough? Student 2: Actually, you should run faster. 6. Student 1: Am I reading clearly enough? Student 2: Actually, you should read more clearly. 7. Student 1: Am I practicing regularly enough? Student 2: Actually, you should practice more regularly. 8. Student 1: Am I studying hard enough? Student 2: Actually, you should study harder. 9. Student 1: Am I listening attentively enough? Student 2: Actually, you should listen more attentively. 10. Student 1: Am I cleaning thoroughly enough? Student 2: Actually, you should clean more thoroughly. 11. Student 1: Am I dressing appropriately enough? Student 2: Actually, you should dress more appropriately. 12. Student 1: Am I driving safely enough? Student 2: Actually, you should drive more safely.
Thanks for visit and attempt Comparison of Adverbs Exercises with Answers for Class 6 students of CSE and ICSE board.
Verbs Exercises with Answers for CBSE Class 6. NK Aggarwala, Elementary English Grammar book solution for free online practice and preparation of exams.
Verbs Exercises with Answers
Exercise 5.1State what kind of the underlined verbs are in the following sentences. Write A (action), B(being), T(thinking) H(having), and S(saying), to state what kind of verbs they are in the given brackets.
1. Esha shouted, “you will hurt yourself; take care, Anil,” 2. Robin hood was a very famous leader of the “Merry Band of Sherwood Forest.” 3. I once had a pet rabbit. 4. Aruna danced beautifully in the concert yesterday. 5. I think we have lost the match. 6. “Why does everyone tease me?” cried the little boy. 7. I am only joking! 8. Rashid has a new watch. 9. The balloons soared high over the fields. 10. I believe that the thief escaped through this window.
Answers 5.1: 1. Esha shouted (“you will hurt yourself; take care, Anil,”) (S – saying) 2. Robin Hood was a very famous leader of the “Merry Band of Sherwood Forest.” (B – being) 3. I once had a pet rabbit. (H – having) 4. Aruna danced beautifully in the concert yesterday. (A – action) 5. I think we have lost the match. (T – thinking) 6. “Why does everyone tease me?” cried the little boy. tease (A – action) cried (S – saying) 7. I am only joking! (B – being) 8. Rashid has a new watch. (H – having) 9. The balloons soared high over the fields. (A – action) 10. I believe that the thief escaped through this window. (T – thinking)
Fill in the blanks with appropriate verbs.
KINDS OF VERBS 1. A verb which requires an object after it to complete its sense is called a transitive verb. 2. A verb which does not require an object to complete its sense but goods sense by itself is called an intransitive verb.
Exercise 5.5 Write the transitive and intransitive verbs in the following sentences. Name the object of each transitive verb. 1. He flies his kite. _______________ 2. He received a prize. ___________ 3. I met a little cottage girl. ______________ 4. The ship sank. ____________ 5. He spoke loudly. ______________ 6. The man killed a snake. ___________ 7. John broke the slate. _________ 8. The sun sets at six. ____________ 9. The baby laughs. __________ 10. The girls were singing. ________ 11. She ran away quickly. __________ 12. Smith struck her. ____________
Answers 5.5: 1. He flies his kite. Transitive verb: flies Object: kite 2. He received a prize. Transitive verb: received Object: prize 3. I met a little cottage girl. Transitive verb: met Object: girl 4. The ship sank. Intransitive verb: sank 5. He spoke loudly. Intransitive verb: spoke 6. The man killed a snake. Transitive verb: killed Object: snake 7. John broke the slate. Transitive verb: broke Object: slate 8. The sun sets at six. Intransitive verb: sets 9. The baby laughs. Intransitive verb: laughs 10. The girls were singing. Intransitive verb: were singing 11. She ran away quickly. Intransitive verb: ran 12. Smith struck her. Transitive verb: struck Object: her
Exercise 5.6 Underline the direct and indirect objects in the followings sentences. One has been done for you.
1. Roshan gave his best friend a video game. Roshan gave his best friend (indirect) a video game (direct). 2. Anuradha gave her sister a gold set on her wedding. 3. I have saved a seat for you in the theatre. 4. Danish told us a funny story. 5. I will send you a picture postcard from Tokyo.
Answers 5.6: 1. Roshan gave his best friend (indirect) a video game (direct). 2. Anuradha gave her sister (indirect) a gold set (direct) on her wedding. 3. I have saved a seat (direct) for you (indirect) in the theatre. 4. Danish told us (indirect) a funny story (direct). 5. I will send you (indirect) a picture postcard (direct) from Tokyo.
Fill in the blanks with to or for.
Exercise 5.9 Say whether the following verbs are transitive (T), instransitive(I), or verbs of incomplete predication(IP). 1. Sheila become sad. ______________ 2. The tree falls. __________ 3. He is guilty. ____________ 4. He spoke the truth._____________ 5. The sky grew dark. ___________ 6. The wind blows gently. ________ 7. Robert hid my book. __________ 8. Fire burns brightly. _____________ 9. The train stopped suddenly. _______________ 10. Mirza told a lie. ____________ 11. The sun is hot. _____________ 12. Why was Islam crying? ____________
Answers 5.9: 1. Sheila became sad. IP (verb of incomplete predication) 2. The tree falls. I (intransitive) 3. He is guilty. IP (verb of incomplete predication) 4. He spoke the truth. T (transitive) 5. The sky grew dark. IP (verb of incomplete predication) 6. The wind blows gently. I (intransitive) 7. Robert hid my book. T (transitive) 8. Fire burns brightly. I (intransitive) 9 . The train stopped suddenly. I (intransitive) 10. Mirza told a lie. T (transitive) 11. The sun is hot. IP (verb of incomplete predication) 12. Why was Islam crying? I (intransitive)
Exercise 5.10Choose the verbs from the box having the same meaning as given below. export shout Steal discover import whisper rob invent 1. Speak or cry out in a loud voice _____________________ 2. speak or say something using the breath ____________ 3. take somebody else’s property secretly, without right, unlawfully ___________ 4. take away something which belongs to someone else ____________ 5. send goods to another country ______________ 6. cerate or design something (note existing before) __________ 7. bring in goods from a foreign country _____________ 8. find out something existing but not yet known ________
Answers 5.10: 1. Speak or cry out in a loud voice: shout 2. Speak or say something using the breath: whisper 3. Take somebody else’s property secretly, without right, unlawfully: steal 4. Take away something which belongs to someone else: rob 5. Send goods to another country: export 6. Create or design something (not existing before): invent 7. Bring in goods from a foreign country: import 8. Find out something existing but not yet known: discover
Exercise 5.11From the words in brackets, choose the one which fits best. First has been done for you. 1. The skaters glided ( glided, flew, floated) across the ice. 2. Aeroplanes ____________ ( buzz, zoom, soar ). 3. Baeetles ______________ ( hiss, buzz, drone). 4. Paarots ____________ (scream, screech, squeal). 5. Eagles ____________ (scream, screech, squeal). 6. Rabbits __________ (squeak, squeal, screech). 7. Mice ____________ (scream, shriek, squeak). 8. Elephants __________ (below, trumpet, roar). 9. Cocks _________ ( sing, caw, crow). 10. Frogs _________ (bark, croak, grunt).
Direct and Indirect Speech Exercises with Answers – fill in the blanks worksheet for online practice. Best way to learn and practice the English Grammar.
Fill in the Blanks – Direct and Indirect Speech
Fill in the blank spaces with a verb in the correct tense
Complete indirect speech sentences with the pronoun or determiner
After Exercises with Answers, we may learn concepts of Direct and Indirect Speech in English Grammar.
Direct Speech
The exact words that someone says are called direct speech.Quotation marks “ ” are used to set off direct speech. Mom said, “Where are my keys?” “This ice cream is delicious,” said Tom. “Have you boys washed your hands?” asked Dad. “Please get out of the car,” the police officer ordered. “What a beautiful dress!” said Sally.
Indirect Speech
You can report what someone says without using their exact words. To do this, use a verb like say, ask or tell, followed by that. This is called indirect speech. There are several differences between a sentence with direct speech and a sentence with indirect speech. You don’t use quotation marks with indirect speech. You change the tense of the verb. You change the pronouns and determiners.
Here are some examples. The verb tenses that change are printed in bold and the pronouns and determiners that change are printed in color. Remember that the past tense of can is could and the past tense of will is would.
Direct speech
Indirect speech
Maggie said, “I feel ill.”
Maggie said that she felt ill.
Sumiko said, “It’s time to leave.”
Sumiko said that it was time to leave.
“I can’t find my book,” said Alice.
Alice said that she couldn’t find her book.
“John is hitting me,” said Peter.
Peter said that John was hitting him.
Dad said, “I haven’t had my Dad said that he hadn’t had his breakfast yet.”
Dad said that he hadn’t had his breakfast yet.
“My car won’t start,” said Mom.
Mom said that her car wouldn’t start.
In indirect speech people often leave out the conjunction that. Maggie said that she felt ill. Sumiko said that it was time to leave. Alice said that she couldn’t find her book. Peter said that John was hitting him. Dad said that he hadn’t had his breakfast yet.
When you are using indirect speech to report a statement that is still true now, you don’t change the tense of the verb.
Direct speech
Indirect speech
John said, “My mom doesn’t like fish.”
John said that his mom doesn’t like fish.
“I live in a house by the sea,” said Anna.
Anna said that she lives in a house by the sea.
Dad said, “Paris is a beautiful city.”
Dad said Paris is a beautiful city.
Indirect Commands
Use verbs like order, tell and warn to report orders and instructions. The construction to + verb or not to + verb may also be used.
Direct speech
Indirect speech
The teacher said, “Stop running in the corridor!”
The teacher ordered us to stop running in the corridor.
“Put your books away, children,” said Mr. Park.
Mr. Park told the children to put their books away.
Dad said to David, “Please help me by washing the dishes.”
Dad asked David to help him by washing the dishes.
Jack said to Maggie, “Please don’t tell anyone my secret!”
Jack begged Maggie not to tell anyone his secret.
Miss Lee said to Alan, “Don’t be late again tomorrow.”
Miss Lee warned Alan not to be late again the next day.
Indirect Questions
The verb ask is usually used to report questions.
Direct speech
Indirect speech
Sally said, “Where is my backpack?”
Sally asked where her backpack was.
Peter said, “Have you finished your Peter asked if I had finished my homework?”
Peter asked if I had finished my homework.
To report a question, put the subject before the verb or helping verb. Remember that the subject comes after the helping verb when you ask a question. Here are some examples. The subjects are printed in bold and the verbs are printed in color.
asking a question
reporting a question
“Where are they going?”
I asked where they were going.
“Can Jack ride his bike?”
I asked if Jack could ride his bike.
“Did Miss Lee sing a song?”
I asked whether Miss Lee sang a song.
“Has she finished her homework?”
I asked if she had finished her homework.
To report a question-word question, use the same question word in direct speech.
Direct speech
Indirect speech
Mom said, “Where are your shoes?”
Mom asked where my shoes were.
Maggie said, “Who has taken my pen?”
Maggie asked who had taken her pen.
“What time does the show start?” asked Sue.
Sue asked what time the show started.
Peter said, “Why did you leave before the end of the movie?”
Peter asked why I left before the end of the movie.
When you are reporting yes or no questions, use if or whether after the verb.
Punctuation Marks Exercises with Answers – Fill in the blanks for free online practice of English Grammar.
Put the correct punctuation mark at the end of each sentence
Thanks for your participation in Punctuation Marks Exercises with Answers.
Punctuation Marks
Punctuation marks are signs such as periods, commas and question marks. They are used in sentences to make the meaning clear.
period . Put a period at the end of a sentence. Tim lent me his skateboard. The children are playing in the garden. The train arrived late. It’s not a very sunny day.
comma , Put a comma between items in a list. You need paper, scissors and glue. She likes reading, swimming, playing basketball and going to the movies. Tom, May Ling, Sue and Christopher all went shopping together.
Put a comma after yes and no. “Do you like football?” “Yes, I like it very much.” “Is this your house?” “Yes, it is.” “Is it still snowing?” “No, it’s stopped.” “Has Sarah had breakfast yet?” “No, she hasn’t.”
You also put a comma before or after the name of the person you are speaking to. Hello, Mr. Carter. Miss Lee, can I borrow a pencil, please? Goodbye, Andrew.
Commas are used before please and thank you. Could you pass me that pencil, please? “Would you like some more orange juice, David?” “Yes, please.” I’ve had enough to eat, thank you. “Would you like another cupcake, Sally?” “No, thank you.”
A comma is also used between the parts of a place name. Chicago, Illinois Tower Bridge, London Athens, Georgia the Lincoln Memorial, Washington DC
question mark ? Write a question mark at the end of a question, instead of a period.
Can you hear me, children?
Didn’t you read the sign?
Who is that man talking to Dad?
Where is my schoolbag?
Is there someone knocking at the door?
How many apples are left?
exclamation point !
Use an exclamation point at the end of a sentence that shows a strong feeling such as surprise or fear. An exclamation point is used instead of a period.
What a silly thing to do!
Help! A monster!
You’re completely wrong!
What a shame!
I told you not to go out on your own!
How sad!
You can also use exclamation points with strong orders.
Sit down!
Don’t touch that knife!
Be quiet!
Give me that ball!
Leave that computer alone!
Do it now!
Exclamation points are usually used after interjections. People often use just one or two words to express a sudden feeling such as fear, happiness, surprise or anger, or in greeting somebody. These short expressions are called interjections. Here are some examples:
Hello!
Ouch!
Good morning!
Hurray!
Good night!
Help!
Well done!
Look out!
Oh dear!
Happy Birthday!
apostrophe ‘
Use an apostrophe with s to show who something belongs to. This is Michael’s room. This is my Dad’s desk. Are you Kathleen’s mom? This dog’s tail is very long. The teacher collects everyone’s books at the end of the class. Jack is going to his friend’s house for lunch.
You also use an apostrophe to show where one or more letters are missing in a contraction. I’m (= am) the boy who lives next door. She’s (= is) my best friend. He’s (= has) been to Europe twice. We’re (= are) going to the zoo today. You’re (= are) my favorite uncle. I’d (= had) better go home now. You’ve (= have) got dirt on your new shoes. He’ll (= will) lend you his bike.
quotation marks “ ”
Use quotation marks around the exact words that someone says. You put the mark “ at the beginning of the words, and the mark ” at the end. Use a comma before the last quotation mark, to separate the words from the rest of the sentence. “This bike is mine,” said Susan. “I would like some apple juice, please,” said the little boy. “Let’s play computer games,” said James.
Suppose the exact words that someone says come after the rest of the sentence. In this case put a period before the last quotation mark. Dad said, “Come inside and have lunch.” “John,” said Mom, “please turn your music down.”
Put question marks and exclamation points in the same place as periods, before the last quotation mark. “Is this the way to the station?” the man asked. Sam said, “Can I borrow your pencil?” “Don’t do that!” said Mom. John said, “What a great movie!”
colon :
When you are reading a playscript, notice the colon between the name of a character and the words that they speak. Jack: What have you got in the bag? Maggie: My swimming suit. Jack: When are you going swimming? Maggie: This afternoon. Would you like to come?
Capital Letter
Use a capital letter as the first letter of the first word in a sentence. Dogs have wet noses. Where is my ball? That isn’t fair! This is my brother. You need a racket if you’re going to play tennis.
You also use a capital letter for the first letter of the first word in direct speech. Sam said, “This is my brother.” “Where is my ball?” Tom asked. Alice shouted, “That isn’t fair!” “You’ll need a racket if you’re going to play tennis,” said Dad.
The word I is always written as a capital letter. I’m really pleased with your work. Do you know what I got for my birthday? Paul and I asked if we could help.
Use a capital letter to begin the names of people and places.
John
Australia
the Sphinx
May Ling
Germany
the Taj Mahal
David Beckham
the United States of America
the Grand Canyon
Dr. Raj
Mexico City
the Great Wall of China
Miss Lee
Beijing
the Pacific Ocean
Grandad
Buckingham Palace
Mount Fuji
Uncle David
the Statue of Liberty
the Rio Grande
Professor Park
the Erie Canal
he Himalayas
You also use capital letters after the initials in someone’s name. T.K. Lee J.K. Rowling J.R.R. Tolkien M.C. Hammer
The days of the week and months of the year begin with a capital letter.
Monday
January
July
Tuesday
February
August
Wednesday
March
September
Thursday
April
October
Friday
May
November
Saturday
June
December
Sunday
The names of holidays and special celebrations also begin with a capital letter.
Valentine’s Day
Veterans’ Day
Yom Kippur
Halloween
Christmas
Independence Day
Memorial Day
Thanksgiving
Capital letters are also used in the titles of books, films and plays. The Lady and the Tramp Star Wars Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes Alice in Wonderland The Sword in the Stone Hamlet, Prince of Denmark Cats and Dogs Universal World Atlas
Nationalities and languages also begin with a capital letter.
Australian
German
Indonesian
Korean
Spanish
French
Egyptian
Russian
Hindu
Japanese
South African
Chinese
British
English
Pakistani
Cantonese
You also use a capital letter for the first letter in words and phrases that you use for saying hello and goodbye.
Kind of Sentences in English Grammar, Exercises with Answers – all type fill in the blanks and examples for online practice.
Kind of Sentences Exercises with Answers
Declarative, Interrogative, Exclamatory and Imperative Sentences Exercise
Transitive and Intransitive Verb Exercise
Simple and Compound Sentences Exercise
Question words Exercise
Question Tag Exercise
Definition of Sentence
A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. Sentences always have a subject and a verb.
subject
verb
She
is working.
He
is reading.
The children
are playing.
They
are singing.
Four Kinds of Sentence
A declarative sentence makes a statement. It is raining. Tom likes football. The school bell was ringing. The children are playing with the dog. Topeka is in Kansas.
Notes : A declarative sentence ends with a period.
An interrogative sentence asks a question. Where are my keys? Why is the sky blue? Who is talking to the teacher? Is this the way to the ice skating rink?
Notes : An interrogative sentence ends with a question mark (?) instead of a period.
An exclamatory sentence makes a very strong statement called an exclamation. It shows a strong feeling such as surprise or anger. What a kind thing to do! How beautiful she is! The silly boy!
Notes : An exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation point (!) instead of a period.
An imperative sentence gives an order. Ask Tom to come and see me. Don’t tell me lies. Please leave. Go to your room! Speak up!
Notes : An imperative sentence can end with an exclamation point (!) if the order is very firm.
Sentences with Objects
The subject of a sentence often does something to another person or thing. The person or thing that receives the action of the subject is called the object of the verb. Verbs that have objects are called transitive verbs.
Here are some sentences with transitive verbs.
subject
transitive verb
object
Dad
is reading
a book.
I
am cooking
dinner.
You
have broken
my new toy.
Mom
likes
her new car.
She
has forgotten
her backpack.
the dog
licked
my face.
Our ball
hit
a window.
They
visited
the museum.
Anna
is sewing
a dress for her doll.
Uncle Ben
sent
a package to his friend.
Verbs with Two Objects
Some verbs have two objects. Look at the sentence below. Sam gave Anna (indirect object) a present (direct object). The thing that Sam gives is ‘a present’, so a present is the direct object of the verb. But there is another object: ‘Anna’. ‘Anna’ is the person that receives the present, so Anna is the indirect object of the verb. Many verbs have both direct and indirect objects. Here are some examples.
subject
verb
indirect object
direct object
Dad
is reading
the children
a story.
Grandma
is baking
me
a cake.
A kind man
showed
us
the way.
We
have brought
you
some new magazines to read.
Mr. Berg
is teaching
the children
French.
Jack
asked
the teacher
a question.
I
am writing
my friend
a letter.
she
sent
her cousin
an email.
John
has found
us
a secret place to play.
Uncle Andy
told
them
the good news.
Verbs with No Object
Some verbs don’t have an object. A verb that does not have an object is called an intransitive verb. Here are some sentences with intransitive verbs.
Mr. Park usually walks to work.
Anna talks a lot in class.
The sun is shining.
It is snowing.
I don’t know.
We have already eaten.
The man smiled.
Dad always drives carefully.
Miss Lee always dresses very smartly.
Can your little brother read?
Simple Sentences
A clause is a group of words that contains one subject and one verb. A sentence that consists of one clause is called a simple sentence. Here are some examples. The subjects are printed in bold and the verbs are printed in color. The girls are playing baseball. Sally found a good hiding place. I am eating my breakfast. Tom is wearing his new shoes today. Will you help me? The sky was very cloudy. I can hear the birds. Everyone was happy. Is it raining again?
Compound Sentences
A compound sentence contains two clauses joined by a conjunction such as and, or, but or so. Look at these examples. The verbs in the clauses are printed in color. Notice that there are two verbs, one on each side of the conjunction.
Some people are always happy and some people are always sad. She opened the bag and took out a book. Do you want coffee or would you prefer lemonade? Is that a bird or is it a plane? John is good at English but he’s not very good at math. Michael wants to see Star Wars but his friends have already seen it. Tom dropped his sandwich so I gave him mine. It started to rain so we went inside.
Conditional Sentences
To talk about things that are possible, you often use if in a sentence. A sentence with if is called a conditional sentence. Here is an example of a conditional sentence with the if-clause printed in color. If it rains tomorrow, (simple present tense verb) we shall (shall/will + infinitive) not go to the beach. In the if-clause, use a verb in the simple present tense. In the main clause, use shall or will and an infinitive. Here are some more examples. The if-clauses are in color and the main clauses are in bold print. If there’s no rice in the cupboard, we’ll buy some more. If we don’t work hard, we’ll never learn. If we leave now, we’ll arrive on time.
You may also put the main clause before the if-clause. We’ll play indoors if it rains. You’ll get sick if you don’t eat good food. Sam will do well in his piano recital if he practices regularly.
Positive and Negative Sentences
A positive sentence tells you about something that exists or something that is happening. I like ice cream. Michael is my brother. The train leaves at five o’clock. I’m feeling really tired. She’s finished her homework. Dad is in the kitchen. There’s a cartoon on TV.
A negative sentence contains the word not or another negative word. Negative sentences tell you that something does not exist or is not happening. Here are some examples. The negative words are printed in bold. I’m not very good at math. Tom isn’t as tall as Alan. We didn’t hear you shout at us. Meera hasn’t read the Harry Potter books. People can’t see very well in the dark. There’s nothing interesting on TV tonight. We’ve never been to China or Japan. Nobody knows my secret. There are no coins in my pocket.
Questions
There are two kinds of questions: yes or no questions and question-word questions. yes or no questions
yes or no questions
When you ask a yes or no question, you want the answer yes or the answer no. Use the verbs be, have and do along with helping verbs such as can, will and should when you ask these questions. Here are some examples of yes or no questions, with answers.
Is this your seat?
May I sit here?
Yes
Yes
Can you ride a bike?
Don’t you like pizza?
No.
No
Do you like swimming?
Are we late?
Yes.
No.
In questions, the helping verb comes before the subject. The other verb comes after the subject. The verb be also comes before the subject when it is an ordinary verb rather than a helping verb. Here are some examples of statements and the questions you can make from them. Notice that the helping verbs are printed in bold and the subjects are in color.
statement
question
Dad is ill today.
Is Dad ill today?
She has finished her homework.
Has she finished her homework?
The cat doesn’t like noise.
Doesn’t the cat like noise?
Michael can ride a bike.
Can Michael ride a bike?
Sally could borrow your pencil.
Could Sally borrow your pencil?
You may leave now.
May I leave now?
I think it will rain tomorrow.
Do you think it will rain tomorrow?
I saw Tom at the football game.
Did you see Tom at the football game?
Miss Lee sang a song.
Did Miss Lee sing a song?
The computer needs to be repaired.
Does the computer need to be repaired?
Question-word questions
Use the question words what, which, who (sometimes whom), whose, when, where and how to ask for information. The verbs be, have and do, and helping verbs such as can, will and should are also used in questions.
The helping verb comes before the subject, as it does in yes or no questions. Here are some examples. Again, the helping verb is printed in bold and the subject is printed in color.
What is your name? What date is it today? Which boy is your brother? Which house do you live in? Who is the boy next to Alan? Who (or Whom) did he ask? Whose book is this? When can I come to visit you? When does the spring vacation start? Where is the pencil that I left on my desk? Where do the birds go when they fly away in winter? How can Grandma read without her glasses? How does a plane stay in the sky?
Sometimes the wh-word itself is the subject of the sentence. In this case, don’t use do to form questions. Who wants to come with me? What caused the accident? Which is the fastest car? I’ve got my coat. Whose is this?
Question Tags
Sometimes people finish what they are saying with a short question. Why do they do this? Because they want to know if the person they are speaking to agrees with them. This short question is called a question tag. Look at the following sentence. The weather is lovely today, isn’t it?
The main part of the sentence is positive, but the question tag is negative. You expect the answer to a negative question tag to be yes. For example: “The weather is lovely today, isn’t it?” “Yes, it is.”
Use a helping verb and the subject of the sentence to make the question tag. Notice that the subject has been replaced by a pronoun in the example sentences. The pronoun in the question tag refers to the subject printed in color. Tom is older than you, isn’t he? Sally has got a dog, hasn’t she? Anna and I can go by train, can’t we? Peter and David should leave now, shouldn’t they?
If the main part of the sentence has I am in it, use aren’t I in the question tag. I’m your best friend, aren’t I? I’m taller than Sumiko, aren’t I?
If the main part of the sentence is negative, the question tag is positive. You expect the answer to a positive question tag to be no. These questions aren’t very difficult, are they? You haven’t read this book, have you? Peter isn’t as tall as I am, is he? She isn’t eight yet, is she? There aren’t many clouds in the sky, are there? There isn’t much wind today, is there? There weren’t any emails for me, were there?
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Prepositional Phrases Exercises
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Preposition
Prepositions are words that show a connection between other words. Most prepositions are little words like at, in and on. Prepositional phrases are groups of words, such as out of and on top of.
Preposition or Adverb?
Some words can be used either as prepositions or as adverbs. If the word is followed by a noun or a pronoun, it is a preposition.
Look at these pairs of examples. In each of the sentences marked preposition, there is a noun or pronoun after the preposition. This noun or pronoun is called the object of the preposition. Notice that objects are printed in color.
She put her hand inside (Preposition) my bag (noun). It was raining, so they decided to stay inside (adverb). His friends walked past (preposition) him (noun) without speaking. A car drove past (adverb) at high speed. John’s house is across (preposition) the street (noun). They got into the boat and rowed across (adverb). Water was running down (preposition) the walls (noun). He tripped over his shoelaces and fell down (adverb).
Prepositions of Place
Some prepositions show where something happens. They are called prepositions of place. Sally was sitting under a tree. There’s a wooden floor underneath the carpet. Some geese flew over their house. John and Sarah were hiding inside the wardrobe. There was a tree beside the river. I have a friend who lives in Wyoming. A big truck parked in front of their car. The cat jumped on top of the cupboard. One girl sits in the middle of the playground and the others dance round her.
Prepositions of Time
Some prepositions show when something happens. They are called prepositions of time. School starts at nine o’clock. I brush my teeth in the morning and at night. We’re going to the zoo on Saturday. No, you can’t watch a video. It’s past your bedtime already. I visited my grandparents during the summer. You must finish the work by Friday. I’ll do my homework before dinner.
“Mom, can you help me with my homework?” “Not now. You’ll have to wait until this afternoon.”
Prepositions of Direction
Some prepositions show where something is going. They are called prepositions of direction. The boys chased after each other. The football rolled down the hill. A man was walking his dog along the riverbank. The freeway goes right through the city. We were travelling towards Miami. A girl went past them on a bike. This road leads away from the stadium. They watched the train pull out of the station.
Prepositions with Special Uses
Many prepositions are used in other ways. Here are some of them.
of I bought a bag of rice and a quart of milk. Would you like a glass of orange juice? Kathleen is a member of the chess club. I need three pieces of paper. Most of the children in my class like school. There are several ways of cooking meat.
for I made this bookmark for Mom. Is there room for me on this seat? I’d like a new computer for Christmas. We’re going downtown for a meeting. What’s this bag for? This word is too difficult for me to spell.
with He pounds nails in with a hammer. Mix the flour with water. She painted the picture with her new paints. Would you like to come with us to the arcade? I can do difficult problems with help from Mom. Who is the man with the beard? Michael came home with dirty hands. Cross the busy street with care.
except and instead of I like all kinds of food except pasta. Everyone likes chocolate except Tom. We go to school every day except Saturday and Sunday. You should eat fruit instead of candy. Dad is coming to the theater with us instead of Mom. We could watch TV instead of reading our books.
like, as and than The words like, as and than are used to compare things. Kathleen looks like her dad. Andrew smiles like his mother. Peter sings like a professional singer. Are these shoes the same as those? Sue is nearly as tall as the teacher. My backpack is bigger than John’s. Dad is taller than all of us. This painting is more beautiful than that one. The neighborhood streets are less busy than downtown streets.
Prepositions with Adjectives, Verbs or Nouns
Prepositions are used with some adjectives. The adjectives in these examples are printed in color.
Dad was angry with us.
Mr. Lee is pleased with our work.
We were afraid of the big dog.
The teachers are always kind to us.
She’s not very interested in sports.
What’s wrong with the computer?
Prepositions are used with some verbs. The verbs in these examples are printed in color. I’m looking for my pencil. Have you seen it? Can you think of another word for ‘pleased’? Does this book belong to you? We’re listening to CDs. I agree with you. I lent my skateboard to Sue. Tell me about the show you saw. Cut the cake into five pieces. They borrowed money from the bank.
Prepositions are used with some nouns. The nouns in these examples are printed in color. What’s the answer to this question? Is there a reason for this delay? What’s the matter with you? Here’s an example of good behavior. Congratulations on winning the competition! Traffic can cause damage to the environment.
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Conjunctions Exercises with Answers
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Conjunctions
Conjunctions are words used to link words, phrases or clauses. Some common conjunctions are and, but and or.
and, but and or
Use and to link words that are similar. We buy fruit and vegetables at the grocery store. The president visited towns and cities across the country. The house is warm and comfortable. The weather was cold and windy. There were several cars and trucks in the street.
Use but to link words that are different and do not normally go together. He works quickly but neatly. The teacher is firm but fair with the children. The musicians are young but very talented. The weather was sunny but cold. Karate is tiring but fun. We want a vacation that’s interesting but relaxing. Some animals are big but gentle.
Use or to talk about choices. You can have a soda or lemonade. Would you like pasta or rice? Who is cooking the dinner, Mom or Dad? Does the sauce taste sweet or sour? Do we turn right or left? Is your sister older or younger than you? Should the children bring bikes or skateboards?
The word or is often used with not and other negative words. She does not like apple juice or orange juice. I didn’t see or hear anything strange. He can’t sing or dance. They’ve never been to Europe or Asia.
Conjunctions Linking Phrases
Use the conjunctions and, but and or to link phrases. The phrases in these examples are printed in color. We like going shopping and visiting museums. I tell my parents and my best friend all my secrets. Some of my toys are dirty and a bit broken. The car is very old but still very reliable. The weather was very sunny but rather cold. I’m older than Anna but younger than Jack. Is it quicker to go by train or by car? You could call it a thin book or a thick magazine. She couldn’t decide whether to stay in bed or get up and take a shower.
Conjunctions with Lists
Use the conjunctions and and or with lists of words. Remember to put a comma between the words. Then use and or or between the last two words. We bought milk, eggs, cheese and butter. My favorite teachers are Mr. Lee, Mrs. Carter and Mr. Park. In the morning I get up, take a shower, eat breakfast and brush my teeth. Kathleen didn’t have any paper, pens or pencils. People travel to work by car, bus or train. I haven’t eaten breakfast, lunch or dinner.
Conjunctions That Join Sentences
Conjunctions are also used to join two sentences to make them one. Here are some examples with and, but and or. Mom is working in the garden. Dad is busy in the kitchen. Mom is working in the garden and Dad is busy in the kitchen. Sam is playing football. Eric is reading a book. Sam is playing football and Eric is reading a book. I switched on the TV. There were no interesting programs on. I switched on the TV, but there were no interesting programs on. Meera phoned her friend Anna. She wasn’t at home. Meera phoned her friend Anna, but she wasn’t at home. Would you like to go to the movies? Shall we go for a burger? Would you like to go to the movies or shall we go for a burger? Hurry up! You’ll be late for school. Hurry up or you’ll be late for school!
Other Words for and
There are other words for and that also join two sentences. Dad washed the car. He polished it. Dad not only washed the car, but he also polished it. Sally baked the cake. She decorated it. Sally not only baked the cake, but she decorated it as well. John did his homework. He cleaned his room. John not only did his homework, but he cleaned his room, too. They visited Sydney. They also visited Hong Kong and Tokyo. They visited Sydney, as well as Hong Kong and Tokyo. Sam ran faster than Kim. He ran faster than David too. Sam ran faster than both Kim and David.
Other Words Used for but
There are other words for but that also join sentences. Grandpa is old but very fit. Although Grandpa is old, he’s very fit. The weather was sunny but cold. Even though the weather was sunny, it was cold. The bus is slower than the train but it’s cheaper. While the bus is slower than the train, it’s cheaper. This computer is very old but reliable. Though this computer is very old, it is very reliable.
Other Words for or
There are other words for or that name choices or join two sentences. The movie wasn’t funny. It wasn’t interesting. The movie was neither funny nor interesting. You can do your homework now. You can do your homework after dinner. You can do your homework either now or after dinner. We could walk. We could take a taxi. We could walk, or else take a taxi.
Conjunctions of Time
The conjunctions before, after, since, until, when, while, as and as soon as are used to say when something happens. They are called conjunctions of time. Take the toy out of the box before you throw the box away. Before you leave the house, be sure that you’ve got your backpack. I usually do my homework after I have my dinner. After I went to bed, I heard a strange noise downstairs. We’ve moved to a new house since I last wrote to you. Since the new teacher arrived, we all enjoy our work more. You can’t watch TV until you’ve done your homework. Until the rice is cooked, we can’t eat dinner. I’ll call you when I get home. When the wind blows, the branches on the tree bend. Dad watches TV while he does his exercises. While we’re waiting for the bus, let’s play a game. People stand back as the train goes through the station. As the president’s car goes past, everybody waves. We went inside as soon as it started to rain. As soon as you’ve finished your homework, let me see it.
Conjunctions of Place
The conjunctions where and wherever are used to talk about places. They are called conjunctions of place. Does anybody know where Mr. Carter lives? Where the road is narrow, big trucks can’t get through. The dog follows Andrew wherever he goes. Wherever there are mountains, you will also find streams.
Conjunctions of Reason
The conjunctions because, since, as and in case tell why someone does something. They are called conjunctions of reason. I sat down because I was feeling tired. Because we arrived late, we missed the beginning of the play. I took an apple since it was the only fruit in the bowl. Since you have finished your homework, you can help me make dinner. Mom switched off the TV as it was past my bedtime. As you’re my best friend, I’ll lend you my new bike. Take an umbrella in case it rains. In case you forget the number, I’ve written it on this piece of paper.
Conjunctions of Purpose
The conjunctions so, so that and in order to tell what the purpose of something is. They are called conjunctions of purpose. The children are wearing hats so they won’t get sunburned. John finished his homework before dinner so he could watch his favorite TV program. Let’s write down the address so we don’t forget it. We left early so that we wouldn’t be late. John took a map so that he wouldn’t get lost. I hid the comics under the bed so that nobody could find them. She goes jogging every morning in order to keep fit. In order to get to sleep, he reads a really boring book at bedtime. Dad painted the walls white in order to make the room look brighter.
Auxiliary Verbs Exercises with Answers for English Grammar learning and preparation of competitive exams. Fill in the blanks quiz for free online practice of Auxiliary Verbs.
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Auxiliary Verbs
Auxiliary, or helping verbs, are used before infinitives to add a different meaning. For example, you use auxiliary verbs to say:
that someone is able to do something,
that someone is allowed to do something, or
that someone has to do something.
The helping verbs are can, could, would, should, ought to, will, shall, may, might and must.
can and could
Use can and could to say that someone is able to do something. She can draw really good pictures. Philip can run faster than Matt. Can you ride a bike? Can you help me with my homework? She could already read before she started school. Our teacher said we could go home early. I ran as fast as I could. Sarah could not come to the party because she was ill.
Notes :
Could is the simple past tense form of can. When you put not after can, write it as one word: cannot. They cannot find their way home. The contraction of cannot is can’t, and the contraction of could not is couldn’t. They can’t find their way home. I’m full. I can’t eat any more. Sarah couldn’t come to the party because she was ill.
You may also use can and could to say that someone is allowed to do something. My mom says you can come to our house for dinner. Dad says I can’t walk to school on my own. You can’t go in there without a ticket. Mom said I could have ice cream after my dinner. The big sign on the gate said PRIVATE, so we couldn’t go in.
Can and could are also used for asking for information or help, for offering something, and for suggesting something. Can you tell me if this train goes to Topeka? Could you show me where the accident happened? Could you open that window, please? You can borrow my pen, if you like. Your sister could come with us, if she wanted to. I could lend you my football. We can go to the library instead. You could ask your dad to help us. John can borrow his brother’s skates.
will and would
Use will and would when you are asking someone to do something. Will you please stop making that noise? Would you pass me that book, please? Please, will you close the door?
You can also use will and would to offer something or to suggest something. Will I hold this end of the rope? Will I carry the bag for you? Would you like another drink? Which cake would you like?
Notes : The contraction of will not is won’t and the contraction of would not is wouldn’t: Won’t you stay and eat with us? Wouldn’t it be better to wait?
shall and should
You can use shall and should to ask for advice, offer something and suggest something.
Should I bring waterproof clothes?
Shall I go by car, or will it be better to walk?
Should I phone the police?
Shall I help you with that heavy bag?
Shall we go home now?
You should try that new French restaurant.
ought to
You use ought to to make strong suggestions and talk about someone’s duty. You look tired. You ought to go to bed early tonight. I ought to get more physical exercise. We ought to lock the door when we leave home. You ought to turn off the computer when you’re not using it. You ought to know how to spell your own name. The teacher ought to make his classes more interesting.
must
Use must to talk about things that you have to do. I must mail this letter today. You must speak louder. I can’t hear you. Children must not play with matches. Go to bed now. Oh, must I? Why must I do my homework tonight?
Notes : Must keeps the same form in the past tense. The contraction of must not is mustn’t. She mustn’t let the dog sleep on her bed.
may and might
Use may to ask if you are allowed to do something and to tell someone that they are allowed to do something. “May I go out to play now?” “Yes, you may.” May I borrow your pen? Please may I see your ticket? John may leave now, but Sally may not. May Kenny come with us to the movies?
Use may and might to talk about things that are possible or likely. Take an umbrella. It might rain. I may not have time to go swimming tonight. We might go to the party later. If you’re not careful, you may hurt yourself. “Are you going to the concert?” “I don’t know. I might or I might not.”
Verb Phrases
A verb phrase consists of a verb and a preposition such as after, into and over. The preposition gives the verb a special meaning.
Here are some sentences that contain phrasal verbs. Read the meanings in parentheses. Who looks after (= takes care of) the baby when your parents are at work? Mike has blond hair and blue eyes. He takes after (= looks like) his mother. Dad bumped into (= met by chance) an old friend at the station. My sister is getting into (= is starting to be interested in) pop music. Is your mom getting over (= recovering from) her illness? Some health inspectors came to look over (= inspect) the factory. We hoped that the thieves wouldn’t get away with (= escape punishment for) their crime. I’m going to the store because we’ve run out of rice (= used all our rice).
Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases Exercises with Answers in English Grammar. Free online Fill in the blanks quiz for learning and preparation of competitive exams.
Adverbs Exercises with Answers
Adverbial Phrases Exercises with Answers
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The concepts of Adverb and Adverb Phrases are explained below with examples.
Adverbs
Adverbs are words that tell you more about verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. Many adverbs end in ly. You make these adverbs by adding ly to adjectives.
She writes neatly. The traffic was moving slowly. We waited patiently to see the doctor. They waved goodbye sadly. David sings beautifully. The children walked quickly into the classroom.
Notes : Some words that end in ly are not adverbs. Some adjectives end in ly too. For example: Sam was feeling very lonely. She was wearing a lovely dress. It was a very lively party.
Adverb phrases are groups of words that functions as single adverbs to describe the action of the verb. Are you sitting in a comfortable chair? Mr. Dickson always dresses in fashionable clothes. He draws cartoons like a real cartoonist. The train arrived on time.
Adverbs of Manner
Some adverbs and adverb phrases describe the way people do things. They answer the question “How?” The girls answered all the questions correctly. He was driving carelessly. The plane landed safely. Katy plays the piano skillfully. Sam is behaving like a baby. Please speak in a clear voice. She writes in a very grown-up way. You can buy fruit very cheaply in this shop. They sell everything at very low prices. David sings like a professional singer.
Adverbs of Time
Some adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question “when?” They are called adverbs of time. I’m going to my new school tomorrow. The train has already left. We moved into our new house last week. My big brother goes to college in the autumn. Our favorite TV program starts at 6 o’clock. It rained heavily last night. We’re going on a trip in a few days’ time. We’ll leave as soon as possible. My shoes will be too small for me next year. I haven’t seen Mom this morning. Is she working today?
Adverbs of Place
Some adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question “where?” They are called adverbs of place. It’s very sunny but cold outside. The boys are playing upstairs. That’s our ball there. I couldn’t find my book anywhere. They live in a house nearby. The dog is in the garden. Flowers like these grow in the park. We’re going to New York City on our school trip. My brother is studying at an English university. They live on the northern side of the island.
Adverbs of Frequency
Some adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question “how often?” They are called adverbs of frequency. Katy practices the piano regularly. The children always go to school on the bus. I’ll never make that mistake again. Have you ever been to Japan? We’ve been to Disneyland twice. The shops are often very busy. The newspaper is delivered daily. We walk home from school every day. I clean my bedroom every week. Have you forgotten my name? I’ve told you three times already. Dad polishes his shoes twice a week. You should go to the dentist once every six months.
Adverbs of Duration
Some adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question “how long?” They are called adverbs of duration. The library is temporarily closed. We’re staying in a hotel overnight. The teacher left the classroom briefly. The snow lasted for three days. Mom was away a very long time. Stand still for a moment while I comb your hair. He talked to his girlfriend for over an hour. We waited for ages for a bus. I haven’t seen my cousins for two years. We stayed up all night talking.
Adverbs of Emphasis
We have seen that most adverbs describe verbs, but remember that some adverbs also describe adjectives or other adverbs. They are usually used to add emphasis.
Here are some examples. The emphasizing adverbs are printed in bold. The adjectives or adverbs they describe are printed in color. Anna can run really fast. That’s a very good drawing. My rice is too hot. The film was just terrible. Your excuses are completely unbelievable. These old tools are totally useless. She sings quite beautifully.
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Most verbs describe actions, so they are called action verbs. Action verbs tell what people or things are doing. Here are some common action verbs.
drink
look
jump
swim
fall
eat
shout
walk
throw
climb
laugh
run
sit
catch
dance
Subject and Verb Agreement When you use a verb, you have to say who or what is doing the action. This ‘who or what’ is the subject of the verb. The subject and the verb match each other. You say that the subject and the verb agree when they match each other.
Use a singular verb if the subject is a singular noun. For example, the subjects ‘my dad’ or ‘our school’, or any of the pronouns he, she or it, require a singular verb. Most singular verbs end in s. Look at the subjects and their verbs in these examples. The subjects are in bold and the verbs are in color.
He always drinks milk when he’s hot. She eats bananas for breakfast. Mom walks to work every day. My sisterdances like a professional dancer. The babyfalls when she tries to walk. Our cat climbs the trees in our garden.
This form of the verb is called the third person singular. You use it when the subject of the verb is not you or the person you are speaking to, but some other person—a third person—or a thing. Here are some more third person singular verbs that end in s.
plays
sings
shines
rides
smiles
draws
paints
blows
thinks
stops
reads
rains
travels
talks
starts
The third person singular form of some verbs is made by adding es at the end. Some examples are verbs that end in sh, ch, ss, x, zz and o.
brushes
watches
kisses
fixes
rushes
reaches
misses
mixes
polishes
teaches
passes
buzzes
crashes
catches
presses
does
washes
touches
dresses
goes
Here are some sentences with verbs in their third person singular form. The subjects are in bold and the verbs are in color.
She always brushes her teeth at bedtime. Dad polishes his shoes until they shine. My brother watches television after school. Kim catches the ball with one hand. Dad mixes flour and water when he makes bread. The bee buzzes around the flowers. My friend Sanjay goes to the same school as I do.
How do you make the third person singular form of most verbs that end in y? Usually, you just change the y to an i and then add es.
carry – carries
hurry – hurries
copy – copies
cry – cries
fly – flies
marry – marries
study – studies
worry – worries
bully – bullies
A cat carries its kitten with its mouth. Mr. Chen hurries to work every morning. The baby cries a lot at night. This plane flies to the island every day. Alice tries hard at school. She copies all the questions in her notebook.
Some verbs that end in y have a vowel before the y. Just add an s at the end of these words to make the third person singular form.
buy – buys
say – says
pray – prays
pay – pays
annoy – annoys
stay – stays
Mom buys bread at the supermarket. Mr. Carter pays all his bills with a credit card. My friend says he has a salt-water aquarium. She annoys me with her silly jokes. Anna stays with her aunt on weekends.
If the subject of a verb is a plural noun, such as “Mom and Dad” or “our teachers”, use a plural verb. Do not add s, es or ies to plural verbs. Plural verbs are also used with the pronouns I, we, you and they.
Mom and Dad love us. My sisters listen to music a lot. The stars shine brightly on a clear night. Some people drink tea. I like juicy hamburgers. We learn interesting things at school. You all know the words to this song, children. They always walk home from school together.
Suppose the subject of a noun refers to a group of people. Depending on the meaning of the sentence, you may use either a singular or a plural verb. The audience was enjoying the play. The audience have all gone home. The class has thirty students. The class are handing in their papers. The band is performing until midnight. The band were arguing among themselves.
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
Some verbs have an object. The object of a verb is the person or thing that is affected by the action of the verb. Look at this sentence:
The subject of the verb is Alice. She is the person who does the action: she eats. The object of the verb is a banana. A banana is affected by the action of the verb. So in this sentence, the object of the verb ‘eat ’ is ‘a banana’. Verbs that have objects are called transitive verbs.
Here are some sentences with transitive verbs. The verbs are printed in bold and their objects are printed in color.
John likes apples.
Sam knows the answer to the question.
My sister cooks all our meals.
My brother rides his bike in the street.
Dad buys tea at the market.
Mom writes stories in her spare time.
Some verbs don’t have an object. A verb that does not have an object is called an intransitive verb. Here are some sentences with intransitive verbs. In China, lots of people walk to work. The boys play in the yard after school. Mr. Carter always drives very carefully. Doris is a very successful businesswoman. Michael and I both entered the race. He won but I lost.
Some verbs can be either transitive or intransitive. Notice that the transitive meaning and the intransitive meaning are sometimes different.
transitive verbs
intransitive verbs
The pilot flies the plane very well.
Eagles fly high in the sky.
The boys play football on weekends.
The boys play in the yard on weekends.
My mom runs her own company.
My mom runs in the park for fun.
We walk the dog every evening.
We walk on the beach every evening.
The Simple Present Tense
Verbs have forms called tenses that tell you when the action happens. If the action happens regularly, sometimes or never, use the simple present tense.
We always wash our hands before meals. Joe sometimes lends me his bike. Dad jogs in the park every day. We often go to the movies on Saturday. Mr. Ross takes a train to work.
The simple present tense is also used to state facts. The sun rises every morning. Penguins live in the Antarctica. Dogs love playing in water. The earth goes around the sun. Australia is an island.
Use the simple present tense to tell the events of a story that is happening now. I arrive at school. I see another girl crying. I ask her why she is sad. She says she hasn’t got any friends to play with. I tell her that she can play with me.
Use the simple present tense to talk about things that will happen in the future. My little sister starts school tomorrow. The new supermarket opens this Friday. Next week I go on holiday to Japan. We fly to London on Sunday. The train leaves in five minutes. My family moves to a new house next month.
am, is and are
The words am, is and are are the simple present forms of the verb be.
Use am with the pronoun I.
Use is with singular nouns like ‘my dad’ and ‘the teacher’, and with the pronouns he, she and it.
Use are with plural nouns like ‘my parents’ and ‘Jenny and Mary’, and with the pronouns we, you and they.
I am twelve.
The children are asleep.
I am in the garden.
Computers are very expensive.
My mom is very tired today.
My brother and I are upstairs.
The teacher is tall.
We are in our bedrooms.
She is also pretty.
You are my best friend.
Our dog is black.
You and Davidare my best friends.
Here is a table to help you remember how to use is, am and are.
–
singular
plural
First person
I am
we are
Second person
you are
you are
Third person
he is
they are
she is
they are
it is
they are
Notes :
There are short ways of saying and writing am, is and are with pronouns. These short forms are called contractions.
You can use these contractions to replace am, is and are when they are used with not:
full form
short form
full form
short form
I am
I’m
I am not
I’m not
You are
You’re
He is not
He isn’t
He is
He’s
She is not
She isn’t
She is
She’s
It is not
It is n’t
It is
It’s
We are not
We aren’t
We are
We’re
You are not
You aren’t
They are
They’re
They are not
They aren’t
there is and there are
Use there with is and are to say what exists or what you can have. Use there is with singular nouns, and there are with plural nouns.
There is a tree in our garden. There is a girl called Farah in my class. There is fish for dinner. There is nothing to do when it rains. There’s a cat sitting on the bench. There’s a boy in my class who can walk on his hands. There are cows in the field. There are some very big ships in the harbor today.
Notes : The contraction for there is is there’s.
The Present Progressive Tense
The present progressive tense is used to talk about things that are continuing to happen.
Make the present progressive tense by using am, is or are with a verb that ends in ing.
I am learning how to swim. I am eating my lunch. I am watching television. She is reading a book. Dad is baking a cake. My sister is listening to music. Uncle David is cleaning his car. The dog is barking in the garden. We are singing our favorite song. My brother and I are playing a computer game. The teachers are showing us a film. They are bringing a television set into the classroom.
Notes : The ing form of a verb is called the present participle. You use the present participle with am, is or are to make the present progressive tense.
am + watching (present participle) is + listening (present participle) are + playing (present participle)
The present progressive tense is also used to talk about things that are planned for the future.
I am going to the library tomorrow. My sister is giving me her bike when she gets her new one. We can’t go to the movies tomorrow because my mom is working. We are having a barbecue on Sunday. All my friends are coming to my party next week. We’re taking my cousin to the zoo later today
The Simple Past Tense
Use the simple past tense to talk about things that happened in the past. The simple past tense is usually made by adding ed to the verb. I opened the door and looked inside. The plane landed ten minutes ago. My cousin visited us last summer. We walked to school yesterday. She laughed when I told her the joke.
If a verb ends in e, just add d to make the simple past tense. Who closed all the windows? We lived in that house when I was a baby. She smiled when she saw me. We raced each other on our bikes.
If a verb ends in y, change the y to i before adding ed. I carried my mom’s shopping bag. My brother cried when he fell off his bike. We hurried to the station to catch the train. Dad tried to help me with my homework.
With some short verbs that end in a consonant, you must double the consonant before adding ed. I climbed over the fence and ripped my shirt. The stranger grabbed my arm. The dog wagged its tail when it saw the biscuits. He slammed the door and walked off angrily.
was and were
The words was and were are the simple past forms of the verb be.
Was is the simple past form of am and is. Use was with singular nouns like ‘my dad’ and ‘the teacher’, and with the pronouns he, she and it.
Were is the simple past form of are. Use were with plural nouns like ‘my parents’ and ‘Jenny and Mary’, and with the pronouns we, you and they.
Ten years ago, I was only a baby. When I was younger, I played with teddy bears. My friend was ill yesterday. Mom was angry when she saw the broken vase. It was very wet on Monday. It was six o’clock when we got home. We were away on vacation last month. John and I were in the garden. You were nasty to me! You and Sally were not at school yesterday. Dinosaurs were prehistoric animals. Those were my best jeans.
Here is a table to help you remember how to use was and were.
singular
plural
first person
I was
we were
second person
you were
you were
third person
he was, she was, it was
they were
Notes : You may use these contractions when you are combining was and were with not.
full form
short form
I was not
I wasn’t
he was not
he wasn’t
she was not
she wasn’t
it was not
it wasn’t
we were not
we weren’t
you were not
you weren’t
they were not
they weren’t
Irregular Verbs
Many common verbs have unusual present and past tense forms. These are called irregular verbs.
Remember that the simple past tense of most verbs is made by adding ed at the end: look becomes looked. Notice that the simple past tense of these common irregular verbs is quite different.
irregular verb
simple past tense
break
broke
bring
brought
buy
bought
catch
caught
come
came
do
did
fall
fell
feed
fed
feel
felt
fly
flew
get
got
go
went
have
had
keep
kept
kneel
knelt
know
knew
leave
left
lose
lost
meet
met
ring
rang
run
ran
see
saw
sell
sold
sleep
slept
speak
spoke
write
wrote
The simple past tense of other irregular verbs does not change at all.
verb
simple past tense
example
cost
cost
I bought a new CD. It cost twenty dollars.
cut
cut
My brother cut his finger this morning.
hit
hit
She hit the ball into a neighbor’s garden.
hurt
hurt
I hurt my leg when I jumped off the wall.
let
let
Mom opened the door and let us in.
put
put
The tea tasted horrible because I put too much sugar in it.
read
read
Dad read us a story last night.
The Past Progressive Tense
Use the past progressive tense to talk about things that were happening in the past and had not stopped happening. They were continuing.
To make the past progressive tense, use was or were and a verb that ends in ing. I was watching television. Ben was finishing his homework. She was putting her books into her schoolbag. Jenny and I were tidying the classroom. We were all dancing at the party. You weren’t listening to the teacher. Some boys were looking out of the window.
Notes : The ing form of a verb is called the present participle. You use the present participles with was or were to make the past progressive tense: was + cleaning (present participle) were + listening (present participle)
You can also use the past progressive tense to say what was happening when something else happened. Sam was doing his math homework when the phone rang. Dad was cooking our dinner when I got home. When I saw Joe, he was looking for his dog. We were all enjoying the movie when the power went out. What were they doing when the bell rang?
have, has and had
The verb have is used to say what people own or possess.
Use have with the pronouns I, we, you and they, and with plural nouns such as ‘my parents’ and ‘Tom and Susan’.
Use has with the pronouns he, she and it, and with singular nouns such as ‘my dad’ and ‘the teacher’.
I have two brothers and one sister. Monkeys have long tails. My sister and I have a swing in our garden. John has a big brother. Sally has a pretty face. An elephanthas a long trunk. It also has big ears. His brother has dark hair. Our apartment has big windows.
Use have to talk about things that people do or get. I can’t play football because I have a broken leg. We have art lessons on Mondays. You have a stain on your shirt. They have the desks nearest the teacher. Peter has a sore knee.
You also use have to talk about things that people eat. We usually have lunch at school. Mom and Dad sometimes have their breakfast in bed. Jenny often has sandwiches for lunch. She sometimes has cola to drink.
Here is a table to help you remember how to use have and has.
singular
plural
first person
I have
we have
second person
you have
you have
third person
he has, she has, it has
they have
The simple past tense form of have and has is had. I had a big toy car when I was small. It was sunny so we had lunch in the garden. They had a wonderful holiday in Europe. Sally and I had chicken for dinner. The boys had a fight in the playground. Dad had a sore back yesterday. She had long hair when I saw her a year ago. Our cat had three kittens last week.
Use had when you’re talking about wishes. I wish I had a new bike. Kathleen wishes she had a big sister. Dad wishes he had a bigger garage. The boys wish they had more space to play football in.
You can make the negative with didn’t have. I wish I didn’t have so much homework. Jack wishes he didn’t have a broken leg. Dad wishes he didn’t have to work on weekends. Do you wish you didn’t have English classes today?
The Present Perfect Tense
The present perfect tense shows action in the indefinite past. The present perfect tense is also used to show action begun in the past and continuing into the present.
To make the present perfect tense, use have or has and a verb that ends in ed.
We have lived in this house for five years. (= and we still live there) Your plane has already landed. (= and it’s still on the ground) She has dirtied her new shoes. (= she made them dirty and they’re still dirty) The teacher has pinned a notice on the board. (= and the notice is still there) You don’t need your key. I’ve already opened the door. (= and it’s still open)
Notes : The ed form of a verb is called the past participle when it is used with has or have to make the present perfect tense: have + landed (past participle) has + opened (past participle)
Irregular Past Participles
Remember that irregular verbs don’t have a simple past form that ends in –ed.
Irregular verbs also have unusual past participles that don’t end in –ed. The past participle of some verbs is the same as the simple past tense.
irregular verb
simple past tense
past participle
fight
fought
fought
have
had
had
lose
lost
lost
teach
taught
taught
winnnnnn
won
won
Here are more examples of irregular past participles.
irregular verb
simple past tense
past participle
example
keep
kept
kept
I have kept the letter you sent me.
catch
caught
caught
The police have caught the thieves.
bring
brought
brought
Maggie has brought her favorite CD to school.
make
made
made
The children have made a birthday card for their mom.
sell
sold
sold
They’ve sold their car and now they
buy
bought
bought
have bought motorcycles.
Some common irregular verbs have a past participle that is different from the simple past tense.
irregular verb
simple past form
past participle
example
be
was
been
Anna has been my best friend for years.
break
broke
broken
I’m sorry, I’ve broken your pencil.
do
did
done
Jack has already done his homework.
draw
drew
drawn
We’ve drawn a picture for you, Mom.
drink
drank
drunk
Have you drunk all your orange juice?
eat
ate
eaten
Someone has eaten all the chocolates.
fall
fell
fallen
One of the pictures has fallen off the wall.
go
went
gone
I’m sorry, but your train has already gone.
know
knew
known
I’ve known Michael for two years.
see
saw
seen
Kathleen has already seen that movie.
speak
spoke
spoken
Miss Hill has spoken to the principal about the problem.
Some irregular verbs have a past participle that does not change at all.
irregular verb
past participle
example
cut
cut
I’ve cut my finger and it’s bleeding badly.
hit
hit
The children next door have hit their ball into the busy street.
cost
cost
This vacation has cost us hundreds of dollars already.
read
read
Dad hasn’t read my school report yet.
hurt
hurt
Can Anna sit down? She’shurt her leg.
put
put
Have you put any sugar in my tea?
The Future Tense
To show future action use the verbs shall and will with another verb that describes the action.
You can use either shall or will with the pronouns I and we.
Use will with the pronouns you, he, she, it and they.
Will is also used with singular nouns like ‘my dad’ and with plural nouns like ‘all the boys in my class’.
I shall do my homework after dinner. I will miss you when you leave. We shall take the dog for a walk later. We will visit Grandma this weekend. He will be home later. She will help us cook the food for the party. It will soon be dark outside. I think it will be sunny tomorrow. I expect they will give you a present. Mom will be very pleased with you. Your plant will die without water. The school will soon need a lot of repairs. John and I shall be glad when the exams are over. Bill and Kim will be late for school if they don’t hurry.
Notes : You can shorten shall and will as ’ll when you use these words with pronouns:
full form
contraction
I shall, I will
I’ll
we shall, we will
we’ll
you will
you’ll
he will
he’ll
she will
she’ll
it will
it’ll
they will
they’ll
To make the negative form, use will and shall with not. The contraction for will not is won’t. I will not help you unless you help me first. It won’t be very sunny again until next summer. You won’t like this food. It’s horrible! We shall not go to the party without you.
To talk about facts in the future or plans that will not change, use the simple present tense. Tomorrow is Sunday. Summer vacation ends on Friday. The new library opens next week. We fly to Paris on Wednesday.
You can also talk about plans for the future and other future happenings by using be going to and another verb. Remember to:
Use am and was with the pronoun I.
Use is and was with the pronouns he, she and it, and with singular nouns like ‘my mom’ and ‘the teacher’.
Use are and were with the pronouns we, you and they, and with plural nouns like ‘my friends’ and ‘John and Sally’.
I am going to visit my cousin tomorrow. I am going to see the new Star Wars movie next week. My friend John is going to move to Chicago next year. Dad is going to buy me a skateboard. Aunt Jane is going to have another baby soon. It is going to be windy tomorrow. I hope someone is going to fix the television soon. You are going to help me, aren’t you? My friends are going to teach me how to play chess. Mom and Dad are going to buy a new computer. Your books are going to fall off the shelf if you’re not careful. Are you going to read your book now?
do, does and did
The verb do is used to talk about actions. The words do and does are the simple present forms of the verb do.
Use do with the pronouns I, we, you and they, and with plural nouns such as ‘my parents’ and ‘Tom and Susan’.
Use does with the pronouns he, she and it, and with singular nouns such as ‘my dad’ and ‘the teacher’.
I always do my homework after dinner. I do drawings with colored pencils. We do our shopping at the supermarket. You do magic tricks very well. They do their housework on the weekend. Mom and Dad do the cooking together. Jim and Alan always do well in math tests. The artist does beautiful paintings. She does very interesting work. He does the washing and she does the cooking. Julie always does her exercises before breakfast. My friend Hannah does karate at a local gym. The vacuum cleaner does a better job than the broom.
Here is a table to help you remember how to use do and does.
singular
plural
first person
I do
we do
second person
you do
you do
third person
he does, she does, it does
they do
The simple past form of do is did. I did my homework but forgot to take it to school. Sally did her hair in front of the mirror. The boys did very badly in their spelling test. Paul and Roger did some magic tricks for us. The children did the housework while their parents relaxed.
To make the negative form of verbs in the simple present tense, use do and does with not. I do not have any brothers or sisters. We do not want any more bread, thank you. My brother and I do not like football. You see beautiful mountains in Scotland but you do not see much sunshine. Mom does not buy our food at that supermarket. Jenny does not eat lunch at school because she does not like the food. My cat does not make as much noise as your dog.
The simple past tense of does not and do not is did not. The contraction is didn’t. Maggie did not have long hair when I first met her. I got sunburned because I did not wear my hat. The teacher didn’t give us any homework. Mom and Dad didn’t buy me a cell phone for my birthday. You didn’t take the dog for a walk last night.
Notes : Here are the contractions you can use when do, does and did are used with not.
full form
short form
full form
short form
I/we do not
I/we don’t
I/we did not
I/we didn’t
you do not
you don’t
you did not
you didn’t
they do not
they don’t
they did not
they didn’t
he/she/it does not
he/she/it doesn’t
he/she/it did not
he/she/it didn’t
The Infinitive
The infinitive is the base form of a verb. It is often preceded by the word to.
Infinitives often appear after other verbs.
The rain began to fall. Sally and I agreed to meet this afternoon. I’ve arranged to see the doctor at 3 o’clock. I hope to visit Disneyland someday. I like to ride my bike in the street. My parents have decided to buy a new car. Paul is learning to swim. I didn’t mean to upset you.
Some verbs have an object before the infinitive. In these examples the objects are printed in color. Simon asked me to help him. The teacher told us not to run in the corridor. Susie persuaded her friends to play on the team. The manager allowed the staff to leave early.
Infinitives often appear after adjectives. In these examples the adjectives are printed in color. The boys were afraid to cross the busy road. I’m very pleased to see you again. This problem will be difficult to solve. The shelf is too high to reach. Don’t you think it’s rude to ignore the new girl in class? The experiment was interesting to watch. You’re welcome to come with me.
You can also use infinitives after some nouns and pronouns to say what you are using something for. Take a book to read. I phoned for a taxi to take us to the airport. Has everyone got something to drink? I’ve got lots of nice clothes to wear. Find a space on the floor to sit in.
Infinitives sometimes follow words like how, what, which and where. My brother is learning how to cook. I can’t decide which to choose—the ice cream or the pudding. I don’t know what to say. Sally can’t remember where to hang her coat.
Infinitives are also used after helping verbs such as will, can, should, may and must. After these helping verbs use infinitives without the word to. I can swim. We think she will win the race. You must try harder. Do you think we should wait? May I come in?
Notes : The helping verbs will, can, should, may and must are called auxiliary verbs.
The Imperative Form of Verbs
When you give an order or command, use the base form of a verb, such as give, read or come. This base form is called the imperative. Open your books to page 25. Stop and look before you cross the road. Come to the front of the class. Show me your homework. Read the first sentence out loud. Choose a partner and stand in a circle
Imperatives are very direct. To be more polite, you can use please before the imperative. Please show me your homework. Please read the first sentence out loud. Please come to the front of the class. To make negative imperatives, use do not or don’t before the base form of the verb. Do not bring calculators into the exam room. Please don’t change anything on my computer.
Gerunds
A gerund is the ing form of a verb used as a noun. Sometimes a gerund is called a verbal noun because it comes from a verb. Running is a good way to keep fit. Susan is very good at drawing. He loves dancing and singing. Have you ever tried sailing? I don’t like watching television. We enjoyed visiting our grandparents.
Some gerunds can be used in front of other nouns, like adjectives. a washing machine = a machine that does washing a shopping bag = a bag for carrying your purchases walking boots = boots you wear for walking in the countryside gardening clothes = clothes you wear for gardening
Determiners in English Grammar fill in the blanks exercises with answers and example. Best way of learning for beginners and prepare for competitive examinations.
Determiners Exercises and Answers
Determiners
Determiners, or noun signals, are special adjectives used before nouns. There are different kinds of determiners.
The Articles
The words a, an and the are called the articles.
The words a and an are indefinite articles. They are used with singular nouns. Use a before nouns that begin with a consonant. Use an before nouns that begin with a vowel. John is reading a book. Would you like a peach? Is that a dog or a fox? You’ll need a ruler and a pencil. Is there also an entrance at the back of the building? Have you ever seen an elephant? I always take an apple to school. Do you have an umbrella that I can borrow? Would you like to live on an island?
Notes : Some vowels have a consonant sound as well as vowel sound. Use the article a with nouns that begin with these vowels: Is there a university in your town? Does every child in the school wear a uniform? We are taking a European vacation this summer.
Some words begin with a silent h. Use an with nouns that begin with a silent h: We’ve been waiting here for an hour. Meeting the president was an honor for all of us.
The word the is called the definite article. Use the before a noun when you are talking to someone who already knows which person or thing you mean. Dad is sitting in the garden. Who made the mess on the carpet? Turn the television off now. I’ll wait for you in the car. The boys are upstairs and the girls are outside in the street.
Using Nouns without Articles When you are talking about something in general, not a particular thing, use a noun without an article. You can also use plural nouns without an article. Frogs are my favorite animals. Children like playing games. Babies cry a lot. Glasses are things that you wear to correct your eyesight. Birds are animals that can fly. People enjoy watching television
Nouns that don’t show quantity are normally used without a or an. The article the, however, may be used with nouns that don’t show quantity. I like sunshine. I sometimes have fruit for breakfast. You’ve got dirt on your face. A clock measures time. Put sugar in your tea to make it sweet. I need time to think of a new plan. Would you pass me the salt, please. Can I borrow the paint when you’ve finished?
Notes : You often use the singular nouns school, home, work, church without an article: We go to school by bus. Dad has already left home for work. They go to church on Sundays.
Demonstrative Determiners
The words this, that, these and those are also special pronouns called determiners. They are used to point out which thing or person you mean. They are called demonstrative determiners.
Use this and these to talk about things and people that are near you.
Use this with singular nouns.
Use these with plural nouns
Who lives in this house?
These trousers are too short.
This car belongs to my mom.
I don’t like these comics.
Does this key fit the lock?
These biscuits don’t taste very good.
This book is my favorite.
I bought these apples for lunch.
Who gave you this money?
Is there an adult with these children?
This cheese tastes funny.
Use that and those to talk about things that are farther away from you.
Use that with singular nouns
Use those with plural nouns
This chair is mine and that chair is yours.
I gave my sandwiches to those boys.
That animal is making a funny noise.
Those children go to a different school.
Would you pass me that book, please?
These shoes are mine and those shoes are yours.
Who is that man talking to Dad?
These apples look fresh but those apples look rotten.
How much is that dress?
Those people are from Africa.
Quantifying Determiners
Words such as many, much and several tell about quantity without giving an exact number. They are called quantifying determiners.
Some quantifying determiners are used only with plural nouns. They are few, a few, fewer, many, several and both.
Few people have been to the moon.
We went to Europe many years ago.
A few children are absent today.
Several friends went with me.
I have fewer CDs than you.
Both brothers have dark hair.
Some quantifying determiners can be used with plural nouns and nouns that show no exact number. They are all, half, some, enough, a lot of, lots of, more, most, other and plenty of.
All children seem to like chocolate. We’ve eaten all the food in the refrigerator. Half the balloons have burst already. Jenny spends half her time watching television. Some girls like to play football. Can I have some water? Do you have enough books to read? I don’t have enough material to make a dress. A lot of people like burgers. There’s a lot of fruit in the bowl. They went to a park with lots of animals in it. You will gain weight if you eat lots of ice cream. You’ve got more brothers than I have. There’s more space in my room than yours. Most teachers enjoy teaching. Most lemonade contains sugar. He likes playing with other children. They had never tasted other food. Plenty of my friends have seen the Harry Potter movies. Drink plenty of water every day.
Some determiners can be used only with nouns of no exact number. They are little (meaning not much), a little (meaning some), much and less. We have little time to play. There’s a little rice left. Does the teacher give you much homework? I’ve got less ice cream than you.
Some quantifying determiners can only be used with singular nouns. They are another, every and each. I need another pencil. He likes every child in the class. Each house is painted a different color.
The quantifying determiners either and neither refer to two peopleor things. I don’t like either drink. Neither sister has long hair.
Some quantifying determiners are used with singular, plural, or nouns of no exact quantity. They are any, no, no other and the other.
Any dog will bite if it’s afraid. Are there any good books in the library? There wasn’t any space in the cupboard.
No child likes getting hurt. There were no pencils in the drawer. We’ve done no work today.
There is no other way of solving the problem. She has no other friends. We have no other food in the refrigerator.
Do you like this picture or the other picture? The other boys laughed at him. I like the other music better.
Interrogative Determiners
The words what, which and whose are used before nouns to ask questions. Interrogative determiners appear just before nouns. What time is it? Which boy is your brother? Whose pen is this?
Possessive Determiners
The words my, your, his, her, its, our and their are used before nouns to show ownership. They are called possessive determiners. I gave my sandwich to John. Is this your desk? Alan crashed his bike into a wall. Mrs. Park keeps her house very clean. The dog was licking its paws. There’s a snake in our garden. Susan and Peter have invited me to their party.
This table will help you remember how to use possessive determiners.
singular personal pronoun
Possessive determiner
Plural personal pronoun
Possessive determiner
I (subject pronoun)
my
we (subject pronoun)
our
me (object pronoun)
my
us (object pronoun)
our
You (subject/object pronoun) your
you (subject/object pronoun) your
he (subject pronoun)
his
they (subject pronoun)
their
him (object pronoun)
his
them (object pronoun)
their
she (subject pronoun)
her
–
her (object pronoun)
her
–
it (subject/object pronoun)
its
–
Numbers
Numbers are determiners, too. Numbers are often used before nouns to tell you exactly how many people or things there are. Our family has two dogs. There are twelve months in the year. We bought three pizzas. My grandfather lived for a hundred years.
Using Determiners Together
You can use quantifying determiners with each other and with numbers. Some people like winter but many more people prefer summer. There’s a little less space in this cupboard than in that one. There are five fewer children in my class than in your class.
Use of between a quantifying determiner and another kind of determiner. I don’t like any of these drinks. Some of my friends don’t like country music. Each of the boys answered the question correctly. I’ve had enough of your bad behavior! Five of these girls are taller than any of the boys.
The quantifying determiner all may be used with or without of. For example you can say:
We ate all of the food in the fridge.
or
We ate all the food in the fridge.
He spends all of his time playing
or
He spends all his time playing football.
She likes all of my friends.
or
She likes all my friends.
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Adjectives Exercises with Answers – for practicing English grammar. Online interactive fill-in-the-blanks worksheet to learn correct uses of Adjectives. Moreover, definition and examples are given to re-look at this topic.
Adjectives Fill in the Blanks Exercises with Answers
Adjectives in English Grammar Exercises with Answers
Adjectives
Adjectives describe nouns and pronouns. They give you more information about people, places, and things.
Kinds of Adjectives
Some adjectives tell about the size of people or things.
a big house
a long bridge
tiny feet
a large army
a high mountain
big hands
a huge ship
a short man
a short skirt
a tall building
a thin boy
long trousers
Some adjectives tell about the color of things.
a red carpet
a gray suit
a brown bear
a white swan
an orange balloon
green peppers
a blue uniform
a yellow ribbon
black shoes
Some adjectives tell what people or things are like by describing their quality.
a beautiful woman
a young soldier
a flat surface
a handsome boy
an old uncle
a hot drink
a poor family
a kind lady
a cold winter
a rich couple
a familiar voice
a sunny day
a strange place
a deep pool
cool weather
Some adjectives tell what things are made of. They refer to substances.
a plastic folder
a stone wall
a clay pot
a paper bag
a metal box
a glass door
a cotton shirt
a silk dress
a concrete road
a jade ring
a wooden spoon
a porcelain vase
Some adjectives are made from proper nouns of place. These adjectives are called adjectives of origin.
a Mexican hat
a British police officer
the French flag
a Filipino dress
an American custom
Washington apples
a Japanese lady
a Spanish dance
an Indian temple
an Italian car
The Order of Adjectives
Sometimes several adjectives are used to describe a single noun or pronoun. When you use two or more adjectives, the usual order is: size, quality, color, origin, substance. For example:
a small green plastic box size color substance a stylish red Italian car quality color origin
Here are more examples.
a large Indian temple
a tall white stone building
a colorful cotton shirt
a long Chinese silk robe
delicious Spanish food
an old graceful Japanese lady
crunchy Australian apples
a short handsome English man
Adjectives of quality sometimes come before adjectives of size. For example: beautiful long hair elegant short hair
But adjectives of size always come before adjectives of color. For example: beautiful long black hair elegant short red hair
If you use any adjective of substance, it comes after the color adjective. For example: a beautiful long black silk dress
Adjective Endings
Adjectives have many different endings.
Some adjectives end in –ful. These adjectives describe noun or pronouns that are full of something or have a lot of something.
a beautiful face
a painful injury
a careful student
a cheerful baby
a joyful smile
a helpful teacher
a powerful machine
a wonderful time
playful children
a skillful player
a useful book
colorful clothes
Some adjectives end in –ous.
a famous writer
a courageous soldier
a mountainous area
an adventurous explorer
a dangerous job
a poisonous snake
a humorous film
a generous gift
mischievous children
marvelous results
Some adjectives end in -y.
a messy room
a noisy car
dirty hands
a sleepy dog
a cloudy sky
thirsty children
a muddy path
a sunny day
stormy weather
an easy test
a lazy worker
juicy fruit
Some adjectives end in -less. These adjectives describe a person or thing that does not have something.
a cloudless sky
a meaningless word
a sleeveless dress
a fearless fighter
a careless driver
homeless people
a joyless song
seedless grapes
a useless tool
harmless animals
Some adjectives end in –al.
a national flag
personal possessions
musical instruments
a traditional costume
electrical goods
magical powers
a coastal town
medical equipment
Here are some adjectives that end in –ic, -ish, -ible, -able, -ive and –ly.
a fantastic singer
a terrible mess
an imaginative story
an energetic dog
a sensible answer
expensive jewelery
basic grammar
horrible smells
talkative children
enthusiastic shouting
visible footprints
a creative artist
a selfish act
a likeable child
friendly teachers
foolish behavior
comfortable clothes
a lovely dress
stylish clothes
valuable advice
a lively cat
childish talk
suitable colors
an elderly man
Many adjectives end in –ing.
loving parents
an interesting book
a caring nurse
a disappointing result
a flashing light
an outstanding swimmer
a smiling face
an exciting ride
a boring story
chattering monkeys
a gleaming car
shocking news
Notes : Words like smiling, caring and flashing are present participles of verbs. They are formed by adding ing to the verbs. Many present participles can also be used as adjectives.
Many of adjectives end in ed.
a closed door
satisfied customers
boiled eggs
worried passengers
wasted time
escaped prisoners
a painted wall
excited students
reduced prices
invited guests
Notes : Words like closed, wasted and escaped are past participles of verbs. Many past participles can also be used as adjectives.
Describing What Something Is Made Of
Some nouns can be used like adjectives. For example, if you have a chair that is made of plastic, you can use the noun plastic as an adjective and say that the chair is a plastic chair. If you have a watch that is made of gold, you can say it is a gold watch.
But the nouns wood and wool can’t be used like this. To make adjectives of these nouns you have to add en.
noun
adjective
example
wood
wooden
a wooden door
wool
woolen
a woolen jumper
Describing What Something Is Like
There’s another way to make adjectives from nouns. Suppose you want to say that something is like a certain material, although not made of it. To make these adjectives, add -en to some nouns and -y to other nouns.
noun
adjective
example
gold
golden
a golden sunrise (= bright yellow like gold)
silk
silky or silken
silky skin (= as soft as silk)
lead
leaden
a leaden sky (= dark gray like the color of lead)
The Comparison of Adjectives
The Comparative Form To compare two people or things, use the comparative form of an adjective. The comparative form is usually made by adding er to the adjective.
adjective
comparative form
dark
darker
light
lighter
high
higher
low
lower
old
older
young
younger
rich
richer
poor
poorer
tall
taller
small
smaller
soft
softer
hard
harder
warm
warmer
cold
colder
fast
faster
slow
slower
Notes : The word than is often used to compare two things or people. For example, you say: Mr. Lee is taller than Philip. A car is faster than a bike.
The Superlative Form When you compare three or more people or things, use the superlative form of an adjective. The superlative form is usually made by adding est to the adjective.
adjective
superlative form
dark
darkest
light
lightest
high
highest
low
lowest
old
oldest
young
youngest
rich
richest
poor
poorest
tall
tallest
small
smallest
soft
softest
hard
hardest
warm
warmest
cold
coldest
fast
fastest
slow
slowest
Notes : The word the is often used before the superlative form. For example: A bee is a small insect. A ladybird is smaller, but an ant is the smallest.
If the adjective ends in e, add r to form the comparative and st to form the superlative.
adjective
comparative
superlative
nice
nicer
nicest
close
closer
closest
large
lager
largest
rude
ruder
rudest
safe
safer
safest
wide
wider
widest
Suppose the adjective is a short word that ends in a consonant and has a single vowel in the middle. Just double the consonant and add er to make the comparative and est to make the superlative.
adjective
comparative
superlative
sad
sadder
saddest
wet
wetter
wettest
slim
slimmer
slimmest
thin
thinner
thinnest
big
bigger
biggest
Suppose the adjective has two syllables and ends in y. Just change the y to i and add er to make the comparative and add est to make the superlative.
adjective
comparative
superlative
easy
easier
easiest
funny
funnier
funniest
dirty
dirtier
dirtiest
noisy
noisier
noisiest
happy
happier
happiest
naughty
naughtier
naughties
heavy
heavier
heaviest
lovely
lovelier
loveliest
pretty
prettier
prettiest
tidy
tidier
tidiest
friendly
friendlier
friendliest
tiny
tinier
tiniest
Use more and most to compare most other two-syllable adjectives. You will also use more and most with all adjectives that have more than two syllables.
adjective
comparative
superlative
famous
more famous
most famous
precious
more precious
most precious
handsome
more handsome
most handsome
exciting
more exciting
most exciting
beautiful
more beautiful
most beautiful
expensive
more expensive
most expensive
comfortable
more comfortable
most comfortable
delicious
more delicious
most delicious
intresting
more intresting
most interesting
difficult
more difficult
most difficult
Irregular Comparative and Superlative Forms
A few adjectives don’t form their comparative and superlative forms in any of the usual ways. The comparative and superlative forms of these adjectives are different words, called irregular forms.
adjective
comparative
superlative
good
better
best
bad
worse
worst
little
less
least
many
more
most
far
farther or further
farthest or furthest
For example: My painting is good, Melanie’s painting is better, but Andrew’s painting is the best.
Adjective Phrases
Phrases can be used like single adjectives to describe nouns and pronouns. Phrases that are used in this way are called adjective phrases.
Most adjective phrases come after the word they describe. Look at these examples. The adjective phrases are in bold and the nouns they describe are in color. Who is the girl with long hair? My friend lives in the house across the street. Mrs. Morris is tall and slim. This is the road to Toledo. The lady in the bookshop is a friend of mine.
Some adjective phrases come before the word they describe. The words in these phrases are often joined with hyphens.
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What is pronoun ?
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. There are different kinds of pronouns.
Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns may be used as: the subject of a verb, or the object of a verb.
Subject Pronouns
The subject of a verb does the action of the verb. The personal pronouns I, you, he, she, it, we and they can all be used as the subject of a verb. Study the following two sentences: Lisa likes cats. She has four cats.
In the first sentence, the proper noun Lisa is the subject of the verb likes. In the second sentence, the pronoun she is the subject of the verb has.
Here are some more pairs of sentences that show personal pronouns used as subjects of verbs. My name is Michael. I am fourteen. My father works hard. He works in a factory. My sister is older than me. She is twelve. Our dog is very naughty. It likes to chase cats. Bob, you are a bad dog! David and I are playing football. We like sports. Jim and Jeff are my brothers. They are older than I am.
Object Pronouns
The object of a verb receives the action of the verb. The personal pronouns me, you, him, her, it, us and them can all be used as the object of a verb. Look at the following two sentences: Lisa likes cats. She likes to stroke them.
In the first sentence, the noun cats is the object of the verb likes. In the second sentence, the pronoun them is the object of the verb stroke.
Here are some more pairs of sentences that show personal pronounsused as objects of verbs. I’m doing my homework. Dad is helping me. Goodbye, children! I’ll call you later. Where is John? I need to speak to him. Miss Garcia is very nice. All the children like her. The car is very dirty. Mom is cleaning it. Uncle Harry called Mary to ask her a question. My chocolates are all gone. Someone has eaten them.
First Person, Second Person and Third Person In grammar, the person who is speaking is called the first person. The one spoken to is called the second person, and the one spoken about is called the third person. Here is a table to help you remember which pronouns to use.
–
Subject
Object
First person singular second person singular third person singular
I
Me
you
You
He
Him
She
Her
It
It
First person plural second person plural third person plural
We
Us
You
You
They
Them
Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns are words that refer to the noun or pronoun that is the subject of the verb. The words myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves and themselves are reflexive pronouns.
My brother built this computer himself. Be careful not to cut yourself with that knife. John was looking at himself in the mirror. Kate fell and hurt herself. Our cat washes itself after every meal. We baked the cake by ourselves. Come in, everybody, and find yourselves a seat. The children cleaned their room all by themselves. Bears like to rub themselves against a tree. The bird washed itself by splashing in a puddle. The players train every day to keep themselves fit. Have yourselves a good time.
Here is a table to help you remember which reflexive pronoun to use with which personal pronoun.
singular personal pronoun
reflexive pronoun
I (subject pronoun)
myself
me (object pronoun)
myself
you (subject/object pronoun)
yourself
he (subject pronoun)
himself
him (object pronoun)
himself
she (subject pronoun)
herself
her (object pronoun)
herself
it
itself
we (subject pronoun)
ourselves
us(object pronoun)
ourselves
you (subject/object pronoun)
yourselves
they (subject pronoun)
themselves
them (object pronoun
themselves
Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns are used to talk about things that belong to people. The words mine, yours, his, hers, ours and theirs are possessive pronouns.
This book is mine. Have you lost yours, Tom? This pen is mine and that one is his. Sarah has lost her cat. Is this cat hers? I can see our car, but where is yours? We’ve had our lunch, but they haven’t had theirs.
Here is a table to help you remember which possessive pronoun to use with which personal pronoun.
singular personal pronoun
possessive pronoun
plural personal pronoun
possessive pronoun
I, me
mine
we, us
ours
You
yours
you
yours
he, him
his
they, them
theirs
she, her
hers
Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns are used for pointing out things. The words this, that, these and those are demonstrative pronouns.
This is my desk. This is the Mings’ house. That is my friend’s house. That’s my mother’s car. You’ll have to work harder than this. We can do better than that. It’s raining again. This is awful! Who is that knocking at the door? Hi, Kathleen. This is Michael. These are my pets. These are sheep but those are goats. Those are horses.
Notes : Use this and these when you are talking about things near you. Use that and those when you are talking about things farther away.
Interrogative Pronouns
Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions. The words who, whose, what, which and whom are interrogative pronouns.
Who used all my paper? Who is Mom talking to? Who are those people? Whose pen is this? Whose are these shoes? What is your brother’s name? What does Tom want? What is the date today? What do you want to be when you grow up? Which of these desks is yours? Which do you prefer? Which of your sisters is the tallest? Whom did the President criticize?
Notes : In writing and formal speaking, you can also use whom as the object of verbs and prepositions. For example: Whom did the president criticize? Whom is the principal talking to? or To whom is the principal talking? but you cannot use whom as the subject of a verb. So you cannot say: ✘ Whom came to the party last night? You have to say: ✔ Who came to the party last night? Who can be used as the subject or the object of a verb. For example: Who broke the window? (as the subject) Who are you inviting to your party? (as the object) Who can be used as the object of a preposition. For example: Who is Mom talking to? You can also use whom as the object of a preposition. For example: Whom is Mom talking to? If you put the preposition before the interrogative pronoun, you must use whom: To whom is Mom talking?
Indefinite Pronouns
An indefinite pronoun does not refer directly to any other word. Everybody is welcome at the meeting. Many prefer their coffee with sugar. Does anybody care for a cheese sandwich? Few choose to live in the arid desert.
Indefinite Pronouns
all
each
most
other
another
either
neither
several
any
everybody
nobody
some
anybody
everyone
none
somebody
anyone
few
no one
someone
both
many
one
such
The pronoun they is considered an indefinite pronoun when it makes an indefinite reference.
They produce a lot of coal in your state. Why don’t they repair the bad roads?
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Noun Exercises with Answers
Drop each common noun under the correct heading.
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There are two main types of nouns: common nouns and proper nouns.
Common Nouns
Words for people, places and things are called common nouns.
These common nouns are words for things.
ruler
chair
hammer
bicycle
truth
pen
table
saw
ship
calculator
crayons
sofa
axe
truck
television
pencil
loyalty
drill
ferry
fridge
book
lamp
ladder
train
cooker
dictionary
carpet
lawnmower
bus
computer
courage
telephone
spade
laziness
printer
These common nouns are words for animals. Notice that special names for young animals are included.
animal
its young
dog
puppy
cat
kitten
cow
calf
horse
foal
sheep
lamb
goat
kid
frog
tadpole
fox
cub
elephant
calf
kangaroo
joey
bear
cub
lion
cub
tiger
cub
whale
calf
These common nouns are words for places.
bank
airport
school
post office
hotel
gas station
university
police station
library
park
office
restaurant
museum
farm
mosque
supermarket
mall
zoo
temple
stadium
theater
factory
shop
synagogue
hospital
nursery
gym
church
These common nouns are words for people who do certain things.
singer
manager
sailor
gardener
dancer
secretary
pilot
police officer
artist
teacher
driver
plumber
photographer
doctor
writer
farmer
magician
dentist
friend
clerk
athlete
lawyer
brother
technician
Proper Nouns
The names of particular people, places and things are proper nouns. They always begin with a capital letter.
These people’s names are proper nouns.
Robin Hood
Florence Nightingale
Mom
Miss Park
Aladdin
Muhammad Ali
Dad
Mrs. Taylor
Frankenstein
George Washington
Granny
Mr. Young
Harry Potter
David Beckham
Grandad
Dr. Lee
Santa Claus
Julia Roberts
Uncle David
Professor Raj
Mahatma Gandhi
Nelson Mandela
Aunt Diana
Jose
Confucius
Alex Rodriguez
Ms. Hall
Yang Ming
The names of the days of the week and the months of the year are proper nouns.
Days of the week
Months
Months
Monday
January
July
Tuesday
February
August
Wednesday
March
September
Thursday
Apil
October
Friday
May
November
Saturday
June
December
Sunday
–
–
The names of special days and celebrations are also proper nouns.
New Year’s Day
Veteran’s Day
Mother’s Day
Thanksgiving
Independence Day
Memorial Day
Valentine’s Day
Halloween
Labor Day
Christmas
Ramadan
Yom Kippur
The names of famous places, buildings and monuments are proper nouns.
Big Ben
the Empire State Building
the Sphinx
the Taj Mahal
Graceland
the Eiffel Tower
the Grand Canyon
the Golden Gate Bridge
the Sydney Opera House
the Great Wall of China
Buckingham Palace
Chaco Canyon Puebla
the Leaning Tower of Pisa
the Statue of Liberty
The names of people who live in a particular country are also proper nouns.
Country
People
Afghanistan
Afghans
Australia
Australians
Britain
the British
China
the Chinese
France
the French
Germany
Germans
India
Indians
Indonesia
Indonesians
Italy
Italians
Japan
the Japanese
Korea
Koreans
Malaysia
Malaysians
Samoa
Samoans
New Zealand
New Zealanders
Pakistan
Pakistanis
the Philippines
Filipinos
Russia
Russians
Nicaragua
Nicaraguans
South Africa
South Africans
Spain
Spaniards
Switzerland
the Swiss
Thailand
Thais
USA
Americans
Vietnam
the Vietnamese
Drop each common noun under the correct heading.
Singular Nouns
Nouns can be singular or plural.
When you are talking about just one thing or person, use a singular noun. For example:
a tent a park an idea a taxi a doctor an oven a house a lady an exercise
Plural Nouns
Use a plural noun when you are talking about two or more people, places or things.
Just add s to make most nouns plural.
singular
plural
computer
computers
a chair
chairs
a train
trains
a player
players
a teacher
teachers
a taxi
taxis
a mountain
mountains
a river
rivers
an envelope
envelopes
an insect
insects
an oven
ovens
an uncle
uncles
Notes : Words called articles or determiners are used to signal nouns.
a river
an armchair
three biscuits
a castle
an idea
five eggs
The article an is used before nouns that begin with the vowels a, e, i, o and u.
an artist
an eye
an insect
an oven
an umbrella
–
The article a is used before nouns that begin with the other letters, called consonants. But some words don’t follow these rules.
a uniform, a unit, a user: a, not an, is used because the vowel u in these words is pronounced like the word you;
an hour, an heir, an honor: an, not a, is used because the consonant h in these words is not pronounced.
Nouns that end in s, ss, ch, sh or x, are made plural by adding es.
singular
plural
bus
buses
glass
glasses
dress
dresses
branch
branches
church
churches
beach
beaches
sandwich
sandwiches
witch
witches
brush
brushes
flash
flashes
box
boxes
fox
foxes
Most nouns that end in y are made plural by changing the y to i and adding es.
singular
plural
baby
babies
family
families
story
stories
teddy
teddies
fairy
fairies
puppy
puppies
housefly
houseflies
library
libraries
city
cities
lily
lilies
party
parties
dictionary
dictionaries
Nouns that have a vowel before the y are made plural by simply adding s at the end.
singular
plural
key
keys
monkey
monkeys
donkey
donkeys
toy
toys
boy
boys
cowboy
cowboys
day
days
tray
trays
runway
runways
chimney
chimneys
trolley
trolleys
valley
valleys
Many nouns that end in f are made plural by changing the f to v and adding es.
singular
plural
half
halves
leaf
leaves
shelf
shelves
wolf
wolves
thief
thieves
But some nouns that end in f are made plural simply by adding s.
singular
plural
chief
chiefs
roof
roofs
handkerchief
handkerchiefs
cliff
cliffs
puff
puffs
Some nouns that end in f can be made plural in two ways.
singular
plural
scarf
scarfs or scarves
hoof
hoofs or hooves
dwarf
dwarfs or dwarves
wharf
wharfs or wharves
Most nouns that end in fe are made plural by changing the f to v and adding s.
singular
plural
knife
knives
wife
wives
life
lives
midwife
midwives
Most nouns that end in o are made plural by adding s.
singular
plural
video
videos
hippo
hippos
zoo
zoos
kangaroo
kangaroos
But other nouns that end in o are made plural by adding es.
singular
plural
tomato
tomatoes
potato
potatoes
hero
heroes
Some nouns change spelling from the singular form to the plural.
singular
plural
man
men
woman
women
child
children
person
people
mouse
mice
tooth
teeth
foot
feet
goose
geese
The plural form of some nouns is the same as the singular form.
singular
plural
sheep
sheep (not sheeps)
deer
deer (not deers)
fish
fish (not fishes)
aircraft
aircraft (not aircrafts)
salmon
salmon (not salmons)
Notes : When you are talking about different kinds of fish, the plural can be fishes, for example: the various fishes of the Indian Ocean
Some nouns are always plural.
trousers
glasses
shorts
spectacles
jeans
goggles
pants
scissors
tights
binoculars
pajamas
pliers
Some nouns are usually plural.
shoes
chopsticks
sandals
gloves
slippers
clogs
boots
socks
Notes : You can use a pair of with these plural nouns. For example: a pair of trousers a pair of pants a pair of glasses a pair of scissors a pair of chopsticks a pair of sandals a pair of gloves
Collective Nouns
Words for groups of people, animals or things are called collective nouns.
Here are some collective nouns for groups of people.
a family
a crew
a team
a club
a community
a committee
a choir
a company
a band
a gang
an orchestra
the government
an audience
the army
Collective nouns may be used with a singular verb or with a plural verb. If the group is acting as a single unit, use a singular verb. If group members are acting as individuals, use a plural verb. For example:
The crowd was orderly. or The crowd were clapping, yelling and cheering.
Notes : Always use a plural verb with the collective nouns, people and the police. For example: Those people live (not lives) in Asia. The police have caught (not has caught) the thief.
Here are more collective nouns you can use for groups of people.
a crowd of shoppers
a gang of thieves
a company of actors
a panel of judges
a class of schoolchildren
a platoon of soldiers
Many groups of animals have their own special collective nouns.
a herd of cattle
a pack of wolves
a litter of puppies
a flock of birds
a pride of lions
a troop of monkeys
a drove of sheep
a pod of dolphins
a brood of chickens
a gaggle of geese
a school of fish
a swarm of bees
Some groups of things also have their own special collective nouns.
a bunch of bananas
a deck of cards
a cluster of grapes
a flight of steps
a bunch of flowers
a suite of rooms
a bouquet of flowers
a suite of furniture
a range of mountains
a set of tools
a fleet of ships
a string of beads
a fleet of vehicles
a grove of trees
Some nouns name the amount or form of something.
a loaf of bread
a bar of soap
a ball of string
a bar of chocolate
The words a piece of mean a single serving or part of something.
a slice/piece of bread
a slice/piece of cheese
a piece/square of chocolate
a slice/piece of cake
a sheet/piece of paper
a piece of chalk
a piece of information
a piece of advice
Masculine and Feminine Nouns
Masculine nouns are words for men, boys and male animals. Feminine nouns are words for women, girls and female animals.
masculine
feminine
boy
girl
man
woman
father
mother
son
daughter
brother
sister
husband
wife
grandfather
grandmother
uncle
aunt
nephew
niece
king
queen
prince
princes
emperor
empress
wizard
witch
actor
actress
policeman
policewoman
waiter
waitress
Many nouns are used for both males and females. They are called common gender nouns.
teacher
baby
doctor
scientist
pupil
parent
astronaut
president
child
cousin
dancer
manager
With animals, there is one general word for the animal and special words for the male and the female. Sometimes the word for the male animal is the same as the general word. Sometimes the word for the female animal is the same as the general word.
animal
masculine
feminine
rabbit
buck
doe
horse
stallion
mare
sheep
ram
ewe
pig
boar
sow
chicken
rooster
hen
duck
brake
duck
cattle
bull
cow
goose
gander
goose
fox
fox
vixen
tiger
tiger
tigress
lion
lion
lioness
The Possessive Form of Nouns
Use the possessive form of a noun to show ownership.
To make the possessive form, put an apostrophe and an s ’s after a singular noun.
This is my bed and that is Peter’s bed. We all like Dad’s cooking. It is my job to collect everybody’s plate after the meal. The flies are buzzing around the horse’s tail. This is Susan and Jenny’s room. This is Tom’s hat and that is Tom’s father’s hat.
Notes :
How do you make the possessive form when two names linked by and are the owners? Put an ’s after the second name only. For example: Katy and Mike’s house is very big. (= the house that belongs to both Katy and Mike) Joe and Sarah’s dad works at the shoe factory. (= He is Joe’s dad and he is also Sarah’s dad.) Sometimes two possessive forms with ’s appear together, one after the other: This is John’s brother’s ball. (= The ball belongs to John’s brother.) Paul’s teacher’s house has a swimming pool. (= the house that belongs to Paul’s teacher)
After plural nouns that don’t end in s, use an apostrophe and an s ’s to make the possessive form. The children’s room is always messy. Some people’s houses are bigger than ours. Rats’ tails are longer than mice’s tails. Men’s voices are deeper than women’s voices.
After plural nouns that end in s, just add an apostrophe s’ . The pupils’ desks are arranged in rows. The boys’ bedroom is bigger than the girls’ bedroom. The strong winds destroyed all the farmers’ crops. Mice’s tails are shorter than rats’ tails.
NOTES : When a name ends in s, you can make the possessive form in either of two ways: add an apostrophe and an s ’s , or add just an apostrophe ’ . For example: This is James’s house. or This is James’ house. Which is Charles’s bike? or Which is Charles’ bike?